1. 1. A-A joints allow less flexion extension motion than rotation. There is greater movement with extention (upto 10o) than with flexion (upto 5o).
2. 2. Cerebro-spinal MRI (a,b,c) performed in a 27-year-old female presenting with intense headache and craniofacial deformities. Sagittal T1 (b) and T2 (c) weighted images show foramen magnum stenosis producing a compression of bulbomedullary junction. CT scan (d) and sagittal (e) show additional features such as macrocephaly and thickening of the cranial vault.
3. 3. FLORES M.et al: The KlippelFeil Syndrome: A Case Report. J. Can. Dent. Assoc. 2004
4. 4. NARANG M.et al, : Uncommon manifestation of Klippel Feil Syndrome. Ind. Pediat. 2006 ODABAS D et al: Report of a girl with KlippelFeil syndrome and Poland anomaly. Genet. Couns. 2004
5. 5. NIEBERG L.G.et al: Dentoskeletal implications of KlippelFeil Syndrome (A case report). NYSDJ 2005.
6. 6. GUDEMEZ E.: KlippelFeil syndrome and associated con genital abnormalities: evaluation of 23 cases. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 2006
7. 7. OAKES W.J.et al: Investigations into the association between cervicomedullary neuroschisis and mirror movements in patients with KlippelFeil Syndrome. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2002
8. 8. Chiari-I malformation in a 40-year-old male. Sagittal (a) and coronal (b) T2 weighted images show caudal tonsillar ectopia obstructing the foramen magnum associated with a syringomyelia cavity.
9. 9. Chiari-I malformation in a 12-year-old boy. Sagittal (a) and coronal (b) T2 weighted images show caudal tonsillar ectopia associated with hydrocephalus.
10. 10. Chiari-II malformation in 1-year-old infant associated with myelomeningocele (b). Sagittal T2 weighted images (a) shows smaller posterior cranial fossa with downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils, the fourth ventricle and the bulbo-medullary junction into the foramen magnum and cervical spinal canal.
11. 11. Symptoms vary depending on whether the spinal cord, brain stem, nerves or their blood supply is affected by the pressure. Symptoms become apparent when the neck is bent. They include
12. 12. OCCIPITALIZATION OF ATLAS
13. 13. incomplete fusion of odontoid to C2 body