CyclesofEnergyandMatter

Everythingiscycledthroughouttheplanet!

*  Everythinginnatureiscycledthroughouttheentireplanet.Sincematterandenergycannotbecreatedordestroyed,itischanged,ortransformedintomanydifferentthings.

*  Whataresomeexampledofcyclesthatyoualreadyknowof?

CyclesinNature

*  Thewatercycleshowswatersjourneyasitcirculatesonourplanet

WaterCycle

*  Plantstakeinwaterandcarbondioxideandmakeoxygenandglucose*  Plantsandanimalstakeinoxygenandglucoseandmakecarbondioxideandwater

Photosynthesis/CellrespirationCycles

NitrogenCycle

*  Plantscannotusenitrogenintheair*  Plantsusenitrogeninsoil(fertilizers)*  Decomposers(fungi)breakdowndead/decayingmatterlike

leavesanddeadanimalsintouseablenitrogen*  Bacteriaconvertnitrogenintheairtouseablenitrogeninthesoil*  Plantsusenitrogentomakeimportantmolecules(proteins)

foranimals

*  Animalsreturnnitrogentotheenvironment(urine&animalwaste)

NitrogenCycle

CarbonCycle*  Carbonisanotherelementthatiscycledthroughouttheenvironment.*  Carbonistakeninbyplants(photosynthesis)*  Carbonisreleasedbyplantsandanimals(cellularrespiration),fossilfuelemissions(carsandfactories)*  Morethingsreleasecarbonthantakeincarbonfromtheatmosphere

*  Eachpartoftheplanetisgivenadifferentnamedependingonwhereitis.

*  Geosphere–consistsofthesolidpartoftheearth*  Hydrosphere-consistsofallthewateronearth*  Atmosphere–consistsofalltheairandgasesthatsurroundtheplanet*  Biosphere-consistsoftheotherthreespherestogetherwherelivingthingsarefound(thewholeplanetwithallliving)

Whereareallthingscycled?

Geosphere,Hydrosphere,Atmosphere,Biosphere

Allthingsarecycledinone(ormore)oftheseareasoftheplanet!

Geosphere

*  OneofthemajorlawsofphysicsthatultimatelyexplainswhythingsarecycledistheLawofConservationofEnergy/Matter

*  Thislawstatesthatenergyandmattercannotbecreatedordestroyed.Theenergyormattercanonlybetransformedfromonekindofenergy/mattertoanother*  Oritcanbetransferredfromoneplacetoanother

Whyarethingscycled?

*  Whatdoesthismean?*  Allthings(carbon,water,nitrogen,oxygen,energy,etc.)arerecycledontheplanet.

*  Nonewcarbon,water,oxygen,energyismadebrandnewonearth,itsimplygoessomewhereelseorismadeintoanewthing.*  Example:takingcarbondioxideandwaterandtransformingitintoglucoseandoxygen(likeinphotosynthesis)

Whyismatter/energycycled

*  Energyisanotherthingthatiscycledinnature.*  Allenergyultimatelycomesfromthesun*  Sunlightenergyistransferredtoplantsthattransformsunlightenergyintochemicalenergycalledglucose(processofphotosynthesis)*  Thatenergyistransferredtoanimalswhentheyeatplants

*  Energypyramidsandfoodchainsshowthiscyclingofenergy

EnergyCycle

FoodChains

*  Foodchainsshowtheflowofenergyfromoneorganismtothenext

EnergyPyramidEnergyPyramidsshowthetransferofenergyfromorganismtoorganismTheenergymovesfromthebottomofthepyramidtothetopEachlevelisknownasatropiclevelProducers–thingsthatmaketheirownfood(plants)areatthebottomHerbivores(primaryconsumers)–animalsthateatplantsCarnivores(secondary/tertiaryconsumers)–eatanimals

EnergyLoss

*  Noticethatthebottomofthepyramidwheretheproducers(plants)areismuchlargerthanthetopwherethetopcarnivoreis

*  Whydoyouthinkthis?

Energylossandthe10%Rule*  Energyislosteachtimeyoumoveupatropiclevel

*  Infactonly10%oftheenergyisavailabletothelevelabove-Thisisknownasthe10%rule

*  90%oftheenergyineachtropiclevelislostmostlyintheformofheat

Lossofenergyquestion

*  Knowingthe10%rule,howmuchenergyisavailableatthesecondtropiclevel?_____

*  Howmuchisavailableatthethird?______

___?

___?

1000

Biomass

*  Biomassreferstothemassoflivingthingsateachtropiclevel.

*  Whatdoyounoticehappenstothebiomassasyoumoveupthetropiclevels?

Biomass

*  Theamountofbiomassdecreasesyoumoveupthepyramidbecausetheamountofenergyavailableateachlevelalsodecreases

*  That’swhytherearemoreplantsontheplanetthantoppredatorslikelions,sharks,andhumans

*  Matterwhichisthestuffallthingsaremadeofismadeofsmallerpartslikeatomsandmolecules

*  Atomsarecreatedwhenstarsexplode!Theintenseheatandpressurecausesmalleratomslikehydrogentofusetogethertomakelargeratomslikecarbon,oxygen,andothers

*  TheseatomscancometogethertoformlargermoleculeslikeCO2,H2O,andC6H12O6

Howismattercycled?

*  Ifyouremember,oneofthecharacteristicsoflifeishavingcomplexchemistrywhichmeansyouaremadeofcertainlifemolecules

*  Biomolecules–lifemolecules-makeupeverythinglivingontheplanet

*  Thereare4mainbiomolecules

Biomolecules

4Biomolecules

1.Carbohydrates–simplesugars

2.Lipids-fats,oils,andwaxes

3.Proteins–enzymesandhormones

4.NucleicAcids(DNA/RNA)

-AllBiomoleculesaremadeofsmallerpartscalledsubunits-thesecompoundsalwayscontaincarbonastheir

keyelementandusuallyhydrogenandoxygen

Carbohydrates

1.  Carbohydrates–simplesugarsa.subunit–monosaccharides(mono-1,saccharide–sugar)-3typesmonosaccharaides,disaccharides,polysaccharides

Examples:sucrose,glucose,cellulose,fructose,starch,glycogen,chitin*  CarbohydratesaremadeofCarbon,Hydrogen,andOxygeninaratio

of:1Carbon:2Hydrogen:10xygen

Function-storingenergy(shortterm),providingshorttermenergyforthecellsoflivingthings

Carbohydrates

C6H12O6 C5H10O5 C3H6O3

ALL HAVE __C: __ H: __ O 1 2 1

glyceraldehyde

Lipids(fats,oils,waxes)

2.Lipids-fats,oils,andwaxesa.Subunits-fattyacids*  LipidsaremademostlyofCarbonandHydrogen–non-soluable(don’tdissolve)inwaterwhichthemmakesthemnonpolarFunctions-helpsformthecellmembrane,storesenergy(longterm),insulation,regulatescellactivities

Lipids

Proteins

Proteinsa.  Subunitscalledaminoacids*  Proteinsarecomposedofoxygen,hydrogen,carbon,and

nitrogen-  YouareliterallycomposedofmillionsofproteinsFunction-repairbodytissues,makesenzymes,transportsnutrientsandisasourceofenergy

Proteins

NucleicAcids

4.NucleicAcids(DNA/RNA)a.Subunitscallednucleotides

*  Containcarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,andphosphorus

Functions–storesandtransportsgeneticinformationtomakenewcells

NucleicAcid