CWCTERISTICS AND UTILIZATION OF ASHdggs.alaska.gov/webpubs/mirl/report_no/text/mirl_n39.pdf ·...
Transcript of CWCTERISTICS AND UTILIZATION OF ASHdggs.alaska.gov/webpubs/mirl/report_no/text/mirl_n39.pdf ·...
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Report No. 39
C W C T E R I S T I C S AND UTILIZATION OF FLY ASH
Produced by
FAIRBANKS AREA POWER PLANTS
I?. C. J. Lu
P, Dharma Rao
MINERAL INDUSTRY RESEARCH LABORATORY
University of Alaska College, Alaska 99708
January 1971
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The authors wish to espress their gratitude to the C i t y of
Fairbarks Xunicipal U t i l i t i e s Sysstfm, Golden Valley Electric
Association, Unit& States Army Fort W a i n w r i g I h t Pager P u t and the
~ n i v e r s i t y of Alaska P w e r Plant for their help i n collecting fly
ash saxples.
?hank are also due to Mr. Richard Hamilton, I(wd Materials
IaSoratory, Dep-t of Highways, S t a t e of Maska, for the
analysis of the fly ash samples presented in Table 1of this report.
Tins authors also express their apsreciation to Dean Earl H.
B e i s t l i i e , Dr. Mmld J. Cook and Dr. m e s t N. Wolf f for their
interest in this project.
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m ~ o : i - . ~ ~ Page i
OF ~ L ~ T S
LIST OF ~ L E S ii
JwmG- iii
iv
I- ~ D V C T I O N
Smm C U ~ ~ I O N ~ Y S S
m- mTm f i m s FDR FLY -0us mus-
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LIST OF T I W E
PAGE
1 X * Y Y S I S OF FLY ASFI P I U I D m TN BE FMmYiiS
2 SPECIFICRTIOXS FOR FLY M H usm AS AN ~DEXTUIE IN FORZEW CETCENT aXClXTE
3 QL-STICS OF THE POIm PLfiLVS ANALYSm
4 FLY ZSB PGODUCPIOV AM) COLLECTION SYSmJS
5 PXlDLCTiOX PXD CORISuP.~ION OF FLY PSI1 IN THE U. S.
iii
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Fly ash is a nau minesral cmm3ity which is a by-procluct
cSCLili~~ecl frm burning pulverized coal in a - 7 s plant. It has
th2 physical aqd dlemical properties of pozzc~lan. a silicews
and/or silicebus-alrmrinous material w i t h no in4erent ca~a t i aq
character, but which, in the presace of water, w i l l cabins w i t h
calciuin oxide at ordinary twperatws to form c m t mxpm&.
It largely consists of solid or hollav spherical particles of
siEcx3us a d a lminous glass, with sllall m u n t s of '&-walled,
multi-faced p lyhdrons of high iron content and k q u l a r l y shapd,
relativrtly porous carbon or carbon-coated particles. other minor
ccr;pcnerts of fly ash include: magnesium oxide, calcium oxide,
alkalies, sulfur trioxide, and other elements in minor quantities.
11. SA.WE C O ~ I a ? Am ~ Y S I S
S a q l e s of f ly ash w e r e collect& fmo f o ~ paver plants - -\
sewing F a i x b a d s and the g e w a l vicini*, AZ1 four p r x v e r plants
receive coal frm the Nenana coal fields. The four plants are:
G o l h V a l l e y Electric Association, Mine Nouth P a i ~ Plturt at Healy;
university of Alaska Power Plant; C i t y of Fakbanks, Municipal
U t i l i t i e s Pcwer Plant; and th2 Fort Wain~(~~ishht Pcwer Plant. p s
s q l e s were analyzed for S O Z t A1203Fe203, Ng Or S 03, noisture,
loss on ignition and surface area. Table 1 show the analysis of the
four sanples.
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1,
DL? to tho cliffereaces in physical and chsrcical proprt ies of f l y ash £ran diifurfnt sources, individual specificatioils have
km set up by vcuiolls organizations. For exarple, Philadelphia,
Chicago, ~ z t r o i t , X:ew York, ard F l i n t have their a m fly ash
specifications; and S t a t e H i g h a ~ a y Depar-ts, the U.S. Bweau of
Pbl ic m&, and the U.S. Bureau of R e c l ~ ~ t i o n h3~s their am
qixifications for f ly ash Used as construction materials. O t h e r
orgmizations such as the A=ican Society for T e s e !aterials
- 1 I U. S. Engineers, Veteran's Amhinistration, =son
Electzic Institute (EEI), an6 Varicus consulting f b cumentLy
aze w o ~ P A g on nw ~~pscifications a d d e s epplic&le to f ly ash.
kl&'~ , Comecticut, Georgia, ma Kentuc* have ~ i f i k ~ o n s
for the Qse of fly ash in Portland c w a t concrete used for highway
purposes. Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey,
N o r t h Carolina, and South Caro1ir.a have s~ecificatio~'1~ for the use
of fly ash as a mineral filler in bitminous mixtures. Virginia end
~ y l v a n i a , since they forbid the use of f ly ash, have no specifi-
cations. Illinois and Virginia pe2mit the use of fly ash in limefly
ash-q3ega-k -e for soil stabilization of b i t ~ ~ i n o u s roads.
ASDd has trm cannittees (C-7 and C-9) dea l i~g w i t h the s p e c
ifications of fly ash used as pozzolan and as fine aspegate. Tnere
are presently sevet ssecifications designated by ASDI.
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1. ASDf C311-53T JPethocls of sqling and test ing fl:y ash £0 use as an admixture in Portland anent corlcrete.
2. ASn.1 C311-61T Tmtative m e t h c d s of sailkg ma testing : a5h for =e as an a a 3 w e in Portlaad cement concrete (&vision of ASTN C311-53T:
3. AST?4 C340-55~ S p c i f ication far Portland-pozalan cement.
4 . RSTN 6359-54~ Spcification for flv ash for use as an admixture jn ~ 0 ~ 3 a n h cenm-t: concrete.
5. ASTT1 (2350-60T Tentative spscificatian for fly ash for use as an a h i x t u e in Portland cment ccmncrete (Revision of AS734 C350-54T)'.
6 . . ST?-I C379-56T Tentative spcification for fly ash for use as Pozzolanic material. with l i m e .
7. ASWL C379-65T Tmtative spcifications for fly ash for use as pzzo l an i c material w i t h l ine (Revision of FSTv1 C379-56T) .
bBst of the specifications mention& in the above paragra-ph
are for f ly ash used in the ce i in t and mncrete markets. Fly ash
as a pzzolanicladditive is required tm have a m b h u m of 40 psr cent
silica and three @ercent mgn2sim oxide, a maxi~nm of five pzr
cent weight loss on ignition, a two to t l e e &r cart maxirmnn misturk
a n t e n t , 0-12 per cent retained on #325 sieve, and a 2800-3000
2 art /gm alaine Specific Surface rating. Table 2 lists the i m p r t a n t 1
specifications designed by ASn4 and the Bureau of kcl&tion.
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Tmm 2
SP~IFICA!TIONS FOR FLY ASH AS USED AS AN
Al3ammE IN PO^^ mlENT EL^
Specification A Specification B
SiOZ +A1203+ F ~ ~ o ~ (Minum~m) 70 % 75 8
Magnesium as MgO (kuimum) 5 8 5 %
Sulfur Trioxide (Mainrum) 5 8 4 %
Alkalies as N a p ( m u m ) 1.5 % 2 %
Loss on ig?lition @ 75Q0 C (Maximum) 12 % 5 %
Moisture C o n t m t @ 105O C (mimum) 3 % ~ o t specifid
Mean particle diameter, microns ( m h ) 9 % Not specifid
SO-: Specification - A, AS?M C-350-60T, 1964.
Specification - B, Bureau of Reclaimation Specificatiors
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Tli2refore, if f l y ash is to partially replace c m t in th=
major concrete market, it shodd contain 70 to 75 per cent of con-
binc4 silica, ~ ~ a , and iron o x i d s in order to p e t the f ly ash
specifications i n road paving, structwal concrete, and concrete
prducts . Research efforts on the ut i l iza t ion of f l y ash have not as yet
dsvelc2d all of the facts -essary to s t a t e the ~rcpex specificatior
for fly ash in various markets. Spscificaf5ons should represent a '
cqroniss bebreen the disire of the purchaser fcpr a product that .
mets his specifications, and W type of f ly ash available, This
problem has k e n exminsd by Snyder: (i, p. 35-1, 38)
"Although it is possible for producers and c a s u m r s of fly ash to reach agreement concerning the suitability.of a given f l y ash for a given use on &basis of present specifications, mither party's interests are fully S e n r e d by present specifications-
From the viewpoint of the puchaser, there is an UnInmm &-re of r i s k that a fly ash which meets specificati0n.s may not prove to be satisfactory in service.
Fran & vim-point of the producers, ~e spscif icatio,ls may well be mre res.trictive than is trrarranted leading to the rejection ' of f l y ash that would have been p e r f o m satisfactorily in service---"
IV. RX!l%TIAL MRiRRZPS FOR FLY ASH IN W O U S lN3USTW3S
% follcwing is a w r e h ~ i v e list of industrial &kts .
for f ly ash f r ~ ~ n current Literature, although very few of these are
applicable to th& Fairbanks =area at this t i m e .
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1, ?.Lir,eral Incius tries a, Iron and steel indm'cry
1) Slag-fly ash aggregate 2 ) Raw material of ixon oxi& 3) H i l d abrasive in rrietal polishing 4 ) Fot~'1d1-v sand
4 .
5) B i n c l z in pelletizing iron ore, replacing scats bmtonite - - - -
b. Aluninm Industry 1) Raw materials for al- 2) Fo*;u:dry Sand 3) Abrasibe for polishhg alminuin products
c, Refrac-tory Indusky 1) Brick 2) Tile 3) 0 t h ~ ~ cer&c products
d . Glass Industrv 1) Raw nuterlal for colored glass containers 2) Abrasive in glass finishing
e. C m t Industry 1) Raw materia in cemMt mmufaccturing 2) Pozzolmic additive
f. Petrolem Industry 1) Pressure grouting 2) C e i i a t i n g of oil well casings
g. f i n o r m e t a l industry 1) Raw raterial for Germanium 2 ) Paw ~mterial for G a l l i u m
h. Coal Itlining 1) 1 % ~ dusting, prevention of explosions and fires 2) Nzu'lralizing acidic mime water
i. ~4isccllar.eous 1) Heavy rnsdia se?aration agent 2) Minaal fillers 3) MineYal wool
2. Chs i -ca l Indus t ry a. P a p r 14anufacturing
1) Mineral filler 2) Neutralizing acid waste liquids
b. Wber manufacturing 1) b l in s r a l filler
c. Plastics and paints 1) Illinera1 filler
d. O t h e r s 1) Filtration agent 2) Neutralizing agent
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3. Construction Industry a- Coacrete for r-d paving and mass coiicrete projmf
(dam aid bridges) b. Concret- h7 --'-- C- ~ c r @ h ~ - i n ~ tile and o&r concre te prducts
,-..-- L 5 - - -- - -t~-~&aLLun
£. Fly a s h - h aunr-at-n
$ULC
b ~ l ~ ~ ~ i aggregate
- --3=J--yu-
9- Fly ash-slzg agyrqB+- h. Fly ash liqhi~.p;r<.-4 - i. Grou t j . Filler in w a l l boafa ---LL -
-
k. Land fill .u, p~q- . a m roofing matexials
4. Agriculture "4
='4 a. F e r t i l i z a b. Filler 6. lhsecticiifmc
- - ------" d. Trace elenat source
OF FLY ASH . *.
.:< - ' 7
t&ay research efforts have damnstrated that f ly ash h a a w i
variety of applications in the various industries. Fly ash has - . . - -.
+? P qali:ied as a rax material, additive, subs t i t u t e or for o m fom -1 .. -4
of ut i l i za t ion in the construction, iron and stesl, al-m, . .
cera-nic and chemical industries, and in agricuLtrue. The major - * - ..
reasons for using f l y ash in the abwe fields are the diversified r. . -
mture of by-product ash. and low cost of ash k h i c h eva-y !i ,. . . . ma.ke it raketable. AS
Th -u?es of f l y ash thus pan ha r n r 3 7 . . , c - 2 r r .. - - .q nological ~ f o m c e and econcmic reward~ frm fly a ~ h p i ~ ~ . *
1. Fly ash is a bv-nrodt~r+ mew- :- -- - > . L-- - - - - - r d.4+-d~ ss rlu IIUUI~ 0r quarrying
2. The particle size of fly 3-L :- rr-- . . .whiny or grinding in 11:
eliminate
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3. DUE to it pozzolanic propa-, f l y ash can h bridely used as a 1-z+i mterial in c m - t rranuf ciuture. - - -
.. 4. ale vriGo ran,, of c~iqgoeition of fly ash =tends its
. . ~ s c s in the installic, aramics ch5niczl inclustrizs as rsw mkzrials .
5. Tce whumt: carbon of f ly ash could save as "hilt-in" fuel aad save cost in th2 ~nanufacture of f l y ash ag- gregates, bricks or tiles.
6. Fly ash may iiizove final prcducts, giving such qualities as higher strength, h x z porosity, stronger &ses and cornrrs in concrete blocks, less cracking, and resistance to s a l t and sulp-hte w a t e r s in grouting.
7. Thc f ly ash na.rI<~ts are generally close to payer plants since bth are located in p p u l a t d areas.
8 . The high alkali chxacteristics of f l y ash can be ! utilized as a lm-cost neutralizing agent.
9. Sone high silica f l y ash msy be used in mild abrasives, fou~dry sands and in glass manufacture.
10. Tine m-ine3 percentage of silica, alur~ina and iron oxide in f l y ash is so high as to make it useful as a mineral Tiller, filtration agents, etc.
11. Fly ash is resdily available in qyantity.
V. AS3 PkE9DVCPIC2J PND VPILIZRTION IN THE FAIR2?2'VXS E m
The demand for electric pmEr in Fairbanks has been grming
steasily at the rate of abut six per cent a year siF--- &- the 1950"s.
A t present, all the electricity in the area of study is supgLied by
coal-firing plants. There are four instiWons sqplying energy in
the region, n m ~ l y Golden Valley Electric Association, (GTi?) . m.
Wainimight (military) . Fairbanks Municipal U t i l i t y S y s t ~ m (2.1. U.S. ) ,
and the Univsrsity of Alaska. Table 3 s h m the capcity of electric
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peer ~azera t ion of each i n s t a l k t , type of fue l , location of
p i e r plant aid apgroxkte clistence to the city cent- of
: Fairbanks.
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Capacity (kw)
Pheral/Fuel
Location
Distance to C i t y C e n t e r
G.V.E.A. M.U.S. MILITARY U. of A. 22,000 8,500 27,000 1,500
Coal, Mine C o a l P ~ u t h
Coal Coal
Healy Fairbanks Ft. Wainwright College
within less than 10 less them 10
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The production of i l y ash is a function of the q~u~nt-ty a d
ash content of the ma1 burned, and the efficiency of &h collection.
The recw,, of fly ash is d e p e n d a t upon the of coal b m s ,
ths variation in burning process a d the type of ash collection
s- .~s te~ , whether zsd?:,anical or electrical. Table 4 shavs t\e
estimated f l y ash production per year of fnu' power plants m J a - -
study, t h e mthcd of ash collection, relative efficimcy in recovery
02 f l y ash and ash disLmsal mthd and exprimes in utilization
of each pcr~'sr plant.
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FLY AS13 PR3DUCTI:ON A ! ! CO-TQN SYSTEM!!
F l y Ash Prod. approx, ( E s h t d in short tons pcr year.)
Type of Clcmbustion system
mlative Recovery
Ash Collection Systm
Ash Disposal
Utilization
G.V.E.A. M.U.S. MU;mARY
pulverized stoker f u e l
average low
stoker
low
mechanical mechanical mechanical (most bottcm ash)
v?et wet truc1:
s m inland fill
lm
mechanical
d T
scene inland fill and road mintenace
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A very Limited amount of fly ash is k i n g used in *I
~airbclrks area for land or structural fill and road mhtenancc.
, - The pstential uses of fly ash, parkicularly for the fly ash
.-
p-~cel by the G .V.E.A. Mi, -mum ~ o . . r e r plant would he:
1. Concrete mixes
2. Soil s tahi l izzt ion
4. Structural fill
$lass concrete project (airport, &n md ma- f;lr;l;+i*-\
Grouting or wsll-casing cment.
AS an inqr&e.i.it in concrete mixes, f l y ash can be used in - -
m l m t s f m 100-150 pun& cuhic yard of concrete. &ady-mix&
concrete, concrete blockc. r?re,+w----~ - - t - -- -- , ~ - 3 CL-~K;I ma precast cancrete, mass
concrete ~ r o j e c t s and high- co~stntct ion and a t w a n c e represa9t
many attractive fields open to the ut i l izat ion of fly ash.
Soil stzibilization alone a u l d p r o m y absorb th- "'mjor part
- of raw f ly ash. A mile of road base pay utilize h u t 500 toM of - .
fly ash and in g u l u a l 'sli&rnuay construction, about 600 to= of fly
ash co'ald be put into ths paving of each mile of single lane highway.
Therefore, a bo-lme highway for 100 miles could &sorb -6 220,000 tans of ash.
Fly ash is used in oil well casing cerent in the lmre states;
its pssible ap$iwtion to the Alaskan market is obvious.
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Alaska Wrts over 20,000 tom of c m t a year. If 20 4 4
cent of ceiient is substituted by swif ied fly ash, it \-muould < -
rzm a m k e t for 4,003 tom of fly ash.
0 t h ~ ptent ia l markets in the field of winter road s t a h \
i l i za t ion m d control of thawing stre% in spring tim-, oo~rld
only be evaluatd by further research.
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1966 1967 1968
PlPduction (&IS) f l y ash . 17,123,144 18,409,854 19,813,747 bottam ash 8,065,683 9,131,453 7,259,212 boiler slag ---------- --_-_---__ 2.554,569
Tota l 25,188,827 27,541,307 29,627,528 Total Ash 3,050, 669 3,794,714 5,194,016 Consumption (tons) f ly ash 7.94 8.29; 9.6%
% ut i l izat ion b o t h ash 27.0% 25.08 25.0% boiler slag _--_- ----- 57.8
Total ~ n s m p t i o n to praluction 12. 0 13.8 17.5
Source: National Coal Association
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J)
~ l y ash from four coal-firing p a 7 e r stations in the ~ a i r b m k s
vic ini ty was intifstigated during t h e study. The w m plants u n ; l s
stu?y rmge f ran 1,500 ki lmvat ts to 22,000 k i l a t t s , m d c0mms nore
UICV- G50,000 toils of coal annually.
TIE p r o l i m i n q investigations shm72d that the ccmpositi0~1~
OF f l y ash collect& fro2 each of the plants, although they do not
m e t .G!E.J specifications, other ptential uses of this fly ash
are promising.
Total production of f ly ash in the Fairbanks area is =ti-
nted at mre than 13,000 tons per year. SO far, very limited
m u n t s of f l y ash are ut i l izer l in the area; ace for land or
structural fill and a very L i t t l e i n road maintenance. Wa~ever,
thse ace pt&'Lial uses for fly ash such as ready-mix mncrete;
mass concrete projects, road construction and grouting.
Since f l y ash is a by-product f r o m coal firing p ~ e r stations,
the future of f l y ash is closely tid to the continued use of c m l .
as an energy source i n p d e r gemration. The threat of c a p t i t i o n
£ran fuel oil or natural gas has been greater since the developnent
of the xorth Slope oil fields.
utilization of f l y ash is determined by many factors such as
quality and specifications, the effort devoted to market develo-zent,
and sales promtion. In the imnediate future, if any market develop
in Fairbanks, it \ v i l l be concentrat& in the Construction and bdustq.
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1. B1xsk , E.C. ara3 Chapan, J.F. (ed.) , Padern marketbg S k a t v : ' I a r ~ s ~ d UniversiQ Press, Cambridge, Mass. 19 64.
2. Cap?, J.P. a d FaSer, J.H., Utilization of fly ash, wpm ~resentd a t the industrial coal conference, A p r i l 13-14, 1966: ~nivers i ty of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky., 14p. 1966.
3. Cap, J.P. Faber, J.P., Technology and economics of fly ash utilizzitition: Paper prese?ted at U e AIME annual meeting, February 28 to ?bxch 1, 1966, New York C i t y , 7p. 1966.
4. Cap?, J . F . , Fly ash ut i l iza t ion, paper presented at the 1965 i n d s t r i a l coal conference, Octobzr 13, 1965: Purdue Y m r i a l Center , Lafayette, Indiana, 1 1965.
5. C a p , J.P., Research program seeks nav uses for f ly ash: Electric l ight a ~ d WJ-, 3p. October 1964.
6 . coal Age, Tn+ coal picture - 1965 to 1966: C o a l Age, p. 75-79. February 1966.
7. C o a l Age, Fighting waste with w a s t e might be one way of &scribing what appears to be a significant n w use for f l y ash: Coal Age, p. 51. June 1965.
8. Cwl nining aid processing, pzct signed for w e s t e m coal-fired electricity: I n d u t r i a l ris~s, p. 13. Jline 1966.
9. cockreell, C.P., Shafer, H.E., Jr., and H U I ~ ~ ~ ~ S , K.K., Fly ash- based structural mterials: Recent deveIomts wing the WW-CCR process, paper presgnted at the UaE annual meet+: N ~ V york City. ,* February 28 to March 1, 1966.
i - '
10. Consol Xews, Fly ash can be an asset: Consol News, p. 1-6. May to June 1966.
7
12. Edison Electric Inst i tu te , Proceedings : s e a n d fly ash utilization 4 spps im: Pittsburgh. March 10 - 11, 1970. -2
13. En?le. M.D. , et al, Fly ash ut i l iza t ion , prh.3 mvers camittee: Ne.61 York, 99p. February 1958.
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I
14. F m , J.H., Ca??, J.P., and Spncer, J.D., USEX IC 8348, Procedngs: first fly ash uti l ization s ~ , p s i u ~ , Edison Electric I n s t i t u t e , i\lational Coal Associztion and B L V ~ ~ U of Minesr p. 345. 1967.
15. Federal p:ier m ~ s s i o n , Annual &prt 1965. Janzary 10, 1956.
G a i s , G.C. , P0.q~-p lan t ash - the coal industry's hidden 02prtunity, pa= presented at the 3JbB annualmeting: XWI York C i ' q , 17p. F&ruaq 28 to March 1, 1966.
Match, EI .P . and Conncrs 7 D.N . , U s e s of fly ash in the ~4- electric pmer systm: Pa-pr presented at the AIiG annual meeting, Ee.$ York City, 1lp . February 28 to March 1, 1966.
Jarrigz , A. and D a r q u e s , V. , L i n e cements fixation by f l y ash, Rev. E a t e r . Construct. Trav. Publ., ,m. 594, pp. 144-8, 1966. (:in P r a s \ )
Jarrige, A. andl D a r q u e s , V., Fly ash util izatioa in France, Flame et therm., p. 185-189. A u g u s t - Septerrber 1960. (in ~smch)
20. Jxrige, A. and D a r q u s s , V., Industrial uses of fly ash: d t a l *search, Chim. et Ind., p. 185-189, Febma~'ry 1963.
21. Jamrek, W. G. and Schanz, J. J, 7 Jr . , B i t m i n o & c-1 coA'lsqtion, Cca1 Age, 7p., r q k i n t . May 1960.
22. J o ~ ~ s o ~ , G.E., KunCia, L.M., and Field, J .H. , U s e of coal and fly ash ks adsofbents for r-ving organic contaninants from s e c m d q
? -, municipal effluents, Ind. Eng. Process Design Develop., vol- 4, ::I no. 3, p. 323-327. 1965.
23. Katx, Jacob, T'ne effective collection of fly ash at pulverized coal- fired plants, 3. A i r P o l l ~ ~ t i o n Control Assn., vol. 15, no. 11,
.p. 525-528. 1955.
24. Lu, F.C.J., Potential m k e t s for fly ash in the U.S. , a Ilrrdel for market research and deve1opent: M. Sc. thesis, Departxent of Minezal eco~omics, Pennsylvmia Sta te University, 146p. SepL@= 1367.
25. Matrns, r.!., Sand-f ly ash brick, Materials Research and Standards, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 427-430. August1964.
26. 14,innickf L. John, Fly ash meets l ighb~eigh t aggregate splcif - ications: Brick Clay Record, vol. 146, no. 4, LOP. 15)65,
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27. PLin?ick, L. J O ~ . Characteristics of lightweig5t aggregate produced frcii fly ash: Paper presented at the mid-year meeting of the expanded clay and shale assn. , Na.7 Yorl;. August 6-7, 1964.
28. 1-Lirhg Ilagazi~e, Fly ash may curb mine fires, p2- 475. ~ecer[!kr 196E
29. EQrphy, E.I.I., bhgnusm, M.O., Sudsr, El., Jr., and Nagy, J,,-use of f l y ash for r a t e filling of underground cavities and passa5e- ways : LSBI FU 7214 , I.Jashin.fton, D.C. , 27p. & c a b s 1968,
30 * XaLdofial Coal Assn. , Ssnator Byrd surveys f ly ash prospects : Coal N w 3 , no. '. 3814, p. 7. Sept&w 9, 1966.
31. Lovell, H.L. , Spicer, T . S . and Homherger, R.L., Fly ash properties and beneficiation rnethds: PaF presented at the annual mting OZ ,912.EJ !dm Y~rkf 26~. F & m q 16 - 20. --.
32. Orrlce of C o a l Research, F<TW, Coal - associated flyash, Coal - associatd minerals of the U n i t e d States, section 7-DJ p. 89-10Zr C o a l R & D ReAmrt nmber 8, E X , 131p. Junz 1965.
33. Pearson, A.S., Lightweight aggregate from f ly ash: Civil 'Er,gineerhcf: New York, Pp. 50-53. Septeier 1964.
34. Pemqlvmia S t a b Universip, -9n investigation 0.3 potential markets fax f l y ash: Project rept: to the PEI, The Departmat of ILqsxal Econanics,'i%e Peiiylvania S t a t e Universiw, 69p- J m e 1965.
35. Pit &?d qu3rry, Western f ly ash Ltd., p. 160- Jan- 1970.
36, Scha£fer, S.G. a6 Noble, P,.TV., T e M q u e s for utilization of f ly .
ash: Fm. Chm. Society - D i v . Fusl Chemistry, vol. 10, no. 1; Pa-= preseqted at the rnesting on EWch 22, 1966, pp- 73.80. I
1966. -
2 .." - 7
37. Shafer, H a q f E., . Jr., Cockell, Charles F., and Leonard, J.N., -1, Flv ash brick, progress report: presmted at national ax1 association technical sales conference and bitminous mal research, Inc., Annual Meeting: Pittsburgh, Pa., 13p. Se?t&er 14-45, 1966.
38. Snyder, M - J , and Nelson, H.W., Final re-mrt an a critical review - '
of technical information on 'd..e u+trilization of f ly ash to prime mvers cornnittee, Ec3ison Electric Ins t i tu te , Columus, ahio: 2 Battelle l4emsrial Xnstitutcr 106p. July 13, 1962. . 3
1
. . '"i 39. Snyder, M.J., .These, A . J . , H u n t e r , R.I., and Gluck, P., Progress . f
,i repst on f l y ash utilization research program: EEI bubletin, ..- i pp. 38-42. Febv~ary 1966.
20 . .
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5 .,: * Z:F rple ..- ....-
-a;$ - * ..- . .. * i;.
40. Srlvdsr, Y.J., Rose, .I\..J., Hunter, R . I . , Gluck, P . , Progerties " and uses of f l:y ash, B a t t e l l e Technical Revie:?, the Battelle
. K~mrial X~sk i tu te : C o l ~ ~ , Ohio. m. 14-18. F&mary 1964.
41. S~wZzr, F.J., R=se, A . J . , Hunter, 3.I., Glud;, P., am2 I?dsm, - Il.I.?. , A critical revim of technical infomation on the . utilizatioa of f l v ash: Unpblished pap=, final rep* to the Priine KnverS m i t t e e of =I, the Battelle :+!=rial Ins t i tutet CoLm5us, Ollie, 106p. 1952.
I
42. Sto-hz, R.%. and C d i i n , W.B., Fly ash as activated carbon: U.S. pta?t 3152,985 (cl. 210-40) to W. Va a l p and Paper Co, 6p. Octo3er 13, 1964.
43. GBM, I4imrals Yearbook, Annual Volmes, U.S. Bureau of ~ ~ s s .
44. US%): ancZ II'I! R a e a r c h Ins t i tu te , Processings: s k d minasal waste utilization symposium: Chicago. E-ch 18 and 19, 1970.
45. Vszina, J.A. and ~XT.V, W..A., Ths preparation of c-cia-grae vanadium pentoi5d-z f ran boiler f l y ash: Can dzp-t mins and tech. S w ~ y s , !nines Branch, Tech. Bulletin, T.B. 63, 13p. 1965.
46. T.?att, J.D. and Thorne, D-J-, Pozzolanic propcrties of fly ash, zs d e t h ' t d by crushing-strength tests on lire mrtars ; Journal of 4pplied Chemistry: mndon, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 595- 604. 1965.
T.?att, J. D. and Tnolme, D. J. Pozzolanic pro-~rties of f lv ashes as determind by o\ernical m ~ & : J m d of hppl&d Ci~cmistry: Tandon, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 33-39. 1966.
FKllia.%, 5.1;. , Jr . , Investigation of c m t - f 177 ash concrete mixtuxes for underqround conduit mnstruction: Inst. e1ec.- electronic enginzcrs, Trans. Pcrfex: App. Systems, voLl 84, no- 9 , p?. 780-786, discussion 786-788. 1965.
* Yar~auchi, Shiro, et al, P/Lixing of fly ash c m t : Governwk Industrial &search Inst i tu te , Nagoya, Japan, Xagoya X q m Gijutsh Shikensho Hokoku, vol. 14, no. 4 , p?. 152-8, 1965. (in Japanese),