Cvs
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Transcript of Cvs
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THE CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
and Myocardial Infarctions
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Anatomy: The Heart
• Size
• about the size of a person’s
fist; hollow and cone-
shaped; weighs less than a
pound (9-12 oz)
• Location
• within the mediastinum
• Orientation
• tilts toward the left side of
the body
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Anatomy: Structure
• Wall
• Epicardium: outer
layer (“on the
heart”)
• Myocardium:
middle layer
• Endocardium:
interior layer of
the myocardial
wall
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Anatomy: Structure
• Chambers
• Atria: two superior chambers
• Ventricles: two lower
chambers
• Valves
• Aortic semilunar valve
• Pulmonary semilunar valve
• Tricuspid valve
• Mitral (bicuspid) valve
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Anatomy: Blood Vessels
• Vessels
• Arteries/arterioles
• Veins/venules
• Capillaries
• Structure
• Tunica Externa: outer
layer
• Tunica Media: middle
layer
• Tunica Intima: inner layer
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Anatomy: Blood
• Plasma
• Red Blood
Cells
(erythrocytes)
• White Blood
Cells
(leukocytes)
• Platelets
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Physiology
• Function: transports nutrients, waste, gases,
and hormones through the body, with the
heart acting as a “pump”, the blood vessels
acting as the “highway system”, and the
blood as the essential fluid tissue
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Physiology: The Heart as a Pump
• Deoxygenated blood enters the heart into the
right atrium and is pumped into the right
ventricle.
• It is then pumped through the pulmonary artery
into the lungs where it will absorb oxygen.
• Blood is transported back into the heart
through the pulmonary vein, into the left atrium
and left ventricle.
• Then, blood is pumped out the aorta and into
the far reaches of bodily circulation once again.
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Physiology: Pumping
• De-polarization of muscle cells (myolemma)
makes the heart contract, forcing blood out.
• Re-polarization of these same cells
increases volume of the heart and allows
blood to fill its atria.
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Physiology: ECG Complex
• P WAVE
• SA node: Delivers impulse to contract right
and left atria
• PR INTERVAL
• AV node: Creates an essential delay in
signal transmission so heart beats correctly
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Physiology: ECG Complex
• QRS INTERVAL
• Purkinje fibers: Each node tapers these fibers which
stimulate group myocardial cells into contraction
• S-U WAVE
• Displays the heart’s depolarization of ventricles
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Physiology: Blood Vessels
• ARTERIES: Carry oxygenated blood from
heart to tissue
• CAPILLARIES: Transport oxygen from blood
to tissue; carbon dioxide from tissue to blood
• VEINS: Carry carbon dioxide-rich blood to
heart to rid itself of it and to be re-
oxygenated
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Physiology: Blood
• PLASMA: Proteins, electrolytes and lipid
solids dissolved in water
• RED CELLS: Erythrocytes are filled
hemoglobin which makes them excellent
oxygen transports
• WHITE CELLS: Leukocytes are defense cells
that target and eliminate foreign objects and
infections
• PLATELETS: Thrombocytes stop unwanted
blood flow by executing blood clotting
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Myocardial Infarction
• More commonly
known as “heart
attack” or “coronary”
• ALWAYS A
MEDICAL
EMERGENCY - DIAL
911
• Caused by blocked
blood flow into any
section of coronary
arteries (usually an
embolism)
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Myocardial Infarction
• Symptoms
• Chest pain (described as “crushing”, or “like there is
a VW Beetle sitting on my chest”)
• Referred pain (usually in the left arm, abdomen, or
neck)
• Nausea
• Fear of dying
• Shock (characterized by skin appearing pale, cool,
and diaphoretic)
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Myocardial Infarction
• Risk factors
• Age
• Weight
• Diet
• Gender
• Lifestyle habits (i.e. smoking)
• Pre-existing conditions (i.e. hypertension, diabetes,
hypercholesterolemia)
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Myocardial Infarction - ECG
Sample
• Myocardial
ischemia classified
by elevated or
depressed ST
segment
• Hyperacute T
waves
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Research & Treatment: AMI
• Holistic Treatment
• Complimentary Acute Medicine (CAM)
• Beta-blockers (Metropropol)
• Nitrates (Nitroglycerin)
• Calcium channel blockers
• Antiplatelet agents (aspirin)
• ACE Inhibitors (Lisinopril)
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Research & Treatment: AMI
• Controversial treatments
• Reperfusion Therapy
• PCI (Percutaneous Coronary
Intervention)/Angioplasty - arteries are
pushed open
• Fibrinosis (Thrombolysis)Controversial
treatments - blockage removed by
medication
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Research & Treatment: AMI
• Controversial Treatments (cont’d)
• CAB (Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
Surgery)
• Arteries or veins elsewhere in body are
grafted as new coronary arteries (done
when heart is STOPPED!!)
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Research & Treatment: AMI
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Research & Treatment: AMI
• Treatment Success Rate
• Stents
• CAMs
• Secondary prevention and rehabilitation
• changes in diet, exercise, and other
lifestyle habits