Cyberspace and Transportation
description
Transcript of Cyberspace and Transportation
The Geographies of The Geographies of Cyberspace and Cyberspace and TransportationTransportation
Maggie CusackMaggie Cusack
Senior Transportation AnalystSenior Transportation Analyst
New York State Department of TransportationNew York State Department of Transportation
GGeo-spatialeo-spatial I Informationnformation S Systems for ystems for TTransportationransportation SSymposiumymposium
Rapid City, South Dakota,Rapid City, South Dakota, 20042004
Previously: TPreviously: Transportationransportation R Researchesearch B Boardoard
TTransportation & ransportation & EEconomic conomic DDevelopment evelopment CConferenceonference
Portland, Oregon in 2002Portland, Oregon in 2002
Research QuestionsResearch Questions
What kind of geographic pattern, if What kind of geographic pattern, if any, does the Internet follow?any, does the Internet follow?
What kind of economic geographies What kind of economic geographies and interactions has the Internet and interactions has the Internet spawned?spawned?
Does the Internet follow typical Does the Internet follow typical population concentrations?population concentrations?
What effect does the Internet and it’s What effect does the Internet and it’s geography have on transportation?geography have on transportation?
CyberspaceCyberspace
‘‘navigable space’navigable space’ from the Greek word from the Greek word kyber kyber popularized by William Gibson, used in popularized by William Gibson, used in
his 1984 science-fiction his 1984 science-fiction NeuromancerNeuromancer ““Cyberspace. A consensual hallucination Cyberspace. A consensual hallucination
experienced daily by billions of legitimate experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation….A graphic operators, in every nation….A graphic representation of data abstracted from the banks of representation of data abstracted from the banks of every computer in the human system. Unthinkable every computer in the human system. Unthinkable complexity.” (p.51)complexity.” (p.51)
Cyberspace exists due to Cyberspace exists due to the Internet infrastructurethe Internet infrastructure
computerscomputers telephone networkstelephone networks data switchesdata switches routersrouters IP backbonesIP backbones
Source: http://www.mappingcyberspace.com/gallery/index.html
Source: http://www.mappingcyberspace.com/gallery/index.html
Source: http://www.mappingcyberspace.com/gallery/index.html
Critical DevelopmentCritical Development 1990 Information Management Proposal1990 Information Management Proposal Tim Berners-Lee at CERNTim Berners-Lee at CERN Observation: information is not organized Observation: information is not organized
into tree-like structure, there is a need to into tree-like structure, there is a need to get from leaf to leafget from leaf to leaf
Proposals:Proposals:– hypertexthypertext– web browserweb browser– gatewaysgateways
Cyberspace enabled Cyberspace enabled technologiestechnologies
groupwaregroupware enterprise resource planning softwareenterprise resource planning software geographic information systemsgeographic information systems data warehousing and miningdata warehousing and mining electronic data interchangeelectronic data interchange portalsportals 3-dimensional solid modeling3-dimensional solid modeling virtual realityvirtual reality
Components of a virtual Components of a virtual organizationorganization
web-based procurementweb-based procurement web-enabled order managementweb-enabled order management business-to-business (b2b) business-to-business (b2b)
storefrontsstorefronts collaborative planningcollaborative planning web-based service and supportweb-based service and support product life cycle collaborationsproduct life cycle collaborations
C-CommerceC-Commerce
Collaborative CommerceCollaborative Commerce based on assumptions of mutual gainbased on assumptions of mutual gain Gartner Group: “fluid interaction of a Gartner Group: “fluid interaction of a
community of personnel, business community of personnel, business partners and customers that is joined partners and customers that is joined together by the Internet, component together by the Internet, component and integration technologies, resulting and integration technologies, resulting in agile but highly integrated virtual in agile but highly integrated virtual multi-company enterprises”multi-company enterprises”
Key pressures:Key pressures:
Rapidly expanding Rapidly expanding technologiestechnologies
growing global growing global competitioncompetition
increased demand increased demand for individual and for individual and organizational organizational competencies and competencies and capabilitiescapabilities
Higher customer Higher customer expectationsexpectations
ever-decreasing ever-decreasing cycle time changing cycle time changing skilled personnel skilled personnel requirementsrequirements
increased investor increased investor pressure on short pressure on short term financial term financial performanceperformance
Collaborative activity:Collaborative activity:on the riseon the rise
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Acqu
isitio
ns
Joint
Ven
tures
Marke
ting All
iance
s
Tech
nolog
ical E
xcha
nges
Licen
se Agr
eemen
ts
Merge
rs
Limite
d Pa
rtnersh
ips
'92-'94
'94-96
Collaboration, knowledge and Collaboration, knowledge and communitycommunity
post-industrial era, knowledge post-industrial era, knowledge basedbased
global economy = constellations of global economy = constellations of firms through alliance formationsfirms through alliance formations
distributed knowledge acquisitiondistributed knowledge acquisition best practices developed by best practices developed by
communitycommunity virtual proximity to the communityvirtual proximity to the community
Trends in cyberspace Trends in cyberspace
cachingcaching content distribution - metadata content distribution - metadata peer to peerpeer to peer
– gunatella (not exactly true peer to peer)gunatella (not exactly true peer to peer)– freenet (no central server - true p2p)freenet (no central server - true p2p)
mirror sitesmirror sites web traffic - bandwidthweb traffic - bandwidth
– doubles each yeardoubles each year
Bandwidth on Internet Bandwidth on Internet backbones in Mbpsbackbones in Mbps
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
1997 1998 1999 2000
New YorkChicagoWashington, DCSan FranciscoDallasAtlantaLos AngelesSeattleDenverKansas City
Source: Sean P. Gorman and Edward J. Malecki: Fixed and Fluid: Stability and Change in the Geography of the Source: Sean P. Gorman and Edward J. Malecki: Fixed and Fluid: Stability and Change in the Geography of the Internet, 2001Internet, 2001
Source: http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/
Source: http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/
Source: http://www.mappingcyberspace.com/gallery/index.html
CMSA PopulationCMSA Population
0
5000000
10000000
15000000
20000000
25000000
New Yor
k
Los A
ngele
s
Chicag
o
Was
hing
ton,
DC
San Fr
ancis
co
Source: Sean P. Gorman: Where are the Web factories: The urban basis of e-business location, 2001Source: Sean P. Gorman: Where are the Web factories: The urban basis of e-business location, 2001
DomainsDomains
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
Source: Sean P. Gorman: Where are the Web factories: The urban basis of e-business location, 2001Source: Sean P. Gorman: Where are the Web factories: The urban basis of e-business location, 2001
Source: http://www.mappingcyberspace.com/gallery/index.html
Source: http://www.mappingcyberspace.com/gallery/index.html
Source: http://www.mappingcyberspace.com/gallery/index.html
Transportation trendsTransportation trends
increased vehicle miles of travel increased vehicle miles of travel increased ratio of trucks in traffic mixincreased ratio of trucks in traffic mix increase in ratio of 2-axle, 4-tire increase in ratio of 2-axle, 4-tire
truckstrucks increased port activityincreased port activity increase in air freightincrease in air freight increase in passenger air travelincrease in passenger air travel increased person hours of delayincreased person hours of delay
International General Cargo at PONY & NJInternational General Cargo at PONY & NJStrong growth overall, increasing share by Strong growth overall, increasing share by
containercontainer
1000
200300400500600700800900
1,000
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
1000
200300400500600700800900
1,000
% Containerized
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
23%31%
40%
55%
70%
23%31%
40%
55%
70%
Mill
ion
s o
f To
ns
Mill
ion
s o
f To
ns
Source: M aritim e R eporter, N ovem ber 1995Source: M aritim e R eporter, N ovem ber 1995
Source: VZM / TranSystems
2 % Compound Annual Growth
7 % Compound Annual Growth
The Future of the Highway Network?The Future of the Highway Network?NY Metropolitan Region: NY Metropolitan Region:
15,000 additional trucks a day in 199815,000 additional trucks a day in 1998
Source: Cambridge Systematics
30%
20%
10%
0%
New York Metropolitan Regional Freight
Tonnage, 1995-2020: 27% Growth, Most by Truck
Population Freight Tonnage
Popular Passenger LinesPopular Passenger LinesTotal Annual DeparturesTotal Annual Departures
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
1000000
199519961997199819992000
Source: http://nasdac.faa.gov/bts/btsfrm41.htm
Charter Air LinesCharter Air LinesTotal Annual DeparturesTotal Annual Departures
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
Champion Miami NorthAmerican
199519961997199819992000
Source: http://nasdac.faa.gov/bts/btsfrm41.htm
Passenger & Cargo Passenger & Cargo Services Services
Total Annual DeparturesTotal Annual Departures
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Frontier Hawaiian Vangauard
199519961997199819992000
Source: http://nasdac.faa.gov/bts/btsfrm41.htm
Freight Air LinesFreight Air LinesTotal Annual DeparturesTotal Annual Departures
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
199519961997199819992000
Source: http://nasdac.faa.gov/bts/btsfrm41.htm
New Freight Air LinesNew Freight Air LinesTotal Annual DeparturesTotal Annual Departures
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Falcon Gemini Lyden Capital
199519961997199819992000
Source: http://nasdac.faa.gov/bts/btsfrm41.htm
Aircraft Shipments ‘80 - Aircraft Shipments ‘80 - ‘99‘99
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
1980 1895 1990 1995 1999
UnitsValue
Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2000
Changes Since September Changes Since September 1111
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Reviewing disaster planning documents
Reviewing insurance policies for adequate coverage
Reviewing business travel policies
Increasing use of videoconferencing
Checking backgrounds on contract personnel
Checking employee backgrounds more thoroughly
Reviewing Guidelines for number of staff on any singleflight
Conctracting for emergency alternative space
Increasing use of private or corporate planes
Lowering own public profile
Passenger & Freight Passenger & Freight Revenue Miles (billions) by Revenue Miles (billions) by
AirAir
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Passenger Miles Freight Ton-milesSource: BTS
Domestic Enplanements for Continuously Reporting Carriers
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
January February March April May June July August September
2001 2002 2003
Observed and Predicted Observed and Predicted Air Traffic Volumes into Air Traffic Volumes into
USAUSAORIGIN 2001
% Change 01/00
2002 %
Change 02/01
2003p %
Change 03/02
2004p %
Change 04/03
2005p %
Change 05/04
2006p %
Change 06/05
2007p %
Change 07/06
% Change 07/01
% Change 07/02
Canada 13,507 -8% 12,968 -4% 12,773 -2% 13,361 5% 13,882 4% 14,382 4% 14,857 3% 10% 15% Mexico 9,558 -7% 9,807 3% 9,670 -1% 9,979 3% 10,418 4% 10,793 4% 11,117 3% 16% 13% Overseas 21,833 -16% 19,117 -12% 17,698 -7% 18,818 6% 20,125 7% 21,486 7% 22,781 6% 4% 19%
Europe 9,496 -18% 8,603 -9% 8,548 -1% 9,100 6% 9,771 7% 10,391 6% 10,970 6% 16% 28% Asia 6,316 -16% 5,689 -10% 4,845 -15% 5,187 7% 5,519 6% 5,955 8% 6,370 7% 1% 12% South America 2,531 -14% 1,815 -28% 1,486 -18% 1,566 5% 1,706 9% 1,846 8% 1,983 7% -22% 9%
Caribbean 1,202 -10% 1,053 -12% 977 -7% 1,030 5% 1,074 4% 1,118 4% 1,160 4% -3% 10% Central America 771 -6% 704 -9% 655 -7% 685 5% 722 5% 764 6% 807 6% 5% 15%
Oceania 586 -20% 529 -10% 516 -2% 545 6% 579 6% 608 5% 631 4% 8% 19% Middle East 644 -8% 483 -25% 437 -9% 460 5% 490 7% 525 7% 564 7% -13% 17%
Africa 287 -3% 241 -16% 233 -3% 247 6% 263 6% 279 6% 296 6% 3% 23%
Grand Total 44,898 -12% 41,892 -7% 40,142 -4% 42,158 5% 44,425 5% 46,661 5% 48,754 4%
9% 16%
Source: BTS
ConclusionsConclusions
cyberspace does reflect physical spacecyberspace does reflect physical space community is key in the new economycommunity is key in the new economy movement of people and goods will movement of people and goods will
remain challengingremain challenging demand on transportation will increase demand on transportation will increase
more in urban areas that have the best more in urban areas that have the best communications infrastructurecommunications infrastructure