Curs Rapid de Topo Ing. (Din UK)

8/9/2019 Curs Rapid de Topo Ing. (Din UK)

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P ar t A Course Book

Measurement The EDM Geometry The Casio Fx7400G Plus Leveling Level Book External works Errors Site Check List

Problem sheet Setting Out Techniques Coordinates


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MEASUREMENT 2

PIRIT LES VEL

USING STEEL TAPES

3, 5, 8 or 10 metre pocket tapes : These are the essential tools for an engineer and should be carried at all times (preferably on your belt). Due to their relativelyshort length and rigidity there is no appreciative error in the readings taken. For

build reliability and usefulness a 5 or 8 metre tape is recommended.

30 or 50 metre tapes : These tapes should always be available on site, but care

should be taken on their use. There are 3 basic errors that can effect the accuracyof the reading :

1/ Tension & Sag : You will need to pull the tape to straighten it, but it isdifficult to judge the correct amount of pull (approx. 6kg) in order toachieve an accurate reading. To make matters worse if the tape is notcontinuously supported along its length then the sag will compound theerror. To try to achieve an accurate measurement (Within 10mm) either:

A/ Use a spring balance (not normally available on site)

B/ Take two readings one with the tape pulled straight with no extratension and one with the tape fully tensioned then take the meanreading.

C/ If the tape is unsupported DO NOT pull it so that the sag disappears this will only give you a false reading it is better to try to supportthe tape every few metres to eradicate the sag and if this is not possibleyou may have to resort to electronic distance measurement.

2/ Slope : All measurements given on site drawings are HORIZONTALdistances, and therefore it is imperative that the tape is level when you takeyour readings. This may mean that you will have to use spirit levels thus:

TAPE SPIRIT LEVEL

HORIZONTAL DISTANCE


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MEASUREMENT 3

3/ Temperature : Because all material fluctuates with size and temperature,a tape measure manufacturer calibrates a tape at 20 degrees centigrade.Therefore, if the tape is used in temperatures other than 20 degreescentigrade an adjustment will have to be made as follows:

TEMP. C CHANGE IN 30 M TAPE LENGTH

30 TAPE IS 3 mm LONG

25 TAPE IS 1.5 mm LONG

20 TAPE IS CORRECT

15 TAPE IS 1.5mm SHORT

10 TAPE IS 3mm SHORT

5 TAPE IS 4.5mm SHORT

0 TAPE IS 6mm SHORT

Fabric tapes : normally 30 metres in length, these tapes are used for approximate

setting out where accuracy between 10 20mm is acceptable e.g. groundworkexcavation. The benefit of this type of tape is its durability in extre me siteconditions.

Levelling staff : used mainly in 1.450 m conjunction with an automaticlevel can also be utilised for 1.430 m offset work where a pocket tapeis unpractical. 1.414 m

Electronic Measurement 1.395 m Discussed later on the course


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THE EDM 1

DESCRIPTION

The EDM has two basic functions:

1/ To turn vertical and horizontal angles ( identically to a theodolite )

2/ To measure distances ( E lectromagnetic Distance M easurement or EDM )

In the late 1980`s engineers were using a theodolite with an EDM bolted to the top. Nowadays both these instruments are integrated into an instrument called a TOTALSTATION unfortunately the construction industry refer to these TOTALSTATIONS as EDM`s !

On this course we will u se the industrys conve ntion and call them EDM`s

CARRYING HANDLE VIEWFINDER

TELESCOPE

FOCUS RING BATTERY

EYEPIECE

VERTICAL CLAMP ANDHORIZONTAL SLOW MOTION SCREWBUBBLE

HORIZONTAL CLAMPDISPLAY AND SLOW MOTION SCREWSCREEN

KEYBOARD FOOTSCREW

FOOTSCREW TRIBRACH

OPTICAL ELECTRONIC DATAPLUMB TRANSFER PORTEYEPIECE

FOOTSCREW CIRCULAR BUBBLE


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THE EDM 2

SETTING UP

The first step is to set up the tripod over the station point.Looking down on the tripod centralise thetripod over the station by viewing throughthe hollow attachment screw .

ATTACHMENT SCREW

Make sure that the tripod head is set to aconvenient height to make the viewing ofthe EDM comfortable.

It is IMPORTANT that thetripod head is relativelylevel before attaching theEDM.Use the horizon or a

building in the backgroundto guide you.

If the tripod is not on solidground, tread in the tripodfeet (this may knock thetripod head out of level but

INCORRECT CORRECT

this can be righted by shortening or lengthening thetripod legs). If you have re-levelled the tripod head go back to check you are stillcentred over the station and adjust if necessary.

Once you are happy that the tripod head is level and is located over the station you

can attach the EDM with the attachment screw . Before progressing check the 3footscrews are in their midway position and are sat on the tripod head equally into the3 corners.

Look through the optical plumb eyepiece and adjust for focus. You will observe thatthe plumb circle is probably not directly over yourstation point but should be close to it. If the station

point does not even appear, take the EDM off thetripod and start the set up again.

PLUMB CIRCL E


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THE EDM 3

Now look at the circular bubble andcentre this by shortening or lengtheninga tripod leg once the circular bubble is centred, check the plumb circle again.You will probably find that the plumb circle has moved away the station point.

Now slacken the attachment screw and centre the plumb circle over the station bysliding the EDM over the tripod head.

At this point the circular bubble should still be within the brown ring and the plumbcircle should be centred over your station.

YOU ARE NOW READY FOR THE FINE ADJUSTMENTS TO THEINSTRUMENT.

Unlock the Horizontal clamp and turn theEDM so that the display screen stretchesacross two of the footscrews

Centre the Horizontal bubble using these twofootscrews ONLY.


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THE EDM 4

Now turn the EDM 90 and using the ONE remaining footscrew centre thehorizontal bubble

Check once again that the plumb circle is centred on your station. If it has movedoff, slacken the attachment screw andslide the EDM to centre the plumb circleand restart the fine adjustment procedure.

A final check on the accuracy of adjustment of your EDM is recommended. Turn theEDM through 90 and check the plumb circle & horizontal bubble repeat twice more and if you find that the plumb circle or horizontal bubble moves off centre yourEDM is out of adjustment We will be dealing with instrument checks later in thecourse.

THE EDM IS NOW SET UP AND READY TO USE

USING THE EDM

Before we switch on the EDM it is worth getting used to the focusing, sighting,general movement and most importantly the care.

Care

The EDM is an extremely costly piece of equipment and even the slightest damagecan cost over 1000 it is therefore imperative to:

ALWAYS KEEP THE EDM IN ITS CASE WHEN NOT IN USE

- CARRY THE EDM BY THE CARRYING HANDLE ONLY

- MAKE SURE THE INSTRUMENT IS THOROUGHLY DRYBEFORE PACKING IT INTO THE CASE

NEVER LEAVE AN EDM ON A TRIPOD WITHOUT ATTACHING THEATTACHMENT SCREW

- LEAVE THE EDM IN ITS CASE WITHOUT SECURING THE

CATCHES

- OVERTIGHTEN ANY OF THE CLAMPS.


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THE EDM 5

Focusing

To focus the telescope turn the focus ringon the telescope.Whilst focussing you will see an infinitysymbol with an arrow pointing anti-clockwise this helps to remind you toturn the focus ring in this direction whensighting distant objects.

To focus the cross-hairs on the telescopeeyepiece it is helpful to use a blank areasuch the sky or a piece of paper.Turn the eyepiece to bring the crosshairsinto sharp focus.

A final check should be made for parallax after focusing move your eye verticallyand laterally to see if the target image moves in relation to the crosshairs. If the targetimage does not move there is no parallax. If it moves, rotate the focus ring toeliminate the parallax.

Turning the EDM

To turn the instrument horizontally loosen the horizontal clamp and let the EDMfreely rotate once close to your target tighten (but do not over tighten) the clamp.To line up exactly use the slow motion screw.To turn the instrument vertically repeat the above operations using the verticalclamp and slow motion screw.

Using the viewfinder

This will save you a lot of time trying tofind your target. Because of its high

position above the eyepiece it isimportant to keep the instrument slightlylower when setting up. To use theviewfinder, position your eye to reveal awhite triangle - the tip of the trianglerepresents your vertical crosshair.


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THE EDM 6

ORIENTATING THE EDM

0

270 90

THE TELESCOPE(UPPER PLATE)

THE HORIZONTALPROTRACTOR(LOWER PLATE)

180

THE EDM IS BASICALLY A PROTRACTOR LAID HORIZONTALLYWITH A POINTER THAT ROTATES AROUND IT.

THE VERTICAL CROSSHAIR IN THE TELESCOPE (UPPER PLATE) IS THEPOINTER AND THE HORIZONTAL ANGLE (HA ) DISPLAYED ON THEKEYBOARD SCREEN IS THE CURRENT ANGLE ON THE PROTRACTOR(LOWER PLATE) THAT THE TELESCOPE IS POINTING TO.

FOR SIMPLE ANGLE TURNS OF 90 FROM A GIVEN LINE - THEPROTRACTOR (LOWER PLATE) CAN BE ORIENTATED TO 0 /360 ALONGTHIS LINE .FOR MORE ADVANCED SETTING OUT THE LOWER PLATE NEEDS TOBE ORIENTATED SO THAT 0 /360 POINTS TO GRID NORTH.

NOTE - SEE COORDINATE SHEETS 1&2

TO ORIENTATE THE LOWER PLATE ( BACKSIGHTING ) SEE EDM SHEET 8


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THE EDM 7

Press the PWR button although all EDM`s power up immediately - many

remain inactive until some movement is made to the instrument with the Nikon(to which the following instructions refer) you have to rotate the telescopevertically. Before moving the telescope, on the screen you will see values for TEMPERATURE,PRESSURE AND PRISMBecause the ambient temperature and pressure very slightly affects the EDM thisshould read temp. : 15 C press. 750mmHg and will be sufficient to cover allclimatic changes during the year. PRISM will be dealt with later on the course.

After tilting the telescope you enter the default screen:

TOGGLE TO

HA: 282 33 43VA: 110 12 02SD: m

DSP1/3 BAT

DSP2/3 BY PRESSING THE [DSP] BUTTON

HA: 282 33 43

VD# mHD# mDSP2/3 BAT

If you ever get lost in other display screens pressing ESC repeatedly will always bringyou back to this screen. On the Nikon 310 DSP2/3 SHOULD ALWAYS BE SET

HA: = The current Horizontal Angle the telescope is pointing

VA: = The current Vertical Angle the telescope is pointing (DSP1/3)

VD: = The current Vertical distance (when measured)

SD: = The slope distance (when measured) (DSP1/3)

HD: = The horizontal distance (when measured)

DSP1/3 = This is screen 1 of 3 - press the [DSP] button to toggle to 2/3

BAT = Battery voltage level 3 bars MAX 1 bar MIN

The HA value does not mean anything since the EDM is currently BLIND i.e.you have not given it orientation.

The VA value however is operative because the EDM knows its been levelledall vertical movement relates to a level datum.


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THE EDM 8

We now need to open the EDM`s eyes! PRESS ANG (button No 4)

HA: 282 33 431 : 0-Set 3 : Hold 2 : Input 4 : Rept.ANG BAT

This is the ANG (Angle) screen confirmed bottom left and determines the wayyou are going to set a BACKSIGHT angle before you open the EDM`s eyes.The HA(Horizontal Angle) at the top of the screen is as the default screen.

You have 3 options on how to set the angle option 4 : Rept is not used.

1st OPTION 0 Set This option is used where you have a known point directly NORTH or 0 to the station you are set up over.Look through the telescope and sight this known point (BACKSIGHT ) make surethe horizontal clamp is on then:

Press button 1 (MSR) and the EDM opens its eyes and knows it is pointing to 0 00 00 (NORTH) If you undo the horizontal clamp and rotate the instrument you will see that you arenow able to set out any angle in the 360 circle to an accuracy of 1 .This option is also used where you just want to turn 90 between two points.

2nd OPTION - INPUT This option is used where you have a known point that is at a known angle relativeto your station you are set up over .Look through the telescope and sight this known point (BACKSIGHT ) make surethe horizontal clamp is on - then press button 2 (DSP): The HA at the top of thescreen disappears and a cursor at the top right of the screen is waiting for you to enterthe known angle. Type in the degrees first then press the button ( REC) . Then type inthe minutes with two digits e.g. 02 and then type in the seconds - again with twodigits.Press ENT and the EDM opens its eyes and knows it is pointing to your knownpoint with your known angle that you have given it.

3rd OPTION - HOLD This option is a variant of the 2 nd option Instead of inputting your known angle yourotate the EDM until your known angle is displayed at the top of the ANG screen.Undo the horizontal clamp and rotate the instrument until the angle you want isdisplayed on the top of the screen clamp and use the slow motion screw to get theminutes and seconds. Press button 3 (TRK) The instrument has now HELD the angle you turned to and is waiting for confirmation to open its eyes DO NOTDO SO until you have sighted your known point (BACKSIGHT) THEN press

ENT.


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THE EDM 9

ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

The course students may wish to know the principles of electronicmeasurement in greater detail but because of the time that this wouldtake, we just give the basic principals which are sufficient for settingout.BASIC PRINCIPLESThe EDM sends out an infrared beam that emanates from the centre ofthe instrument i.e. directly over your station. This beam is directed tothe centre of your crosshairs whilst you view THE PRISM with thetelescope. THE PRISM reflects the beam back to the EDM and theresulting phase shift is calculated by the EDM to work out thedistance between your station and where the THE PRISM washeld.

THE PRISM

The prism is a compact number of mirrors that focuses theEDM beam above the point of the prism i.e. where the

prism is being held. In this photo, this is the point of the prism.THE MINI PRISM Used for accurate setting out within 100m of the EDM

WARNING DUE TO THE DIFFERENT WAYS THAT PRISMS ARE MANUFACTURED EACH PRISM HAS APRISM CONSTANT THAT IS USUALLY EITHER 0mm OR 30mm. YOUR EDM MUST BE SET TO READ THE TYPE OFPRISM YOU ARE USING IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHAT THEPRISM CONSTANT IS, TAPE OUT 5m AND CHECK THEELECTRONIC DISTANCE . IF YOU DO NOT GET THECORRECT DISTANCE YOU WILL HAVE TO ADJUST THEPRISM CONSTANT ON THE EDM SEE MANUAL OR

CONTACT ENKA

THE TARGET

This is a larger version of the Mini Prism that can be attached toa tribrach and tripod and can be set up over a station in thesame way as an EDM. The Target gives accurate results within1000m (1KM) of the EDM

When a Target is attached to an adjustable rod it is known as aPOGO. The POGO operates in the same way as a mini prism

although it is less accurate. However, the POGO can be used up to1000m from the EDM


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THE EDM 10

When using an EDM your chainperson will be often be at a distance away from you

and unable to hear your instructions.

Two-way radio is an option that any engineerwould consider. Although it may seem the

perfect solution, it may not always operate properly due to site interference e.g.compressors, generators, tower cranes etc.

It is therefore necessary to adopt a signlanguage with your chainperson and someengineers design their own system - howeverthe majority use the following system:

TO MOVE THE PRISM/POGO LEFT OR RI GHT

TO MOVE THE PRISM/POGO LEFT OR RIGHT BY A SMALL AMOUNT

THE PRISM/POGO IS IN THE CORRECT PO SITION


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THE EDM 11

SIGN LANGUAGE REGARDINGDISTANCE

The Engineer must communicate to thechainperson a distance that the prism / pogomust be moved either towards or away fromthe EDM

METRES (each pull of the arm Signifies a metre)

HUNDREDS (of mm)(each pull of the armsignifies 100mm)

TENS (of mm) (each pull of the armsignifies10mm)

THE ENGINEER WOULD THEN INDICATE IN WHICH DIRECTION THE

CHAINPERSON SHOULD MOVE THE PRISM/POGO EITHER TOWARDSTHE INSTRUMENT OR AWAY FROM THE INSTRUMENT

FOR EXAMPLE - TO MOVE 2.3 m

2 metr es

3 hundreds


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THE EDM 12

ALL COORDINATES that are used on site can be stored in the EDM as a [POINT

NUMBER]. There are 2000 [POINT MUMBERS] that can be used on the NIKON DTM 310.

TO ENTER A COORDINATE AS A [POINT NUMBER] In the Site Office you can enter all known coordinates into the EDM before you goonto site. At the default screen press FNC You require Data press 6 You now require Input press 1 (wait)Confirm Input press ENT

YOU WILL NOW SEE THE INPUT POINT SCREEN

Input Point PT : 1 CD: _ < ABC1 >

PT REPRESENTS THE NEXT FREE POINT NUMBERCD REPRESENTS A CODE THAT YOU CAN ALLOCATE TO THE POINT AND

MEANS THE KEYBOARD IS SET TO ALPHABETIC (DO NOT USEAT PRESENT)PRESS ENT

PT : 1 E : -mN : mZ : m

INPUT THE EASTINGS OF [POINT NUMBER 1]INPUT THE NORTHINGS OF [POINT NUMBER 1]WHEN THE CURSUR IS OPPOSITE Z PRESS ENT REC XYZ WILL APPEAR BRIEFLY ON SCREEN AND YOU WILL BE ONTHE NEXT INPUT POINT SCREEN

Input Point PT : 2 CD: _ < ABC1 >

PRESS ENT AND CONTINUE AS BEFORE THIS TIME ENTERING THE NORTHINGS & EASTINGS OF [POINT NUMBER 2] WHEN YOU HAVEFINISHED ALLOCATING [POINT NUMBERS] PRESS ESC REPEATEDLYUNTIL YOU ARE BACK AT THE DEFAULT SCREEN.


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THE EDM 13

OBTAINING THE COORDINATES OF A POINT USING THE CASIO FX-7400 AND THE EDM OUT ON SITE

USE COOR-CAL

2ND POINT

3RD POINT

0 00 00 CLOCKWISE DISTANCE TO

ANGLE 3 RD POINT

1ST POINT( EDM SET UP )

E.G. 1 ST POINT E=235.700 N=100.000 ( EDM SET UP ) 2ND POINT E=476.890 N= 121.500 ( KNOWN POINT )DISTANCE TO 3 RD POINT = 54.870m( MEASURED BY EDM ) ANGLE CLOCKWISE = 61 35 52 ( READ ON EDM SCREEN )

POINT 3 = 265.982 E , 54.243 N

USING THE EDM TO CACLULATE THE COORDINATES OF A POINT

PRESS STN (BUTTON 8).ON THE STATION SETUP MENU YOU REQUIRE KNOWN - PRESS 1.

INPUT YOUR [POINT NUMBER] OF THE STATION YOU ARE SET UP OVER PRESS ENT TO CONFIRM THE COORDINATES THEN PRESS ENTTWICE TO GET TO THE BACKSIGHT SCREEN.

ON THE BACKSIGHT SCREEN YOU REQUIRE C O ORD - PRESS 1.

INPUT YOUR [POINT NUMBER] OF THE STATION YOU ARE

BACKSIGHTING PRESS ENT TO CONFIRM THE COORDINATES THENPRESS ENT.

NOW SIGHT YOUR BACKSIGHT STATION WITH THE TELESCOPE ANDWHEN CORRECTLY LINED UP - PRESS ENT.

ON THE BM POINT SURVEY SCREEN PRESS ESC.

THE EDM CAN NOW WORK OUT THE COORDINATES OF ANY POINTTHE PRISM IS HELD OVER .PRESS XYZ (BUTTON 5). SIGHT THE PRISMOVER THE NEW POINT AND PRESS MSR (1) THE COORDINATES OF

THE NEW POINT ARE DISPLAYED ON THE EDM.


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GEOMETRY 1

THE RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE

ANGLE

SIDE B SIDE C (HYPOTENUSE)

90

SIDE A

ANGLE

PROPERTIES

ALL INTERNAL ANGLES TOTAL 180

THE AREA = SIDE A x SIDE B 2

FROM PYTHAGORAS THEOREM (SIDE C) = (SIDE A) + (SIDE B)

FROM PYTHAGORAS 3-4-5 IF SIDE C = 5 UNITS, THE SECOND

LONGEST SIDE = 4 UNITS AND THE SHORTEST SIDE = 3 UNITS THENTHE TRIANGLE WILL BE A RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF THE INTERNAL ANGLES

FOR ANGLE - SIDE A = OPPOSITE, SIDE B = ADJACENT

FOR ANGLE - SIDE A = ADJACENT, SIDE B = OPPOSITE

TAN OF ANGLE = OPPOSITEADJACENT

COS OF ANGLE = ADJACENTHYPOTENUSE

SIN OF ANGLE = OPPOSITE

HYPOTENUSE


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GEOMETRY 1A

REARRANGING MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

PYTHAGORAS THEOREMC

B

A

C = A + B OR C = ( A + B )

A = C - B OR A = (C - B )

B = C - A OR B = ( C - A )

TRIG FUNCTIONS

OPPHYP

ADJ

TAN = OPP

ADJADJ = OPPTAN OPP = TAN x ADJ = TAN

-1 OPP

ADJ

SIN = OPP

HYPHYP = OPPSIN OPP = SIN x HYP = SIN

-1 OPP

HYP

COS = ADJ

HYPHYP = ADJCOS ADJ = COS x HYP = COS

-1 ADJ

HYP


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GEOMETRY 2

THE CIRCLE

0 or 360

270 90

180

PROPERTIES

THERE ARE 360 DEGREES ( ) IN A CIRCLE EACH DEGREE ISDIVIDED INTO 60 MINUTES ( ) AND EACH MINUTE DIVIDED INTO 60 SECONDS ( )

THE AREA OF A CIRCLE = x RADIUS

THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF A CIRCLE = x DIAMETER


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GEOMETRY 3

SQUARES AND RECTANGLES

ANGLE B

ANGLE A

ANGLE C

ANGLE D

PROPERTIES

A SQUARE OR RECTANGLE IS FORMED WHEN BOTH THE OPPOSITESIDES AND THE DIAGONALS ARE EQUAL

ANGLE A + ANGLE B = 90 ( AND LIKEWISE IN THE OTHER 3 CORNERS)

ANGLE A = ANGLE C AND ANGLE B = ANGLE D

THE TWO RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLES FORMED BY A DIAGONALWILL BE IDENTICAL

CHECKING FOR SQUARE

An Engineer will sometimes be asked to check structures for squareness. A commonmistake is not checking side lengths and diagonals.

Above left: all opposite sides are equal but the two diagonals will be different.

Above right: both diagonals are equal but one set of opposing sides is not equal.


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GEOMETRY 4

WHOLE CIRCLE BEARINGS (WCB)

Imagine you are standing in the centre of a clock.The large hand radiates out from you and is

pointing at 12 oclock. The clock you arestanding in is special in that the large hand nevermoves off this position. We will call this positionNORTH. (In setting out north will normallyhave no relation to the true compass direction.)The small hand also radiates out from you butmoves as normal. The time is 3 oclock and youare looking along the line of the small hand,which has a reading at the edge of the clock of 3.6 hours later when you look along the line of thesmall hand you will see it has a reading (bearing)of 9.From the diagram below it can be seen that a reading (from now on we will call this a

bearing) can be related to the degrees of a whole circle. Therefore at 9 oclock thewhole circle bearing (WCB) will be 270

NORTH12

11 0 or 360 1

10 2

9 270 90 3

8 4

7 180 5

6

Can you work out the what the whole circle bearing will be at 7 o`clock ?


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GEOMETRY 6

IT IS WORTH REMEMBERING:

12 O`CLOCK = 0 = 360 = NORTH

BEARINGS INCREASE CLOCKWISE AND DECREASE ANTI-CLOCKWISE

In the previous problem we start from NORTH = 360 and travel ANTI-CLOCKWISE

by 45 . Therfore our first bearing is 360-45 = 315

The second bearing we are looking for is on the SAME LINE as the first i.e180 differe nt . There are two ways we can work out this bearing:

1/ WORKING CLOCKWISE We add 180 to 315 to get 495 but whole circle bearings only go up to 360 and reset to 0. Therefore we must subtract 360 from 495 toget the bearing we are looking for = 135 .

2/ WORKING ANTI-CLOCKWISE We subtract 180 from 315 to get the bearingwe are looking for = 135 .

You can see that the second method is far more simple and should always be consideredwhen both adding and subtracting through the 0 bearing.

Upto now we have used NORTH (N) to calculate bearings, but we can use ANY known bearing as our starting point.

We also made NORTH pointing to the top of the page but in practise this is notalways the case, and you may wish to turn the page/drawing around to orientateNORTH as you would normally view it.

Can you work out the three missing bearings for A,B & C below ? Note

the line AC is straight (ie 180 )the line D has a bearing of 250

40

C B

85

A


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GEOMETRY 7

With reference to COORDINATE SHEETS 1 & 2 we can work out how distance/ bearing information can be related to coordinated points.

North B

120m

110m

100mA

90m EAST

400m 410m 420m

THE COORDINATES OF POINT A = 410E , 100N

THE COORDINATES OF POINT B = 420E , 120N

B

20 m

A EAST

10m

WHAT IS THE BEARING AND DISTANCE FROM A TO B ?


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THE CASIO FX 7400 SHEET 1

TO OPERATE THE CASIO AS A NORMAL

TO TURN CASIO ON

CALCULATOR MAKE SURE THE CURSOR IS ON THE `RUN` POSITION THEN PRESS ` EXE `

TO MOVE THE CURSOR PRESSTHIS BUTTON IN THE REQUIREDDIRECTION

TO TURN THE CASIO OFF PRESS 1ST PRESS SHIFT

2ND PRESS AC

FOR ANY ANGLE CALCULATIONSYOU MUST HAVE THE DEGREEMINUTE AND SECOND (DMS) SYMBOLDISPLAYED ON THE SCREEN TO DO THIS, YOU PRESS

1ST PRESS OPTN

2ND PRESS

3RD PRESS ANGL (F2)

4TH PRESS

USING PYTHAGORAS example C = ( 9 +7 ) 1ST PRESS SHIFT THEN X 2ND PRESS ( BUTTON 3RD PRESS 9 THEN X 4TH PRESS + 5TH PRESS 7 THEN X

6TH PRESS ) BUTTON 7TH PRESS ` EXE ` TO GET THE ANSWER OF 11.402


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USING TRIG FUNCTIONS5

E.G. TAN = 5/7 7

MAKE SURE THE D.M.S. SYMBOL HAS BEEN ACTIVATED(SEE SHEET 1)

PRESS 5 THEN ` ` THEN 7 THEN ` EXE `

PRESS ` SHIFT `

PRESS TAN`

PRESS ` SHIFT `

PRESS `(-)

PRESS ` EXE ` TO GET 35.53768

TO CONVERT THIS TO DEGREESMINUTES & SECONDS PRESS `F2`

TO GET 35 32 15.64 - THIS WOULD BEROUNDED UP TO 35 32 16

TO STORE A VALUE INTO THE CASIO`SLONG TERM MEMORY

E.G. 20.987

IF YOU DO NOT ALREADY HAVE THISVALUE ON SCREEN THEN TYPE IT IN

THEN PRESS `

THEN PRESS ALPHA `

THEN PRESS THE MEMORY LOCATIONYOU WISH TO STORE THE NUMBER(DESIGNATED BY THE RED LETTERS A-Z)

THEN PRESS EXE

PRESSING ALPHA ` THEN `X,T` WILL THEN RECALL 20.987


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USING PROGRAMME W.C.B

THIS WILL WORK OUT YOUR BEARING & DISTANCE TO YOURBACKSIGHT POINT AND WILL ALSO WORK OUT YOUR BEARING &DISTANCE TO ALL YOUR SETTING OUT POINTS (S.O POINTS)

BACKSIGHT STATION SOP 900.000 E400.000 N MH35

800.000 E 390.000 N

BACKSIGHT

MH34 SOP 840.000 E MH36

- 345.000 N SOP 920.100 E303.000 N

EDM 890.000 E 295.000 N

WORK OUT THE BEARING & DISTANCE FOR MH34,35, & 36

BACKSIGHT STATION SOP 918.780 E598.340 N MH43

1050.720 E 560.470 N

BACKSIGHT

MH42 SOP 1000.240 E MH44

476.750 N SOP 922.100 E458.000 N

EDM 990.565 E 465.267 N

WORK OUT THE BEARING & DISTANCE FOR MH42,43,& 44


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USING PROGRAMME COOR-CAL

THIS PROGRAM IS USED TO WORK OUT THE COORDINATES OF ANYUNKNOWN POINT USING TWO KNOWN COORDINATED POINTS AND ADISTANCE & THE CLOCKWISE ANGLE TO THE UNKNOWN POINT.

TO USE THIS PROGRAM YOU NEED :

- 2 KNOWN COORDINATED POINTS

- A DISTANCE FROM POINT 1 TO THE UNKNOWN POINT 3

- A CLOCKWISE ANGLE FROM KNOWN COORDINATE, POINT 2 TOTHE UNKNOWN POINT 3

YOU REQUIRE THE COORDINATESOF THIS UNKNOWN POINT (POINT 3 )

KNOWN COORDINATEDPOINT 2

CLOCKWISE ANGLE

DISTANCE

KNOWN COORDINATED POINT 1

THE KNOWN COORDINATED POINT 1 IS ALWAYS IN THE CENTRE OFTHE V CREATED BY THE OTHER TWO POINTS

THE ONLY TIME THIS DOES NOT OCCUR IS WHEN THE POINT 1, POINT 2AND THE UNKNOWN POINT 3 ARE ALL ON THE SAME LINE.

180 0


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ALSO, REPRESENTS THE KNOWN POINTS AND REPRESENTS THE

NEW COORDINATE

MEASURE THE ANGLE CLOCKWISE

USING THE CASIO PROGRAMME ON SITE TO FIND THECOORDINATES OF AN UNKNOWN POINT

SET UP THE EDM ON POINT 1 (THE ORIGIN).

SIGHT THE EDM ON THE OTHER KNOWN COORDINATED POINT (POINT 2)

INPUT AN ANGLE OF 0 (USING ANG BUTTON).

TURN THE EDM AND SIGHT THE UNKNOWN POINT (POINT 3).

BOOK DOWN THE HA CURRENTLY DISPLAYED ON THE EDM SCREEN.

NOW MEASURE THE DISTANCE FROM THE EDM TO POINT 3 ANDRECORD THIS MEASUREMENT IN YOUR BOOK.

USING THE FX 7400 PROGRAMME COOR CAL

POINT 2

PRIMARY STATION 0 HA = 87 45 33345.800 E DIST 45.584m

120.000N

DIST 53.895m POINT 1 HA= 162 56 34

DIST 67.780m EDM HA = 325 20 40 245.000 E

85.000 N

WORK OUT THE COORDINATES OF THE 3 SECONDARY CONTROLPOINTS FROM THE DISTANCES AND ANGLES ( HA ) GIVEN BY THE EDM


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LEVELLING 1

WHAT S A LEVEL ?

Level is a commonly used word and one with different meanings - which can include:

1/ FLAT AND HORIZONTAL2/ A HEIGHT ABOVE ANOTHER LEVEL3/ A HEIGHT ABOVE SEA LEVEL AT A SET POINT ON THE COASTLINE.4/ A SPIRIT LEVEL5/ AN AUTOMATIC LEVEL

However:For a surface to be FLAT & HORIZONTAL all HEIGHTS of that surface - fromwhatever level datum you have chosen -must be equal.A SPIRIT LEVEL checks that a surface is FLAT & HORIZONTAL whilst ANAUTOMATIC LEVEL checks HEIGHTS.

In summary:

IS IT LEVEL means CHECK THAT THE SURFACE IS FLAT ANDHORIZONTAL BY USING A SPIRIT LEVEL OR AUTOMATIC LEVEL.

GIVE ME A LEVEL means PROVIDE ME WITH A HEIGHT USING ATAPE MEASURE AND/OR AUTOMATIC LEVEL.

THE AUTOMATIC LEVEL (DUMPY)

The automatic level provides a horizontal plane using a telescope with a horizontalcrosshair. From this horizontal plane all heights(levels) can be calculated.

FOCUS SCREW

HORIZONTAL SLOWMOTION SCREW

EYEPIECE FOOTSCREWS

FOR THE REST OF THE COURSE WE WILL REFER TO AN AUTOMATICLEVEL AS A DUMPY .


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LEVELLING 2

SETTING UP THE DUMPY

Decide where you wish to set up the dumpy considering the sightings you will betaking - make sure that you do not set up on site traffic routes or dangerous locations.Set up the tripod making sure it is relatively level and at a convenient height. Tread inthe tripod legs if you are on soft ground.Attach the dumpy using the tripod attachment screw.

Centre the circular bubble usingthe footscrews.If you cannot look downvertically upon the bubble usethe angled mirror.

Focusing is as per sheet EDM 5

USING THE DUMPY

BE CAREFUL NOT TO TAKE READINGSFROM STADIA CROSSHAIRS.

Change in level of ceiling

Instrument height = Horizontal crosshair

A B

C D

Change in level of floor

In the above example distances - A & B will be added to the instrument height.C & D will be deducted from the instrument height.

Measurements of A,B,C&D are made by tape measure or STAFF.


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LEVELLING 3

THE BENCH MARK (BM)

In the U.K. the level (height) of all land and existing buildings have been established by the Ordinance survey (OS). The levels are based upon the mean sea level (MSL)at Newlyn in Cornwall and this mean sea level was chosen to represent the level0.000m.

HERE IS A SIMPLIFIED VERSION OF WHAT TOOK THE O.S 30 YEARS TOESTABLISH:

NEWLYN TAUNTON BRISTOL HIGHWORTH

SET UP 1 SET UP 2 SET UP 3

?

60m 80m 95m

0.000m

staff reading 70m - staff reading 10m SET UP 2 staff reading 40m - staff reading 20m

SET UP 3 staff reading 50m - staff reading 35m

A Bench mark will have been established in Highworth by the O.S. on a permanent position e.g. kerb, side of an existing building etc. and a level value assigned to it e.g.

96.120m THIS IS THE HEIGHT ABOVE MEAN SEA LEVEL AT NEWLYN.

The land surveyor would then have set up his dumpy and establish a TEMPORARYBENCH MARK ( TBM ) on site.

Staff reading 2m Staff reading 1m

SITE TEMPORARY BENCH MARK (T.B.M ) O.S BENCH MARK

VALUE 95.120m VALUE 96.120m

THIS T.B.M NOW CONTROLS ALL LEVELS ON SITE


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LEVELLING 4

A TEMPORARY BENCH MARK ( TBM ) can be any point on site which is notlikely to move vertically e.g. pencil cross on concrete slab, nail in road, controlstation.

THE TBM NOW CONTROLS ALL SITE LEVELS AND OTHER TBM`S(SECONDARY TBM`S ) MAY BE ESTABLISHED ON SITE BASED ON THEORIGINAL TBM .

JUST LIKE PRIMARY CONTROL STATIONS AND SECONDARY CONTROLSTATIONS IN EDM WORK ORIGINAL TBM`S AND SECONDARY TBM`SSHARE THE SAME ACCURACY DEPRECIATION.

INSTRUMENT HEIGHT = COLLIMATION LEVEL VALUE 96.120m

0.520m 1.000m

TBM 1 VALUE 95.120 NEW T.B.M (supplied by others)

ESTABLISHED BY YOU VALUE 95.600

97.900m INSTRUMENT HEIGHT = COLLIMATION LEVEL

300mm VALUE 97.600m

Staff reading 2m 1.500m

TBM VALUE 95.600 m 96.100 m

FROM THE ABOVE EXAMPLES IT CAN BE SEEN THAT THE DUMPY IS ATRANSFER INSTRUMENT IT MEASURES A DISTANCE UP FROM AKNOWN LEVEL THEN TURNS TO A POINT MEASURES A DISTANCEAND BY ADDITION OR SUBTRACTION GIVES THE LEVEL OF THAT

POINT.


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LEVELLING 5

SETTING A LEVEL

EVERY LEVEL THAT YOU CALCULATE ON SITE IS MADE FROM :THE INSTRUMENT HEIGHT = TBM VALUE + STAFF READING =COLLIMATION HEIGHT (from now on )

= COLLIMATION The site drawings will specify that all elements of buildings and external works areconstructed to a required height (level) ABOVE SEA LEVEL.

EXAMPLE 1

SET THIS PIN/PEG TO THE PROPOSED STRUCTURAL SLAB LEVEL (SSL )

STAFF

COLLIMATION=87.500 m STAFF READING = 1.800 m

1.800m

SSL = 85.500m TOP OF PINIS AT 85.700m

The top of the pin is currently at a level 1.8mBELOW COLLIMATION and thereforeat level of 87.500 1.800 = 85.700m.

Therefore the top of the pin is 0.200m (200mm) abovethe slab level and hammering the pin down 200mm will put the top of the pin at thesame level as the proposed slab.

How do know if I have hammered the pin down exactly 200mm ?

Put the staff back onto the pin and with the dumpy take a new reading on the staff younow read 2.020m where is the pin in relation to the proposed slab level ?


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LEVELLING 7

SLIDING THE STAFF TO SET A LEVEL

You are required to mark a level of 1 metre above finished floor level (FFL) on anewly constructed concrete column to act as a datum for following trades.

STAFF READING SLIDE STAFF 1.700m UNTIL YOU

COLLIMATION 96.700m READ 200mm

TBM 34 VALUE 95.000m MARK BOTTOM OF STAFF

FFL + 1m (96.500)

You would COLLIMATE the dumpy by placing the staff on the nearest TBM inthis example TBM 34, which has a value of 95.000m You would ADD the staffreading to the TBM value to get a COLLIMATION OF 96.700m.

FFL ON THE SITE DRAWINGS IS GIVEN AS 95.500m THEREFOREFFL + 1m = 96.500m.

SO YOU CAN NOW CALCULATE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN YOURREQUIRED LEVEL AND YOUR COLLIMATION LEVEL =0.200m(200mm).THIS IS THE READING YOU NEED TO TAKE ON AN UPRIGHT STAFF ASTHE REQUIRED LEVEL IS BELOW COLLIMATION (IF THE REQUIREDLEVEL WAS ABOVE COLLIMATION THE STAFF WOULD BE INVERTED ).

PUT THE STAFF ON THE COLUMN AND SLIDE IT UP OR DOWN UNTIL

YOU READ 200mm MARK THE BOTTOM OF THE STAFF - THIS MARK ISYOUR REQUIRED LEVEL OF 96.500m. EXTEND THE MARK FULL WIDTHOF THE COLUMN USING A SPIRIT LEVEL AND CLEARLY WRITE ABOVETHE LINE WHAT IT REPRESENTS i.e. FFL + 1m (96.500m).

AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD WOULD BE TO MARK THE COLLIMATIONLEVEL DIRECTLY ONTO THE COLUMN BY MOVING A PENCIL UP ORDOWN UNTIL IT CORRESPONDS WITH THE HORIZONTAL CROSSHAIRSON THE DUMPY. THE REQUIRED LEVEL IS THEN MEASURED FROM THISMARK WITH A TAPE MEASURE.


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LEVEL BOOK 2

Date . Levels taken for ..

From. To

BACKSIGHT

INTER-MEDIATE

FORESIGHT

COLLIMATIONOR H.P.C.

REDUCED LEVEL DISTANCE REMARKS

You are now ready to move the staff to a new location wherever a level is to bedetermined.

The staff is held at the new location and the instrument is turned to take the reading onthe staff. This reading is now entered on the second line under the heading INTER-MEDIATE. You will then enter under the REMARKS column (on the same line) thestaff location at your reading e.g. concrete slab level at Grid line B/4.

The above procedure is repeated for all new locations and the corresponding readingsentered on a separate line of the book together with an entry in the REMARKScolumn.

REMEMBER EACH NEW READING = NEW LINE OF BOOK

When you have finished taking all your readings there are 3 options open to you:

1/ Pack up the instrument and calculate the levels you have taken.

2/ RECOMMENDED ; Put the staff back on the original position that you firststarted with and take a new reading this should be entered on the next lineunder FORESIGHT . (This basically checks that the instrument has remainedlevel throughout your readings i.e. the FORESIGHT READING SHOULD BE THE SAME AS YOUR BACKSIGHT READING 1 to 2mm.) You can then

pack up the instrument and calculate the levels you have taken.

3/ If you need to move the instrument to a new location and cannot use youroriginal level datum location (your initial BACKSIGHT ) you can create aCHANGE POINT . Put the staff on any desired location that is solid andidentifiable and enter the reading under the column FORESIGHT not forgettingto enter the location of the reading under the REMARKS column highlighting thatthis point is a change point (C.P.) You are now in a position to move yourinstrument to a new location and use the change point as a new backsight.


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LEVEL BOOK 3

We have previously calculated the level that your instrument is set at(COLLIMATION VALUE) therefore:REDUCED LEVEL = COLLIMATION INTER-MEDIATE or FORESIGHT

if the staff was inverted when read then:

REDUCED LEVEL = COLLIMATION + INTER-MEDIATE OR FORESIGHT

( 2 s make a +)

Date . Levels taken for ..

From. To

BACK

SIGHT

INTER-

MEDIATE

FORE

SIGHT

COLLIMATION

OR H.P.C.

REDUCED LEVEL DISTANCE REMARKS


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EXTERNAL WORKS 1

MOST EXTERNAL WORKS ARE DESIGNED TO A FALL - SLOPE -GRADIENT BECAUSE THE MAIN CONSIDERATION IS THE TRANSFEROF WATER.

GOOD DESIGN

BAD DESIGN

WATER MOVES PROPORTIONALLY TO THE ANGLE OF THE SLOPE

QUICKER

SLOWER

DESIGN ENGINEERS WILL CALCULATE THE VARYING SLOPES TO FIT IN WITH THE SURROUNDING GROUND AND SEWER LEVELS.

SLOPE CALCULATIONS : YOU WILL NEED EITHER

1- TWO LEVELS 90.000m PLUS A DISTANCE(HD or SD)

SD 80.000m

HD


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EXTERNAL WORKS 5

DRAINAGE

DIG WIDTH

PIPE DIAMETER

PIPE THICKNESS

INVERT LEVEL

PIPEBEDDING

PIPE DIAMETERS WILL NORMALLY BE 100mm - 450mm ON MOST JOBS

DIG WIDTHS WILL BE GIVEN ON THE SITE DRAWINGS

INVERT LEVELS WILL BE GIVEN ON THE SITE DRAWINGS AT EACHMANHOLE

PIPE THICKNESS VARIES ON THE PIPE DIAMETERS (MEASURE ONSITE)

MH SW63 I.L 67.900 m MH SW64 I.L. 68.500 m

SECTION

PLAN


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EXTERNAL WORKS 6

SETTING OUT DRAIN RUNS

Manhole positions are normally non critical and can be scaled from the drawing andset out to a tolerance of approx 300 mm . Some manholes have to be set out more accurately where their location is close to other structural elements of the works. Example kerbs, between two buildings close together, all internal manholes.

Position both manholes each end of a drain run taking consideration of the above a pin / peg driven into the ground to mark each manhole. A string line attached to boththese pins/pegs is then spray-painted to indicate the centre of the dig - you will haveto tell the digger driver the dig width so that he can attach the correct excavating

bucket to his machine.CONTROLLING DRAIN LEVELS

MIN REQUIREMENT IS A PROFILE AT EACH MANHOLE

PLAN

offset

MAX SPACING OF PROFILES = 30m

MH SW63 I.L 67.900 m MH SW64 I.L. 68.500 m

Profiles

SECTION

TRAVELLER

PIPE BEDDING DIG LEVEL

88 m


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EXTERNAL WORKS 7

PROBLEM

SET OUT 5 PROFILE BOARDS AT 22m SPACINGS THE PIPE THICKNESS IS20mm THE PIPE BEDDING IS TO BE 150mm DEEP

MH SW63 I.L 67.900 m MH SW64 I.L. 68.500 m

SECTION

TRAVELLERFOR DIG

PIPE BEDDING DIG LEVEL

88 m

FROM INVERT LEVEL TO DIG LEVEL = PIPE THICKNESS + BEDDINGDEPTH = 170mm AND TAKE THIS AWAY FROM THE IL`s AT EACH ENDOF THE DRAINAGE RUN.

SET OUT 5 PEGS AT AN OFFSET OF 2m FROM THE CENTRE OF PIPETAKE THE LEVELS OF THE TOPS OF THE FIVE PEGS

70.300 70.200 70.200 70.250

22m 22m 22m 22m

70.400

68.330m DIG LEVEL

67.730m DIG LEVEL


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EXTERNAL WORKS 8

WORK OUT THE FALL OF THE DRAIN RUN

WORK OUT THE DIG LEVEL AT EACH OF THE PEG POSITIONS

DECIDE YOUR TRAVELLER LENGTH AND SET YOUR PROFILE RAILS


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EXTERNAL WORKS 9

SETTING OUT KERBS

TOP OF KERB (TOK) IS HOW YOU CONTROL THE HEIGHT OF THEKERB

FINISHED ROAD LEVEL (FRL) IN RELATION TO THETOK VARIES ON EACH JOBCHECK SITE DRAWINGS

(BOK) FACE OF KERB BACK OF KERB

NORMALLY 125 mm

FOF THE ENKA COURSE THE SITE DRAWINGS ARE SPECIFIEDAS:

TOP OF KERB (TOK) 125mm

FINISHED ROAD LEVEL (FRL)

THE CONTROL PIN THAT YOUWILL POSITION FOR LINE ANDLEVEL OF THE KERB

125 mm

KERB RADIUS RADIUS POINT

T.P

T.P

TANGENT POINTS (i.e. T.P) ARE WHERE THE STRAIGHT LINE STARTS TO

TURN INTO A CURVE YOU MUST HAVE THE COORDINATES OF POINTS.PINS MUST BE SET OUT AT THESE POINTS. TANGENT POINTS ARE AT 90FROM THE STRAIGHT LINES TO THE RADIUS POINT.


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ERRORS 1

ALL SETTING OUT ENGINEERS WILL MAKE MISTAKES WE ARE

HUMAN SOME ENGINEERS THINK THEY ARE FROM A DIFFERENTPLANET AND NEVER MAKE A MISTAKE BELIEVE THEM IF THEYARE GREEN AND HAVE POINTED EARS !

BECAUSE WE ARE GOING TO MAKE MISTAKES WE CAN ENSURE THAT IFWE SET OUT WRONGLY IT CAN BE PUT RIGHT BUT WHEN?

EVERYTHING YOU SET OUT ON SITE WILL BE CONSTRUCTED VERYQUICKLY - BUT YOU MAY HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO DOUBLE.

CHECK YOUR SETTING OUT BEFORE THIS PROCESS BEGINS.THIS IS THE TIME TO DOUBLE CHECK YOUR SETTING OUT.

FROM ALL ASPECTS: -

EDM INITIAL SET UP - HAVE I USED THE CORRECT STATIONAND BACKSIGHT POINT?

DID I SIGHT THE BACKSIGHT ACCURATELY ?

HAVE I READ THE SETTING OUT BEARING CORRECTLY ?

HAVE I READ THE SETTING OUT DISTANCE CORRECTLY ?

DUMPY AM I USING THE CORRECT TBM ?

HAVE I READ THE STAFF READINGS CORRECTLY ?

HAS THE DUMPY BEEN DISTURBED WHILST IV`E BEEN TAKINGSTAFF READINGS ?

CASIO CALCULATOR DID I PUNCH IN THE CORRECT VALUES INTOTHE CALCULATOR.

TAPE MEASUREMENT - HAVE I READ THE TAPE MEASURECORRECTLY ?

DID I MAKE THE RIGHT CORRECTIONS TO THE END OF THETAPE MEASURE ?


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ERRORS 2

COMMON SENSE

AM I USING THE LATEST REVISION OF THE SITE DRAWING?

HAVE I DOUBLE CHECKED THE SITE DRAWINGS ANDTRANSFERRED THE INFORMATION CORRECTLY TO MY LEVELBOOK?

DID I SET OUT BACK OF KERB & TOP OF KERB ?

HAVE I COMMUNICATED WITH THE TRADESMAN PROPERLYAND GIVEN THEM THE LINE OR LEVEL THEY REQUIRED ?

HAVE I GIVEN THE CORRECT TRAVELLER ?

DIMENSIONAL CHECKS

IF YOU ARE SETTING OUT A SQUARE OR RECTANGLE

MEASURE BETWEEN THE POINTS YOU HAVE SET OUT

TO CONFIRM THE SQUARENESS.

CHECK DIAGONALS.

VISUAL CHECKS

LOOK ALONG THE PINS YOU HAVE JUST SET OUT FOR A KERBLINE DO THE TOP OF TAPES THAT YOU HAVE ESTABLISHEDAS BEING TOP OF KERB LINE IN THE SAME APPLIES FORPROFILES.

LOOK AT WHAT YOU HAVE JUST SET OUT DOES IT RELATETO OTHER SITE FEATURES - CHECK MEASUREMENTS FROMEXISTING COLUMNS, EDGE OF SLAB ETC. ?

LOOK AT WHAT YOU HAVE JUST SET OUT DOES IT RELATETO SITE BOUNDARIES - USE A SCALE RULE ON THE SITE

DRAWINGS AND COMPARE TO ACTUAL MEASUREDDISTANCES .


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ERRORS 4

INSTRUMENT CHECKS

IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT YOU ESTABLISH A CHECK BASE LINESOMEWHERE ON SITE.

30M

A B C 15M

SET THE EDM OVER A CROSS/NAIL AT A.

WITH A STEEL TAPE ACCURATELY MEASURE 30 M AND SET POINT C.

SIGHT THE EDM ON POINT C & LINE IN POINT B 15m FROM POINT A.

CHECKING THE DUMPY (TWO PEG TEST)

SET THE DUMPY UP APPROXIMATELY OVER POINT B.

TAKE ACCURATE STAFF READINGS ON POINTS A & C WORKOUT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE READINGS VALUE X.

NOW SET UP THE DUMPY APPROX 5 M FROM POINT A.

A B C

5M

TAKE ACCURATE STAFF READINGS ON POINTS A & C WORKOUT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE READINGS VALUE Y.

IF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VALUES X & Y EXCEEDS 4mm

THE INSTRUMENT SHOULD BE SENT FOR SERVICE.


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ERRORS 5

CHECKING THE EDM

SET UP THE EDM ON POINT B SIGHT POINT A AND ZERO THEHA (HORIZONTAL BEARING).

MEASURE THE HD USING A MINI PRISM.

TURN THE EDM 180 AND YOU SHOULD BE SIGHTING POINT C.

MEASURE THE HD USING A MINI PRISM ( BOTH HD`S WHEN ADDED TOGETHER SHOULD TOTAL 30M).

NOW FLIP THE TELESCOPE OVER (FACE RIGHT) AND SEE HOWFAR FROM POINT A THE TELESCOPE IS POINTING.

NOW SIGHT A DEFINED POINT AT A FAIRLY STEEP ANGLE LOCK THE HORIZONTAL CLAMP.

NOW TILT THE TELESCOPE SO THAT IT IS HORIZONTAL ANDMARK THE LINE OF THE VERTICAL CROSSHAIR.

NOW FLIP THE TELESCOPE OVER (FACE LEFT) AND REPEAT NOTING THE DIFFERENCE IN THE TWO LINES.

FOR ALL THE ABOVE CHECKS - IF ANY OF THE ERRORSEXCEED 4mm THEN THE EDM SHOULD BE SENT FOR SERVICE.

INSTRUMENT CHECKS SHOULD BE CARRIED OUTFORTNIGHTLY AND IF POSSIBLE BEFORE CRITICAL SETTINGOUT.

IF THE SITE OPERATES A QUALITY ASSURANCESYSTEM (i.e.Q.A.) IT WILL SPECIFY THE PERIOD BETWEEN CHECKS.

NOTE

EDM`S ARE SUSSEPTABLE TO VIBRATION ERROR IF YOU AREWORKING IN THESE CONDITIONS, CONTINUALLY CHECK YOURBACKSIGHT ANGLE.


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SITE CHECK LIST 1

PROFESSIONAL ATTITUDE

WHEN YOU WALK ONTO SITE FOR THE FIRST TIME YOURINITIAL ATTITUDE AND THE WAY YOU CONDUCT YOURSELFCAN MAKE OR BREAK YOU EVEN IF YOU KNOW YOUR STUFF.

WHEN YOU MEET THE SITE MANAGER & FOREMAN YOU AREJOINING A SITE TEAM AND YOU WILL BE WORKINGCLOSELY WITH THESE PEOPLE FOR THE DURATION OF YOURCONTRACT.

NO MATTER HOW AWFUL THIS SITE TEAM IS YOU HAVE TOGET ON WITH THEM - BE FRIENDLY BE SYMPATHETIC.

IMPORTANT

DO NOT ASK QUESTIONS THAT ARE UNNECESSARY INCARRYING OUT YOUR JOB - LEARN BY OBSERVING SITEOPERATIONS, GIVE THEM CONFIDENCE THAT YOU CAN DOYOUR JOB.

THINGS YOU NEED TO BUY BEFORE GOING TO SITE

PROTECTIVE FOOTWEAR STEEL CAPPED & SUITABLECLOTHING. AN EQUIPMENT BUCKET CONTAINING A HAMMER

NAILS STRING LINE 5 OR 8 METRE TAPE ETC.

THINGS YOU NEED TO BE PROVIDED WITH FROM SITE

A - THE RELEVANT SITE DRAWINGS YOU NEED IN ORDER TOSET OUT THE WORKS.

B - A COPY OF THE SITE DRAWING REGISTER TO CONFIRM

YOU ARE USING THE LATEST REVISION OF A DRAWING.

C - THE HORIZONTAL CONTROL OF THE SITE WHERE ARETHE CONTROL STATIONS - WHAT ARE THEIR VALUES.

D - THE VERTICAL CONTROL OF THE SITE WHERE ARE THETBM S OR CONTROL POINTS - WHAT ARE THEIR VALUES.

E - WHO IS MY IMMEDIATE SUPERIOR (FOREMAN, SENIORENGINEER, SITE MANAGER ETC.)

F - WHERE IS ALL THE EQUIPMENT I NEED TO CARRY OUT MYJOB EDM, DUMPY, LONG TAPES, SPIRIT LEVEL ETC.


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PROBLEM SHEET 2

A BRICK WALL HAS TO BE BUILT SQUARELY BETWEEN TWOEXISTING WALLS THE START OF THE WALL HAS BEEN ALREADYMARKED ON ONE OF THE WALLS CAN THE ENGINEER PLEASE MARKTHE OPPOSITE WALL SO THAT THE NEW WALL IS BUILT CORRECTLY.

EXISTINGBRICK WALLS THE BRICKLAYER

5.4 m REQUIRES THIS MARK ONTHE FACE OF THE WALL

PROPOSED NEW WALL

START POSITIONOF NEW WALL

DRAW INTO THE BELOW DIAGRAM HOW YOU WOULD DO THIS ?

START POSITIONOF NEW WALL


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PROBLEM SHEET 3

0 MARK NAIL

8 mm END RING

YOU WANT TO SET OUT A NEW NAIL AT 5.76m FROM THE NAILFEATURED ABOVE - THE TAPE IS HOOKED ON THE NAIL ABOVE WHAT READING ON THE TAPE DO YOU PUT YOUR NEW NAIL AT ?

100 mm

END RING NAIL

THE TAPE IS BEING HELD ON A NAIL AS ABOVE IF YOU NEED TOCHECK HOW FAR ANOTHER POINT IS FROM THIS NAIL AND THE TAPEREADING OVER THAT POINT IS 3765 mm WHAT IS THE TRUEMEASUREMENT BETWEEN THE NAIL ABOVE AND THE POINT YOU ARECHECKINIG ?

0 MARK NAIL

8 mm END RING

YOU WANT TO SET OUT A NEW NAIL AT 49.9m FROM THE NAILFEATURED ABOVE - THE TAPE IS HOOKED ON THE NAIL ABOVE WHAT READING ON THE TAPE DO YOU PUT YOUR NEW NAIL AT WHEN

THE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE IS 0 ?


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PROBLEM SHEET 7

107.645m

38.345 m 106.985m

WHAT IS THE FALL PER METRE ON THE ABOVE SLOPE ?

102.823m A

B

41

41.205m 58.437m

149.632 m

99.150m

CALCULATE THE REDUCED LEVELS AT POINTS A & B.


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PROBLEM SHEET 8

4.869m 4.600m

A 4.780m

120.560 TOK B C D 4.450m

E 119.270 TOK

WHAT ARE THE TOK LEVELS AT PIN B,C &D? TBM = 120.500

YOU SET UP THE DUMPY NEARBY AND TAKE A STAFF READING OF 1.872 m ON THE TBM.

PUTTING THE STAFF ON TOP OF THE FIVE PINS YOU OBTAIN THEFOLLOWING STAFF READINGS:-

A = 1.653mB = 1.528mC = 1.579mD = 1.498m

E = 1.640m

FOR A TO E - WHAT IS THE DISTANCE DOWN FROM TOP OF PIN TOTHE CORRESPONDING TOK LEVEL?


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PROBLEM SHEET 9

SWMH 123 IL . 78.560 SWMH 124

450 FALL 1 IN 120

106.670m

A B C D

PEGS ABCD HAVE BEEN POSITIONED EQUALLY ALONG THE

PROPOSED DRAIN RUN.

WITH YOUR DUMPY YOU HAVE ESTABLISHED THE LEVELS OF THETOP OF THESE PEGS AS:- A = 79.510 B= 79.485 C= 79.405 D = 78.976

THE PIPE THICKNESS ON THE DRAINAGE RUN IS 32mm AND THE PIPEBEDDING IS 300mm.

WORK OUT A SUITABLE PROFILE LEVEL AND CORRESPONDINGTRAVELLER LENGTHS FOR DIG, PIPE BEDDING AND TOP OF PIPE.


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PROBLEM SHEET 11

A CONCRETE SLAB IS TO BE CONSTRUCTED AROUND A BUILDING

(GREY SHADED AREA).

THE ARCHITECT REQUIRES THE SLAB TO FALL AWAY FROM THEBUILDING, WITH A TOTAL FALL OF 36mm REQUIRED AT THEOUTSIDE EDGE. THE SLAB LEVEL ADJACENT THE BUILDING IS 78.600m.

PINS HAVE BEEN SET OUT AT POINTS A TO M

2.65m 3.760m NA B C D

2.5m

M E

L F

K J H G 1.8m

THE TBM VALUE USED IS 79.150 WITH A BACKSIGHT READING OF 1.875. STAFF READINGS FROM THE TOPS OF THE PINS ARE :A 1.784

B 1.678 C 1.598 FOR THIS PROBLEM SHEET D 1.975 FILL IN YOUR LEVEL BOOK AS YOU WOULDE 1.759 DO ON SITE F 2.360 G 1.349 WARNING - ENKA WILL BE NOW CHECKINGH 1.563 YOUR BOOKEEPING J 1.673 K- 1.080 L 2.090 M 1.980

CALCULATE THE SLOPES & WORK OUT THE DISTANCE FROM THETOP OF THE PINS TO THE TOP OF THE CONCRETE SLAB.


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SETTING OUT TECHNIQUES 2

Suggested lengths of 3-4-5 triangle on sheet1 =A=600mm,B=800mm,C=1000mm

FORMING SQUARES AND RECTANGLES

You can set out any square or rectangle using the 3-4-5 TRIANGLE.

C E

8 m

B 20m A

To set out the above rectangle given AB we will use a 9-12-15m scale.

X

1mCc E

15m

9m 9m

B 12m Y A

Measure 12m along BA and mark Y. Measure 9m from B and scribe an arc.Measure 15m from Y and scribe another arc- the intersection of these arcsis X. String a line between X and B. Measure 1m from X towards B andmark C.

Point E on the rectangle is achieved in the same way from A (the triangle being handed).

There is a quicker method of forming the above rectangle using thePYTHAGORAS THEOREM D = L + H

C E

H DH

B AL

Try to set out the 8m x 20m rectangle ABCE using this method..


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To set out the 8m x 20m rectangle ABCE

C E

DH

B AL

D = L + HD = 20 + 8D = 400 + 64D = 464 D = 21.541m (This is not only the distance between AC but also between

BE)

You can now set out point C by measuring 8 m from B and 21.541 m from A E by measuring either 21.541 from B and 8 mfrom A

or by measuring 20 m from C and 8 m from A.

Setting out a rectangle with an E.D.M.

To set out the above rectangle you could set up the EDM on point A sightB turn 90 and measure 8m to establish E. Then set up on point B sight A turn 90 and measure 8m to establish C. However a more efficient method would be to establish C & E from ONE set up of the EDM.

C If we can calculate this angleThen C can be established

D with the EDM set on A. H

B AL

Using the TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION Tan = Opposite(H)Adjacent(L)

Find the angle .


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Tan = 8 20

= 21.801 or 21 48 04

So now the EDM is set up on point A sighting B at 0 00 00 - theinstrument is then turned to read 21 48 04 and at a distance of 21.541m- point C is established. The EDM is then turned to read 90 00 00 and at 8m - Point E is established.

IT IS IMPORTANT THAT YOU FULLY UNDERSTAND THE SETTINGOUT TECHNIQUES IN THESE FIRST 4 SHEETS BEFORE WEPROGRESS TO MORE ADVANCED TECHNIQUES.

Here is a further problem:

B 5m CThe EDM is set up on point A -sighting point B at 0 00 00 .

What angle and at what distanceshould point C be set out to ?

If you were without an EDM but giventhe line AB - how would you set out

point C ?

17m

A


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SETTING OUT OFFSETS

Offset Distance

Whenever a building is set out - the initial setting out lines are very quickly destroyed by the building process and therefore it is necessary to establish offset points so thatcontrol can be re-established at any time.

The engineer must decide on a suitable offset distance that will be clear of excavatorsand general access to the building process.

In this example a nail has been put on the offset board to correspond with the grid linegiven on the site drawings but additional marks on the board can represent otherrequired lines that are required during the building process.

Dimensions given on site drawings

Face of cladding

GRID LINE

Inner face of Blockwork


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COORDINATES 1

The grid intersection Value of this point is

50 vertical and 200 Horizontal.

THE GRID

Coordinates are a numerical value given to a grid intersection. A grid is a number oflines that cross each other at 90 .

THIS IS AHORIZONTALGRID LINE

THESE ARE GRIDINTERSECTIONPOINTS

THIS IS AVERTICAL GRIDLINE

When these vertical and horizontal grid lines are given values then the gridintersection points will have a vertical value and a horizontal value.

300

200

100

25 50 75


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COORDINATES 2

NORTH

300

NORTHINGS COORDINATE

200 EAST

EASTINGS

100

25 50 75

We can now change the descriptions of the grid that were given on the previous pageto:

A VERTICAL GRID LINE = AN EASTING A HORIZONTAL GRID LINE = A NORTHING

A GRID INTERSECTION POINT = A SET OF COORDINATES

Therefore:

These COORDINATES for the point shown above are 50 EASTINGS , 200 NORTHINGS.

THIS SET OF COORDINATES CAN BE SIMPLIFIED TO 50 E, 200 N.

** ALWAYS REMEMBER **

A NORTH I NG IS A LINE RUNNING EAST WE ST

AN EASTING IS A LINE RUNNING NORTH- SOUTH

A NORTH I NG VALUE INCREASES TO THE NORTH

AN EASTING VALUE INCREASES TO THE EAST


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COORDINATES 3

HOW A GRID IS SET UP

On a building site, a grid would have been set up many months before constructioncommenced. A land surveyor would have been employed to make a map of the landso that the architect can produce a sensible scheme that fits into its boundaries. Belowis a plot of land that needs to be mapped.

500 m

600m

The land Surveyor has measured the approximate overall size of the land andaccordingly has decided the values in metres that the grid should cover (the scale ofthe map). The land Surveyor now decides the orientation of the grid:

N ? N ?

NORTH can be related to magnetic North, National Grid North and indeed could bedecided by the shape of the land and how it fits on a drawing.


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COORDINATES 4

Once North has been decided the Land surveyor lays out a grid in this example the

grid SIZE is 100m. Because NORTH is arbitrary in this example the Land Surveyorcan choose where the ORIGIN of the grid lies i.e. THE COORDINATE 0 E , 0 N.The ORIGIN (Point A) should always lie in the SW corner of the grid so that allEastings and Northings are POSITIVE on site.

B

400m N

300 N

NORTH

C

200 N

D

100 N

0 N

A 0 E 100 E 200 E 300 E 400 E 500m E

The land Surveyor now establishes CONTROL STATIONS on site at B,C & D.

This will be explained later in the course.

The COORDINATES of these CONTROL STATIONS are:

B 200 E , 300 N

C 500 E , 200 N

D 100 E , 100 N

Using these stations the Land Surveyor accurately plots out the site boundaries andother existing features both natural and man made. He then gives the finished plan to

the architect or design engineer.


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COORDINATES 5

400m N

300 N

NORTH

Y

200 N

X 100 N

0 N

0 E 100 E 200 E 300 E 400 E 500m E

The architect has now positioned the proposed building and has issued the coordinatesof two corners of the building X and Y.

COORDINATE X = 172.300 E , 168.550 N

COORDINATE Y = 285.000 E, 228.491 N

Notice that the above coordinates are given to the nearest millimetre although the

architect will not expect this to be the case when the building is finished ( see errors ).

The above information is still not sufficient for an engineer to set out the building.Either the overall building dimensions or a third coordinate would be required.

The setting out engineer would also need to know the location and coordinate value ofat least two control stations these may be the ones established by the Land Surveyorduring the initial site survey or stations put in by an independent survey company.These are called the PRIMARY CONTROL STATIONS and these stations will

judge all setting out disputes.


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COORDINATES 6

PRIMARY CONTROL STATIONS

MAJOR PROJECTS

STATION FENCED STATION REF.OFF

600mm Sq CONCRETEBLOCK

THE BASE OF THE ROD MAYNEED ANCHORING IN SOFTGROUND

MEDIUM SIZED PROJECTS

1.2m x 25mm STAINLESS STEELROD THE TOP SCRIBED ANDPUNCHED

- NAILS IN ANY HARD SURFACE

- WOODEN PEGS WIRE NAIL DRIVEN INTO TOP

CONCRETE SURROUND TO PEG

- THIN METAL PLATES PLUGGED AND SCREWED TO HARD SURFACE.A CROSS IS SCRIBED AND THE INTERSECTION POINT PUNCHED


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COORDINATES 7

SMALL PROJECTS

Sometimes there are no control stations instead the architect has controlled the newworks from existing buildings and or features you would then set up your owncoordinate system. SEE COORDINATE SHEET 10

EXISTING BUILDINGS

15m 6m

THE FACE OF THE NEWBUILDING MUST BE AT LEAST 8m FROM FACE OF KERB AND PARALLEL TO IT

ROAD

Whatever type of Primary control stations you encounter -the first thing you must dois check their accuracy and inform your superior if you find an error (double checkyour calculations before doing this). SEE ERRORS

SECONDARY CONTROL STATIONS

The next stage of the setting out process will be for you to create additional stationsfrom the primary control this will take the form of nails in pegs, pencil crosses onsmooth surfaces, hilti nails in hard surfaces or pencil mark on top of a pin and will

be placed in locations that will enable you to set out the works efficiently.

When establishing secondary control stations take into account:1-SAFETY

Avoid putting stations near trenches or large drops in level or where machines areconstantly working.2-BUILDING PROCESSTry to think ahead to what will be eventually being built on your station youwant them to last as long as possible.

3-CONVENIENCEDont forget that for most stations you will have to set up an EDM or TARGETover them. Always give your stations a reference and mark it clearly adjacent the

point. Try to position your station so that you can see as many Primary stationsfrom it- DONT FO RGET YOUR BEST BACKSIGHT IS TO A PRIMARY.


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COORDINATES 9

WORK OUT THE COORDINATES OF POINTS A AND B

POINT B

POINT A

EDM SET UP ON STN 37

STN 37 =235.700 E, 100.000 N

THE EDM IS SIGHTING POINT A AT A BEARING OF 285 34 23 AND AT

A DISTANCE OF 56. 675 m.

THE EDM IS SIGHTING POINT B AT A BEARING OF 345 38 56 AND AT

A DISTANCE OF 27.468 m.

COORDINATES OF A = .E .N

COORDINATES OF B = ..E ...N

GLOBAL AND LOCAL GRID SYSTEMS N

N

GLOBAL LOCAL


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COORDINATES 10

COORDINATED SETTING-OUT

THE KEY TO COORDINATED SETTING-OUT IS BEING ABLE TOFULLY COORDINATE YOUR EDM AND BEING ABLE TO READCOORDINATES DIRECTLY FROM THE EDM SCREEN.

WHY USE COORDINATED SETTING-OUT ?

DUE TO THE NATURE OF CONSTRUCTION - WHAT IS REQUIREDBY TRADESMEN ARE OFTEN LINES RATHER THAN SPECIFICPOINTS.

THESE MAY BE GRID LINES ,GRID LINE OFFSETS OR KICKEROFFSETS FOR COLUMNS AND WALLS ETC.

YOUR EXISTING GRID SYSTEM MUST BE LOCAL TO USE THISSETTING OUT METHOD.

COORDINATING THE SITE DRAWINGS

THIS MAY BE YOUR FIRST JOB IN THE SITE OFFICE.

YOU WOULD WORK OUT THE EASTI NGS OF EVERY GRID LINETHAT RUNS NORTH/SOUTH AND THE NORTHI NGS OF EVERYGRID LINE THAT RUNS EAST/WEST.

YOU MAY HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO THEN WORK OUT THEEASTINGS AND NORTHINGS OF ALL COLUMNS,WALLS, ANDEDGE OF SLABS ETC.

PREPARING YOUR LEVEL BOOK

FIRSTLY MAKE A MASTER PAGE OF GRID LINE COORDINATES CLEARLY WRITTEN.

FOR EACH SETTING OUT JOB TRY TO USE A NEW PAGE.

SKETCH OUT THE WORK TO BE SET OUT ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE BOOK INSERTING THE RELEVANT EASTINGS ORNORTHINGS THAT YOU REQUIRE TO SET OUT.

WHEN TRANSFERRING COORDINATE INFORMATION INTO

YOUR BOOK - DOUBLE CHECK YOUR MATHS.


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COORDINATES 11

A TYPICAL COORDINATED SETTING OUT JOB

TRADESMEN REQUIRE AN OFFSET LINE SO THEY CAN CONSTRUCTA PROPOSED WALL (200mm THICK).

DUE TO SITE CONDITIONS YOU DECIDE ON A 400 mm OFFSET

GRID LINE B

1070.050 E

400mm

200mm EDM ( FULLY COORDINATED)

N 1.450m

SIGHT PRISM - THEN ON XYZ SCREEN YOU PRESS MSR.

THIS IS NOW DISPLAYED ON THE EDM

E : 1067.870 m N : 579.987 m Z : 198.98 m

WHERE DO YOU DIRECT YOUR CHAINPERSON ?

Curs Rapid de Topo Ing. (Din UK)

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