Cyber Physical Systems and Internet of Things · 2019-09-17 · Cyber Physical Systems and Internet...

Cyber Physical Systems and Internet of ThingsEmerging Paradigms on Smart

CitiesAthanasios P. Kalogeras1, Herve Rivano2, Luca Ferrarini3, Christos Alexakos1, Oana Iova2, Soroush Rastegarpour3, and

Abdoul Aziz Mbacke2

1- Industrial Systems Institute, Research Center ATHENA, Greece2- INSA-Lyon, France

3 – Politecnico di Milano, Italy

Smart Cities Digitalization

◦ Digital transformation of cities has been a major trend◦ Drivers of Digital Cities

◦ Broadband communications

◦ Service-oriented computing

◦ Resulting to Urban Cyber Space

Data Services◦ Massive data from

◦ The real world (IoT)

◦ Citizens (Social Networks)

◦ Cloud power◦ Artificial Intelligence◦ Cyber Physical Space

Cyber Physical Systems Inter-disciplinary emerging area

Computation + Physics

Algorithms + Logic + Control + …

Interacting Physical & Digital Components, Centralized or Distributed, providing Sensing, Control & Networking Functions,

influencing the real world through physical processes

Bridge between the physical and digitized world

Internet of ThingsA novel paradigm on top of

Embedded Computing

Sensor Networks

Pervasive Systems

Enabling the variety of “things” or “objects” around us

To interact with one another

And cooperate towards achieving common goals

Internet of ThingsThe Internet of Things (IoT) is

An information network of physical objectsSensorsMachines CarsBuildings…

Interaction and Cooperation of these objects

Towards common goals

Internet of ThingsSignificant market potential

-IoT application potential economic impact between 3.9 and 11.1 trillion USD per year in 2025 (McKinsley Global Institute)

-Global number of IoT devices in 2018 reached 7 billion, while global number of connected devices is estimated to 17 billion

Internet of Things Architecture

- Objects / Perception layer : physical things

- Object Abstraction layer : transfers data from things

- Service Management Middleware layer : receives data, makes decisions and pairs to services

- Application layer: provides services to customers

- Business layer: manages system activities & services

Source: Al-Fuqaha et al, “Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications,” IEEE communications surveys & tutorials,vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 2347–2376, 2015

IoT Standards - Application Protocols

◦ CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) enables low power IoT device communication based on REST and utilizing UDP

◦ MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) is a messaging protocol connection IoT devices with applications and middleware using publish-subscribe method

◦ XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Transport Protocol) is a decentralized messaging protocol supporting instant message communication with cryptographic principles.

◦ AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol) uses message queues, supports message delivery acknowledgement, as well as publish subscribe model

IoT Standards - Service discovery protocols

◦ mDNS (Multicast DNS) and DNS-SD (DNS Service Discovery) support dynamic and efficient service discovery. mDNS supports name resolution type of service, while DNS-SD utilizes mDNS for paiting IP addresses with host names

- Infrastructure protocols◦ RPL (Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks) is

based on IPv6 supporting routing requirements of devices with constrained resources

◦ 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks) enables IPv6 network on Low power WPANs

◦ Zigbee / IEEE 802.15.4 offers a complete stack for WSNs aiming at low data rate services for power constrained devices

◦ Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is an energy efficient infrastructure standard

IoT Challenges - Smart Environments: efficient integration of devices supporting real-time communication, integration of device data, energy management, reliability

- Security and privacy: IoT systems more vulnerable due to security design issues in HW & SW attracting Denial-of-Service attacks, large number of devices

- Heterogeneity: large number of things based on different platforms that need to be integrated, middleware must support reliability, resource management, scalability, real-timeliness, security, event management, code migration services, adaptivity to dynamic and changing environments

- Dealing with large amount of data: big data analytics for knowledge extraction, cloud/fog/mist/edge computing paradigms

Industrial Internet of Things

Use of IoT technologies initially in manufacturing

Builds on top of sensor data, machine-to-machine communication and automation technologies

Smart machines accurately and consistently capturing and communicating data

Use of big data and machine learning technologies

Enabler to resolve inefficiencies and problems sooner, save time and money, support business intelligence

Potential for quality control, sustainable and green practices, overall supply chain efficiency

IIoT Challenge to integrate IT with OT (PLCS, SCADA)

- Ever increasing capabilities of smart devices (sensors/actuators, embedded devices) than OT, enabling advanced applications & business models (Cloud Manufacturing)

- Different evolutionary paths: IT more open and interconnected that OT being in many cases managed independently by their owners, IT also more complex and vulnerable to failures and security threats

- The challenge is to maintain OT stringent requirements with adopting IT higher capabilities.

IT vs. OTInformation Technology

Operational Technology

Purpose Process transactions, provide information

Control or monitor physical processes and equipment

Architecture

Enterprise wide infrastructure and applications (generic)

Event driven, real time, embedded hardware and software (custom)

Interfaces GUI, web browser, terminal and keyboard

Electromechanical, sensors, actuators, coded displays, hand-held devices

Ownership

CIO and IT Engineers, technicians, operators and managers

Connectivity

Corporate network, IP based

Control networks, hardwired twisted pair and IP based

Role Supports people Controls machines

Industrial Control Systems

IIoT applicability in ICS - IIoT wider applicability than manufacturing systems

- A number of domains have similar needs to the industrial manufacturing domain, utilizing smart devices & employing control automation for their applications

- “Industrial Domains” include◦ Critical infrastructures

◦ Energy production & distribution◦ Transportation

◦ Water management

◦ Healthcare◦ Smart Cities

◦ Building structural health

◦ Waste management

◦ Traffic management

◦ City Energy consumption

◦ Building automation

◦ Smart Parking

◦ Smart Lighting

◦ Environmental Monitoring

IoT, IIoT, CPS - IIoT a subset of IOT

- Industry 4.0 lies at the confluence of CPS and IIoT

- CPS lie at the cross section of physical and digital worlds

- CPS application is associated with a digital counterpart of the physical world – the Digital Twin Source: Sisinni et al, “Industrial internet of things:

Challenges, opportunities, and directions,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 4724–4734,2018.

IIoT relevant effortsIndustrie 4.0

Industrial Internet Consortium

Society 5.0

Made in China 2025

Industrie 4.0High-tech strategy of the German Government, promoting computerization in manufacturing

Hannover Fair 2011

EnablesMass customization of productsImprovement of automation technology by

self-optimization, self-configuration, self-diagnosis, cognition, intelligent support of workers

Industrie 4.0

Graphic Source: Platform Industrie 4.0

Industrie 4.0Cyber Physical Systems

physical and software components are deeply intertwined, each operating on different spatial and temporal scales, exhibiting multiple and distinct behavioral modalities, and interacting with each other in a myriad of ways that change with context

Internet of Things

Cloud ComputingUbiquitous access to shared pools of system resources and

higher-level services (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS)

Cognitive ComputingMachine Learning and Reasoning

Reference Architectural Model for Industrie 4.0 – RAMI 4.0


Reference Architectural Model for Industrie 4.0 – RAMI 4.0

RAMI 4.0

Three dimensionalAxis 1: HierarchyAxis 2: ArchitectureAxis 3: Product Life Cycle

Service Oriented Architecture

IT Security and Data Privacy as Enablers

Axis 1: HierarchyClassical Industrial Environment Hierarchy

Hardware-based

Product isolation

Efforts to offer autonomy and greater distribution in the middle layers


Axis 1: HierarchyIndustrie 4.0

Enhanced Flexibility

Distribution of Functions

“Flat” Hierarchy

Smart Product integrated


Axis 2: ArchitectureSix layer architecture

Business : Organizational and Business Processes

Functional: Asset Functions Information: Necessary Data Communication: Access to

Information Integration: From Real to

Digital World Asset: Real World Physical

Things


Axis 3: Product Life Cycle

Two basic methods Type: a product in the development phase or a re-design phase Instance: a product in the production phase

Workflow comprises four Phases Type Development : Formation (Design, Development, Simulation, Prototyping, …) Type Maintenance Usage : Re-Formation (Re-design, Updating, Maintenance Cycles, Component

Testing, …) Instance Production : Production (Product, Serial Number, Data, Advance Control, …) Instance Maintenance Usage : Facility Management (Usage, Maintenance, Recycling, …)


I4.0 ComponentA component for standardized communication, easy installation and operation (plug and play), standardized exchange of information

The Administration Shell provides an interface to the

Physical Thing provides a standardized

communication interface may refer to one or multiple assets

Graphic Source: ZVEI SG Modelle und Standards

I4.0 ComponentThe Manifest

Directory of the individual data content of the Virtual Representation (meta-information)

Mandatory data of I4.0 Component, e.g. links with assets by means of identification and security capabilities

Table of contents for all information, data and functions in the Administration Shell

The Component Manager Link to ICT technical services of I4.0

Component, allowing external access to Virtual Representation and Technical Functionality

Enables Service Oriented Architecture or Administration Shell repository deployment

Constitutes an expanded service designed to realize both lifelong maintenance and efficient retrieval of information

Graphic Source: ZVEI SG Modelle und Standards

Industrial Internet Consortium

Open membership organization with over 250 members

Founded in 2014 by AT&T, Cisco, General Electric, IBM and Intel

Founded to bring together industry players to accelerate the development, adoption and widespread use of Industrial Internet technologies

Ten testbedsTrack and Trace (factory floor)Microgrid Applications (energy)Asset Efficiency (predictive analytics, asset lifecycle management)Edge Intelligence (real time analytics at the “edge”, data center scale of computation and data

volume/velocity)Factory Operations Visibility and Intelligence (visualize results, optimize processes)High Speed Network Infrastructure (high speed fiber for Industrial Internet)Industrial Digital Thread (Model-based enterprise, Virtual manufacturing)International Future Industrial Internet INFINITE (big data, multiple virtual domains over one

physical network, mission critical systems)Condition Monitoring and Predictive Maintenance (continuous monitoring for early signs of

performance degradation or failure)Smart Airline Baggage Management

Industrial Internet Reference Architecture - IIRA

Four different Viewpoints identifying relevant stakeholders of IIoT systems and proper framing of concerns

Different industrial sectors ranging from manufacturing and transportation, to energy and healthcare

Lifecycle process consideration

Graphic Source: Industrial Internet Consortium

IIRA – Business Viewpoint

Vision: Future state / business direction

Values: Vision as perceived by stakeholders involved in implementation or usage

Key objectives: quantifiable high level outcomes

Fundamental Capabilities: Means to deliver the vision


IIRA – Usage ViewpointTasks are carried out by Parties assuming Roles

Parties are agents, human or automated

Roles are sets of capacities needed to execute tasks as required by activities

Activities are specified coordinations of tasks


IIRA – Functional Viewpoint

Functional domains represent distinct functionalities in the IIoT systemControl domain: Industrial Control System

functions reading sensor data, applying rules and logic and performing actuation

Operations domain: provisioning, management, monitoring and optimization of the control domain systems

Information domain: gathering data and analyzing this data towards high level intelligence

Application domain: application logic for specific business functionalities

Business domain: end-to-end operations integrating with business functions


IIRA – Functional Viewpoint – the whole picture

Crosscutting functions: major enabling system functions Connectivity Distributed Data Management Industrial Analytics Intelligent & Resilient Control

System Characteristics: emergent system-wide aggregate characteristics Safety Security Resilience Reliability Privacy Scalability


IIRA – Implementation Viewpoint – Three tier architecture

IIRA – Implementation Viewpoint – Mapping Three tier architecture to Functional Domains

IIRA – Implementation Viewpoint – Gateway-Mediated Edge Connectivity and Management Architecture

Local connectivity solution for the edge of an IIoT system

Gateway acts as WAN end point, isolating LAN of edge nodes

Breaks down complexity of IIoT systems, enabling scalability

Different topologies for the LANHub-and-spoke : gateway acts as a

hub for connecting edge nodes to each other and the WAN

Mesh : some edge notes with routing capabilities, routing paths may change dynamically, suitable for low-power, low-data rate applications on resource constrained geographically distributed devices


IIRA – Implementation Viewpoint – Layered Databus Architecture

IIRA – RAMI 4.0 Functional Mapping

Society 5.0

Graphic Source: http://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/english/society5_0/index.html

Society 5.0 Enabling Technologies

Robotics

Internet of Things

Big Data

Ambient Intelligence

Graphic Source: http://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/english/society5_0/index.html

Society 5.0 – Application Domains

All areas of society towards Hyper-smart Society

Healthcare: Medical data share, remote medical care services, AI and robots at nursing care facilities

Mobility: autonomous driving, distribution and logistics efficiency improvement, drones, single driver cargo truck in a convoy with unmanned-follow-vehicles

Infrastructure: sensors, AI and robots for inspection and maintenance of critical infrastructures

Manufacturing: Japan’s excellence in manufacturing of things (monozukuri) combined with AI and Big Data

Source: http://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/english/society5_0/index.html

Internet Plus and Made in China 2025

Internet Plus Business Start-Up and

Innovation Cooperative Manufacturing Modern Agriculture Intelligent Energy Inclusive Financing Beneficial Services for the

Public Highly-Efficient Logistics e-Commerce Comfortable Transportation Green Ecology Artificial Intelligence

Made in China 2025 priorities Innovation improvement Information technology and

business integration Industrial base strengthening Chinese brand promotion Environmentally friendly

manufacturing Promotion of breakthroughs in

10 industrial sectors Processing trade restructuring

(from mass to class) Promotion of Service Oriented

producers and service providers Internationalization of

production

Challenges

Interoperability

Semantics for IIoT

Edge / Fog Computing

Deep cognitive

Security and Blockchain

Athanasios KalogerasIndustrial Systems Institute

Athena Research and Innovation Center

Cyber Physical Systems and Internet of Things · 2019-09-17 · Cyber Physical Systems and Internet...

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