Cycles of Matter

Cycles of Matter

Cycles in the BiosphereCycling of MatterEnergy is transformed into usable forms to support the functions of an ecosystem.The cycling of nutrients in the biosphere involves both matter in living organisms and physical

processes found in the environment such as weathering.Elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another through biogeochemical cycles. Matter can cycle because biological systems do not use up matter, they transform it.Matter is assembled into living tissue or passed out of the body as waste products.Cycling of Matter3The Water Cycle

2.3 Cycling of Matter

H20 CycleWhy is water importantCells are 70% - 90% H2OH2O is medium for metabolic functionsTerrestrial organisms must prevent desiccation (drying out)6Freshwater constitutes only about 3 percent of all water on Earth.About 69 percent of all freshwater is found in ice caps and glaciers.Cycling of MatterApproximately 90 percent of water vapor evaporates from oceans, lakes, and rivers; 10 percent evaporates from the surface of plants through a process called transpiration.Steps of the Water (H2O) CycleEvaporationTranspiration

Condensation (Clouds)

Precipitation (Rain)

Surface runoff 8The Water Cycle (9:45)

The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles

Cycling of MatterCarbon and oxygen recycle relatively quickly through living organisms.Cycling of MatterCarbon and oxygen often make up molecules essential for life.Carbon CycleComponentsPhotosynthesis 6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 RespirationC6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 Decomposition13Steps of Carbon CyclePlant leaves take CO2 from the air

Plants Store C & Energy in C6H12O6

Plants & Animals release CO2 into the air

Decomposers return C back to environment14Long-term CycleOrganic matter converted to peat, coal, oil, or gas deposits (carbon)Calcium carbonate (carbon and oxygen)Short-term CycleBurning fossil fuels (carbon)Cycling of MatterThe Carbon Cycle (10:40)

The Nitrogen CycleThe capture and conversion of nitrogen into a form that is useable by plants is called nitrogen fixation.

Cycling of MatterNitrogen CycleNeeded by all organismsUsed to make proteins & nucleic acidsAir is 80% nitrogenCyantobacteria & Rhizobium bacteria can use nitrogen directly from the air through nitrogen fixation

19Steps in Nitrogen CycleCyanobacteria & Rhizobium take N2 from air (nitrogen fixation)

Convert N2 to Ammonia

Bacteria change ammonia to nitrates

Plants use nitrates to make proteins

Consumers eat plants

Decomposers break down dead things into ammonia(ammonification)

Anaerobic bacteria release N2 in to the air (denitrification)20Consumers get nitrogen by eating plants or animals that contain nitrogen.Cycling of MatterNitrogen enters the food web when plants absorb nitrogen compounds from soil.

Nitrogen is returned to the soil in several ways:Animals urinate.Organisms die.Organisms convert ammonia into nitrogen compounds.Cycling of MatterThe Nitrogen Cycle (10:35)

The Phosphorus Cycle

Cycling of Matter

Short-term CyclePhosphorus is cycled from the soil to producers and then from the producers to consumers.Long-term CycleWeathering or erosion of rocks that contain phosphorus slowly adds phosphorus to the cycle.Cycling of Matter biomass energy matter nutrientWhat is a chemical substance that an organism must obtain from its environment to survive?Chapter Diagnostic Questions

carbon cycle nitrogen cycle phosphorus cycle water cycleWhich biogeochemical cycle involves evaporation, transpiration, precipitationand runoff?

Formative Questions

Formative QuestionsWhich process in this cycle converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates?

Formative Questions photosynthesis respiration combustion offossil fuels deposition of dead materialWhich process returns nitrogen to the food web? decomposition denitrification nitrification nitrogen fixation

Standardized Test Practice