CURRICULUM VITAE I. PERSONAL DATA: Kraig Scot Bower, MD, FACS II. EDUCATION: 1975 - 1979 B.S. Baylor University Waco, Texas Major: Biology 1980 - 1984 M.D. University of Texas Southwestern Medical School Dallas, Texas III. POST-GRADUATE EDUCATION: 1984 - 1985 Internship Internal Medicine Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center San Antonio, Texas 1992 - 1995 Residency Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1995 - 1996 Fellowship Cornea and External Disease University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania IV. ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS: 1996 - present Director, Cornea & External Disease Ophthalmology Service Walter Reed Army Medical Center Washington, DC 1998 - present Director, Anterior Segment Section Walter Reed Army Medical Center 1998 - present Assistant Professor of Surgery (6 April 1998)

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, Maryland

2001 – present Director, Center for Refractive Surgery Walter Reed Army Medical Center

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V. OTHER EMPLOYMENT:

none VI. MILITARY SERVICE: 1985 - 1988 Assistant Chief, Primary Care Clinic USAF Regional Hospital RAF Lakenheath, England 1987 - 1988 Assistant Chief, Emergency Room USAF Regional Hospital RAF Lakenheath, England 1988 - 1991 Staff Physician, Primary Care Clinic 66 ECW Clinic Sembach Air Base, Germany 1989 - 1991 Chief, Ancillary Services 66 ECW Clinic Sembach Air Base, Germany 1989 - 1991 Chief, Health Promotions and Patient Education 66 ECW Clinic Sembach Air Base, Germany 1991 - 1992 Assistant Chief, Primary Care Clinic

USAF Hospital Bergstrom Air Force Base, Austin, Texas

VII. LICENSURE AND CERTIFICATION: 1985 - 1991 Texas 1992 - present Pennsylvania 1997 - present Maryland 1997 Diplomate American Board of Ophthalmology VIII. MEMBERSHIP IN SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES/PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: 1992 - 1996 Pennsylvania Medical Society 1992 - 1996 Pittsburgh Ophthalmology Society 1993 - present Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology

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1993 - present American Academy of Ophthalmology 1995 - 1997 C.F. Reynolds Medical History Society 1995 - present Ophthalmic Microbiology and Immunology Group 1996 - present Society of Military Ophthalmologists 1996 - 2001 Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists 1997 - 2000 American Telemedicine Association 1997 - present Am. Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons 2004 - present International Society of Refractive Surgeons 2005 - present Fellow, American College of Surgeons IX. AREAS OF RESEARCH INTEREST: ocular trauma: combat ocular trauma combined corneal and vitreoretinal surgery following trauma tissue adhesives for traumatic wound closure laser tissue welding refractive surgery: excimer laser keratorefractive surgery in military personnel night vision after refractive surgery army aviation and refractive surgery advanced surface ablations teleophthalmology: anterior segment digital imaging remote diagnosis of ocular trauma electronic medical record for ophthalmology robotic microsurgery in ophthalmology ocular microbiology: bacterial keratitis therapy contact lens-related keratitis Acanthamoeba drug therapy bacterial adherence to intraocular lens implants X. RESEARCH PROTOCOLS: 1. USUHS Tri-service Cataract Surgery Course (Swine). USUHS Protocol # SUR-02-344. Closed. 2. Robotic Microsurgical Repair of Corneal Lacerations in Rabbit and Goat Eyes (rabbit and goats).

USUHS Protocol # SUR-03-425. USAMRMC Award No. 2001011572 ($24,000; 1 October 2001-30 September 2003). Closed/Completed.

3. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of excimer laser keratorefractive surgery in US soldiers using

the latest battlefield technologies. USAMRMC Award No. 2002011083 ($3,600,000). Active. 4. Initial evaluation of excimer laser keratorefractive surgery in US Army personnel (Master Protocol).

WRAMC DCI Work Unit #2335-99. Closed.

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5. NVG visual performance and night firing range performance following excimer laser keratorefractive surgery (sub-study of Master Protocol WU #2335099). DCI Work Unit # 01-2335-99a. Closed/Completed.

6. Prospective evaluation of keratorefractive surgery in Army aviator trainees (sub-study of Master

Protocol WU #2335099). DCI Work Unit # 01-2335-99b. Closed. 7. Operational assessment of refractive surgery for rated Army aviators: A prospective evaluation (sub-

study of Master Protocol WU #2335099). DCI Work Unit # 01-2335-99c. Closed/completed. 8. Evaluation of Alcon LADARVision conventional photorefractive keratectomy in U.S. Army Personnel

(sub-study of Master Protocol WU #2335099). DCI Work Unit # 01-2335-99d. Closed/completed. 9. Comparison of the effect of 4th generation fluoroquinolones, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin, on

epithelial healing following photorefractive keratectomy (sub-study of Master Protocol WU #2335-99). DCI Work Unit # 01-2335-99e. Closed/Completed.

10. A prospective evaluation of contrast sensitivity and disability glare in refractive surgery (sub-study

under Master Protocol WU #2335099). DCI Work Unit # 01-2335-99f. Closed. 11. Development of an electronic medical record for military refractive surgery. Army MEDCOM funding

($120,000; 1 October 2000-30 September 2002). Closed/Completed. 12. Outcomes analysis platform for military refractive surgery. USAMRMC Award No. 2002011083

($144,000; 1 October 2002-30 September 2004). Closed. 13. Brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution 0.15% on pupil diameter in normal eyes. Work Unit # 03-

23004. Closed/Completed. 14. In Vitro Susceptibility of Acanthamoeba species to WR99210, WR096268 and analogs. DCI Work Unit

# 03-23005. Active. 15. A prospective comparison of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), PRK with mitomycin-C, and laser

subepithelial keratomileusis in the treatment of moderate and high myopia. DCI Work Unit # 04-23004. Active.

16. Evaluation of Alcon LADARVision wavefront-guided PRK. Work Unit # 04-23006. Closed. 17. Effect of brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution 0.15% on patients experiencing night vision

difficulties after laser refractive surgery. Work Unit# 04-23008. Closed/completed. 18. Visual prognosis in non-penetrating blast injuries to the cornea. Work Unit# 04-23010.

Closed/completed. 19. A prospective comparison of Alcon LADARVision wavefront-guided LASIK enhancement and

conventional LASIK enhancement for the correction of residual refractive errors following LASIK procedures. Work Unit# 04-23011. Closed.

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20. Survey to assess the impact of the internet on refractive surgery in the military (DCI exempt

protocol). Closed. 21. Higher order optical aberrations in adult patients with refractive error: a retrospective review (DCI

exempt protocol, WU#04-23002EX). Closed. 22. Low-contrast visual acuity and small letter contrast sensitivity in adult patients with refractive error:

a retrospective review (DCI exempt protocol, WU#04-23001EX). Closed. 23. Incidence, treatment, pathogenesis and outcomes of infectious keratitis following PRK (DCI exempt

protocol, WU#05-23003EX). Closed/Completed. 24. Clinical evaluation of a high-resolution, digitized stereo slit lamp for use in teleophthalmology Work

Unit # 8701-98. USAMRMC Award ($87,500; 1 October 1998-30 September 2000). Closed. 25. Telemedicine in the evaluation of ocular trauma in an animal model. Modification of USUHS

Protocol #FB-9003 “Ocular Trauma Course (Goats)”. USAMRMC Award ($36,000; 1 October 1998-30 September 2000). Closed/Completed.

26. Battlefield ocular injuries seen by military ophthalmologists at a tertiary medical facility during

Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. (WU #06-23004EX). Closed. 27. Non-traumatic ocular conditions seen by WRAMC ophthalmologists during Operation Enduring

Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. (WU #06-23005EX). Closed/Completed. 28. Contact lens rehabilitation of soldiers with combat ocular trauma from Operation Enduring Freedom

and Operation Iraqi Freedom. (WU #06-23008EX). Closed. 29. Goblet cell response and dry eye symptoms after LASIK and PRK. (WU #06-23014). Active. 30. Bacterial Adherence to Intraocular Lenses (IOL) In Vitro. (WU #06-23015). Active. 31. Long-term Visual Prognosis for Patients with Ocular Blast Injuries: DoD-VA Prospective Combat

Ocular Trauma Tracking Program. (WU #06-23017). Active. 32. Baerveldt Glaucoma Implant Effects on Corneal Health. (WU #06-23018). Active. 33. Evaluation of Epi-lasik in U.S. Army Personnel. (WU #06-23020). Active. 34. US Army Ocular Tele-Consultation Program: 2004 to Present. (WU #07-23011EX). Active. 35. Normal lacritin levels in human tears – development of a new clinical assay. (WU #07-23021). Active. 36. Effectiveness and Safety of Topical Bevacizumab (Avastin) for Treatment of Corneal

Neovascularization. (WU #07-23022). Active.

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37. Acupuncture treatment of dry eye. (WU #07-23024). Active.

38. Oral Gabapentin Versus Placebo for Treatment of Postoperative Pain Following Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK): A Randomized, Double-Masked, Single-Center, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. (WU #08-6960). Active.

39. Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK) Outcomes in Patients with Pigment Dispersion Syndrome. (WU

#08-6999EXP). Active.

40. Optical Quality, Threshold Target Identification, and Military Target Task Performance after Advanced Keratorefractive Surgery. (WU #08-6967) Active. USAMRMC CONTRACT #W81XWH-09-2-0018 ($1,415,491.00)//Grant PR080107. [Period of Performance: 1 May 2009 - 31 May 2012 (Research ends 30 April 2012)]

41. Safety and Efficacy of Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK) with the ALLEGRETTO WAVE Eye-Q 400 Hz

Excimer Laser System. Bower KS, Coe CD, Sediq DA. (WU #09-7118EX). Active.

42. Multifactor Analysis of Pain Following Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK). Sediq DA, Bower KS, Coe CD. (WU #09-7121EX). Active.

XI. TEACHING ACTIVITIES FOR THE PAST FIVE YEARS: 1996 - present Course Director, Tri-Service Cataract Surgery Course, Uniformed Services

University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland. Three day didactic and surgical wet lab course for first and second year ophthalmology residents from Army, Navy and USAF programs across the US, as well as civilian ophthalmology residents from the DC area programs.

1996 - present Instructor, Tri-Service Ocular Trauma Course, Uniformed Services University of the

Health Sciences. Lectures on “Sharp Anterior Segment Trauma” and “Review of Anterior Segment Trauma”. The course is a four day course consisting of didactic lectures, small group discussion, and surgical wet labs for senior ophthalmology residents from Army, Navy and USAF programs across the US, as well as civilian ophthalmology residents from the DC area programs.

1996 - present Instructor, Medical Student Trauma Course, Uniformed Services University of the

Health Sciences. Participation in this course involves one on one and small group discussion on the evaluation and management of ocular injuries. The half-day course is held quarterly for second year USUHS medical students.

1996 - present Instructor, Fundoscopy Course, Uniformed Services University of the Health

Sciences. Annual half-day course for freshmen USUHS medical students serves as an introduction to clinical evaluation, equipment, and examination techniques for ophthalmic examination.

2004 - present Clinical training of third and fourth year USUHS and HPSP medical students during

their rotations in the Ophthalmology Service at WRAMC. Typically have 1 to 2

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students rotating through the service on 2 to 4 week rotations. Provide didactic lectures, conferences, one on one small group education in the classroom, clinic, and operating room in the areas of cornea, external disease, cataract, and refractive surgery.

2001 - present Research proctorship of USUHS medical students on one-month research

electives, typically in the WRAMC Center for Refractive Surgery. Provide guidance on background research, protocol development, data collection and analysis, and preparation of their findings for presentation or publication.

XII. OTHER PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES: 1986 - 1988 Medical Director, Emergency Medical Technician Course, USAF Regional Hospital,

RAF Lakenheath, England 1987 - 1988 Medical Coordinator, Emergency Medical Technical Course, City Colleges of

Chicago European Division, Lakenheath, England 1996 - 2000 Teleophthalmology Consultant, Directorate of Telemedicine Walter Reed Army

Medical Center 1996 - 2000 Subject Matter Expert, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command,

Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center Ft. Detrick, Maryland 2004 - present Refractive Surgery Consultant to the Office of the Surgeon General of the Army 2004 – present Director, Army Warfighter Refractive Surgery Program XIII. CLINICAL ACTIVTIES:

Cornea and external disease Refractive surgery Anterior segment surgery

XIV. COMMITTEES:

None XV. HONORS AND AWARDS: 1977 Gamma Beta Phi Honor Society Baylor University

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1978 Alpha Chi Scholastic Honor Society Baylor University 1979 Magna cum Laude graduate Baylor University 1984 Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society Southwestern Medical School 1988 Air Force Commendation Medal 1989 Air Force Achievement Medal 1991 Air Force Achievement Medal, first oak leaf cluster 1991 Air Force Meritorious Service Medal 1994 - 1995 Chief Resident, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh 2001 Army Meritorious Service Medal 2004 “Army Greatest Inventions” award for Web-Based Refractive Surgery Information

System, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command 2006 Department of the Army “A” Proficiency Designator 2007 Order of Military Medical Merit XVI. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Papers: 1. Azar MJ, Dhaliwal DK, Bower KS, Kowalski RP, and Gordon YJ. Possible consequences of shaking

hands with your patients with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1996;121(6):711. 2. Bower KS, Kowalski RP, and Gordon YJ. Fluoroquinolones in the treatment of bacterial keratitis. Am

J Ophthalmol 1996;121(6):712. 3. Bower KS, Dhaliwal DK, Barnhorst DA, and Warnicke J. Pellucid marginal degeneration with superior

corneal thinning. Cornea 1997;16(4):483-5. 4. Brown BA, Bower KS, Parker CT. Effective steroid sparing treatment for peripheral ulcerative

keratitis and pyoderma gangrenosum. Cornea 2001;20(1):117-8. 5. Bower KS, Weichel ED, Kim T. Overview of refractive surgery. Am Fam Physician 2001 Oct;64:1183-

90,1193-4.

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6. Weichel ED, Bower KS, Ward TP, Hidayat A. Epicorneal aspergilloma following penetrating

keratoplasty. Cornea 2002;21(8):825-7. 7. Subramanian PS, O’Kane B, Stefanik R, Stevens J, Rabin J, Bauer RM, and Bower KS. Visual acuity and

night vision performance after photorefractive keratectomy for myopia. Ophthalmology 2003 Mar;110(3);525-30.

8. Simon DP, Thach AB, Bower KS. Teleophthalmology in the evaluation of ocular trauma. Mil Med.

2003 Mar;168(3):205-11.

9. Madigan WP, Bower KS. Editorial-Refractive surgery and protective eyewear in the military. Ophthalmology 2004 May;111(5):855-6.

10. Thordsen JE, Bower KS, Warren BB, Stutzman RD. Miotic effect of brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic

solution 0.15% in normal eyes. J Cataract Refract Surg 2004 Aug;30(8):1702-6. 11. Fillmore GL, Ward TP, Bower KS, Dudenhoefer EJ, Grabenstein JD, Berry GK, Madigan WP. Ocular

complications of the Department of Defense smallpox vaccination program. Ophthalmology 2004 Nov;111(11);2086-93.

12. Hammond MD, Madigan WP, Bower KS. Refractive Surgery in the US Army: 2000 – 2003.

Ophthalmology 2005 Feb;112:184-190. 13. Burka JM, Bower KS, Cute DL, Stutzman RD, Subramanian PS, Rabin JC. Comparison of two

techniques of marking the horizontal axis during excimer laser keratorefractive surgery for myopic astigmatism. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005 Apr;139(4):735-7.

14. Burka JM, Bower KS, VanRoekel RC, Stutzman RD, Kuzmowych CP, Howard RH. The effect of 4th

generation fluoroquinolones gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin on epithelial healing following photorefractive keratectomy. Am J Ophthalmol 2005 July;140(1):84-7.

15. Bower KS, Burka JM, Hope RJ, Franks JK, Lyon TL, Nelson BA, Sliney DH. Scattered laser radiation and

broadband actinic ultraviolet plasma emissions during LADARVision excimer refractive surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2005 Aug;31(8):1506-11.

16. Donnelly SJ, Bower KS, Stutzman RD, Burka JM. Corneal iron line following LASIK with epithelial

ingrowth. Cornea. 2005 Oct;24(7):870-3. 17. Wroblewski KJ, Pasternak J, Bower KS, MD Schallhorn SC, Hubickey WJ, Harrison CE, MD Torres MF,

Barnes SD. Infectious keratitis following PRK in the United States Army and Navy. Ophthalmology 2006 Apr;113(4):520-5.

18. VanRoekel RC, Bower KS, Burka JM, Howard RS. Anterior segment measurements using digital

photography: A simple technique. Optom Vis Sci. 2006 Jun;83(6):391-5.

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19. Bower KS, Burka JM, Subramanian PS, Stutzman RD, Mines MJ, Rabin JC. Night firing range performance following photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis. Military Medicine 2006 Jun;171(6):468-71.

20. Bower KS, Stutzman RD, Donnelly SJ, Ward TP, Weber E. Acanthamoeba keratitis in a U. S. Army

soldier after unauthorized use of contact lenses in the combat theater. Military Medicine 2006 Sept;171(9):833-837.

21. Bower KS, Mines MJ, Stutzman RD. The use of digital imaging to assist in pre-operative planning in

ipsilateral rotational autokeratoplasty. J Telemed Telecare. 2006;12(7):374-6. 22. Colyer MH, Weber ED, Weichel ED, Dick JS, Bower KS, Ward TP, Haller JA. Delayed intraocular

foreign body removal without endophthalmitis during Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. Ophthalmology. 2007 Aug;114(8):1439-47. Epub 2007 Feb 28.

23. Mines MJ, Bower KS, Nelson B, Ward TP, Belyea DA, Kramer K, Thach AB. Feasibility of telerobotic

microsurgical repair of corneal lacerations in an animal eye model. J Telemed Telecare. 2007;13(2):95-9.

24. Burka JM, Bower KS, VanRoekel RC, Stutzman RD, Kuzmowych CP. The effect of moxifloxacin and

gatifloxacin on long term visual outcomes following PRK. J Refract Surg 2007 Apr;23(4):414-7. 25. Chun DW, Bauer RM, Ward TP, Dick JSB, Bower KS. Evaluation of digital fundus images as a

diagnostic method for surveillance of diabetic retinopathy. Mil Med. 2007 Apr;172(4):405-10. 26. Colyer MH, Bower KS, Subramanian PS, Ward TP, Hidayat A. Mitochondrial myopathy presenting

with segmental corneal oedema and retrocorneal membrane. Br J Ophthalmol 2007 May;91(5):696-7.

27. Psolka M, Bower KS, Iglesias M, Brooks DB, Donnelly SJ, Ward TP. Ocular diseases and non-battle

injuries seen by WRAMC ophthalmologists during Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. Mil Med. 2007 May;172(5):491-7.

28. VandePol C, Greig JL, Estrada A, Bissette GM, Bower KS. Visual and flight performance recovery after

PRK and LASIK in helicopter pilots. Aviat Space Environ Med 2007 Jun;78:547-553. 29. Hope RJ, Weber EP, Bower KS, Pasternak JP. Scattered UV irradiation during VISX excimer laser

keratorefractive surgery. Lasers Surg Med. 2008 Apr;40(4):243-6 30. Edwards JD, Bower KS, Sediq DA, Burka JM, VanRoekel RC, Stutzman RD, Howard RS, Kuzmowych C,

Eaddy J. The Effects of Lotrafilcon A and Omafilcon A Bandage Contact Lenses on Visual Outcomes Following Photorefractive Keratectomy. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2008 Aug;34(8):1288-94.

31. Edwards JD, Burka JM, Bower KS, Stutzman RD, Sediq DA, Rabin JC. Effect of Alphagan-P on Night

Vision Difficulty and Contrast Testing After Refractive Surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2008 Sept;34(9):1538-1541.

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32. Colyer MH, Chun D, Bower KS, Dick JSB, Weichel ED. Perforating Globe Injuries During Operation Iraqi Freedom. Ophthalmology 2008 Nov;115(11):2087-2093.

33. Weichel ED, Colyer MH, Ludlow SE, Bower KS, Eiseman AS. Combat Ocular Trauma Visual Outcomes

during Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom. Ophthalmology 2008 Dec;115(12):2235-45. 34. Mines MJ, Garcia PE, Bower KS, J. Hill J, Menon J, Tremblay E, Smith B. Robotic Laser Tissue Welding

of Ocular Tissue Using Chitosan Films. Lasers Surg Med 2009 Jan;41(1):59-67.

35. Edwards JD, Bower KS, Stutzman RD, Brooks DB. Chemosis in Fabry Disease. Cornea 2009 Feb;28(2):224-7.

36. Weichel ED, Colyer MH, Bautista C, Bower KS, French LM. Traumatic Brain Injury Associated with

Combat Ocular Trauma. J Head Trauma Rehab 2009 Jan;24(1):41-50. 37. Bower KS, Edwards JD, Wagner ME, Ward TP, Hidayat A. Novel Corneal Phenotype in a Patient with

Alport Syndrome. Cornea. 2009 Jun;28(5):599-606. Book chapters: 1. Bower KS. Sharp trauma of the anterior segment. In: Thach AB, Ed,. Ophthalmic Care of the Combat

Casualty. Textbook of Military Medicine, Borden Institute, 2003. 2. Weichel ED, Bower KS. Laser Refractive Surgery I. In: Rose, BD (Ed), Up To Date, Wellesley, MA,

2002. 3. Weichel ED, Bower KS. Laser Refractive Surgery II. In: Rose, BD (Ed), Up To Date, Wellesley, MA,

2002. 4. Bower KS. Vision Correction Procedures. In: Rakel RE, Bope ET, Eds, Conn’s Current Therapy 2005,

Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 2005. 5. Mines MJ, Bower KS, Ward TP. Teleophthalmology in the US Army. In: Yogesan K, Kumar S,

Goldschmidt L, Cuadros J, Eds. Teleophthalmology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 2006. 6. Bower KS, Stutzman RD. Vision Correction Procedures. In: Rakel RE, Bope ET, Eds, Conn’s Current

Therapy 2007, Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 2007. 7. Bower KS. Laser Refractive Surgery I. In: Rose, BD, Ed, Up To Date, Wellesley, MA, 2007. 8. Bower KS. Laser Refractive Surgery II. In: Rose, BD, Ed, Up To Date, Wellesley, MA, 2007. 9. Edwards JD, Bower KS, Burka JM. Advanced surface ablations for moderate and high myopia. In:

Frank Columbus, Ed, Laser Keratectomy Research, Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, New York, 2008. In Press.

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10. Cho RI, Huchun A, Bower KS. Lift-and-scrape technique for laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK). In: Frank Columbus, Ed, Laser Keratectomy Research, Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, New York, 2008. In Press.

Presentations: 1. Bower KS, Romanowski EG, and Gordon YJ. Is combination therapy with Cidofovir and topical

steroids effective in experimental adenoviral infection? Ocular Microbiology and Immunology Group Annual Meeting, Chicago, Illinois, October 1995.

2. Bower KS. Corneal laceration repair. The Uniformed Services School of the Health Sciences Tri-

Service Ocular Trauma Course, Bethesda, Maryland, May 1997 - 2004. 3. Bower KS, Trudo EW, Ward TP, Stutzman RD, Kramer KK, Channing ES, Bauer J, Niemi E, Teske MP,

Olson RJ. Initial evaluation of a high-resolution digitized stereo slit lamp for use in teleophthalmology. American Telemedicine Association Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah, April 1999.

4. Simon DP, Bower KS, Thach AB. Teleophthalmology in the evaluation of ocular trauma. American

Academy of Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, October 1999. 5. Niemi EW, Bower KS, Olson RJ, Kramer KK, Mamalis N, Teske MD, Trudo E. Clinical evaluation a high-

resolution digitized stereo slit lamp for use in teleophthalmology. American Telemedicine Association Annual Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, May 2000.

6. Subramanian PS, O’Kane B, Stefanik R, Stevens J, Rabin J, Bauer RM, and Bower KS. Visual acuity and

night vision performance after photorefractive keratectomy for myopia. American Society for Cataract and Refractive Surgery Annual Meeting, San Diego, California, May 2001.

7. Hammond MD, Bower KS, Madigan WP. Refractive surgery in the US Army 2000 - 2003: clinical

outcomes and impact on operational readiness. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Paper # 1104, April 2004.

8. Mines M, Bower KS, Ward TP, Thach AB, Kramer K, Belyea D, Nelson B. Robotic Microsurgical Repair

of Corneal Lacerations in Rabbit Eyes. At the International Distributed Medical Intelligence meeting, Mendoza Argentina, August 2004

9. Bower KS. Army refractive surgery in times of war. Strategies and Solutions: The Changing Landscape of Military Ophthalmology. Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, September 2005.

10. Madigan WP, Bower KS. History of refractive surgery in the military. American Academy of

Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Chicago, October 2005. 11. Bower KS. US Army Warfighter Refractive Eye Surgery Program: Update 2006. US Navy Refractive

Surgery Symposium, San Diego, California, January 2006.

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12. Bower KS. Army Refractive Surgery Information System (RSIS). US Navy Refractive Surgery

Symposium, January 2006, San Diego, California, January 2006.

13. Weichel ED, Dick JSB, Ward TP, Bower KS, Haller JA. Delayed Intraocular Foreign Body Removal Without Endophthalmitis During Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom. Presented at: 24th Annual American Society of Retina Specialists/European Vitreoretinal Specialists Conference, September 9-13, 2006: Cannes, France.

14. Fechter HP, Allen CS, Bower KS, Dick JSB, Eiseman AS, Johnson AJ, Mines MJ, Stutzman RD,

Subramanian PS, Ward TP, Weichel ED, Cho RI. Ophthalmic War Surgery: Between Iraq and a Hard Place. American Academy of Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada, November 2006.

15. Bower KS. The State of Refractive Surgery in the US Army 2007. First Annual International Military

Refractive Surgery Symposium. San Antonio, Texas, February 2007.

16. Bower KS. LASIK Flap Dislocations in US Military Personnel. First Annual International Military Refractive Surgery Symposium. San Antonio, Texas, February 2007.

17. Weichel ED, Colyer MH, Ludlow SE, Bower KS, Eiseman AS. Combat Ocular Trauma during

Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom. Presented at: American Society of Retina Specialists’ 2007 Annual Meeting. Indian Wells, California: December 5, 2007.

18. Bower KS. Army Refractive Surgery Program. Second Annual International Military Refractive

Surgery Symposium. San Antonio Texas, January 2008.

19. Bower KS. Refractive Surgery in the US Army – Update 2009. Third Annual International Military Refractive Surgery Symposium. San Antonio Texas, January 2008.

20. Sack R, Sathe S, Beaton A, Dartt D, Bower KS, Coe C, Sediq D, J. Edwards J, Peppers L, Iserovich P.

Micro Well Plate Antibody Array Screening of the Pre and Post Refractive Surgical Tears for Biomarkers of Induced Dry Eye. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program #2547, May 2009.

Posters: 1. Novak KD, Friberg TR, Rehkopf PG, and Bower KS: Clinician exposure to transmitted fluorescence

during argon laser photocoagulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34(4):960, 1993. 2. Azar MJ, Kowalski RP, Karenchak LM, Dhaliwal DK, Bower KS, Gordon YJ: The recovery of adenovirus

from the hands of EKC patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34(4):1003, 1993. 3. Bower KS, Kowalski RP, and Gordon YJ. Which quinolone when combined with fortified cefazolin

would be best for the treatment of bacterial keratitis? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 3 5(4): 1674, 1994. 4. Bower KS, Kowalski RP, Dhaliwal DK, and Gordon YJ. Contact lens-related keratitis: is topical

fluoroquinolone therapy adequate? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37(3):S876, 1996.

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5. Bower KS, Thach AB, Ward TP, Stutzman RD, Channing ES, Bauer J, Simon DP. Teleophthalmology in

the evaluation of ocular trauma in an animal model. American Telemedicine Association annual meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah, April 1999.

6. Bower KS, Niemi EW, Olson RJ, Kramer KK, Mamalis N, Teske MD, Trudo E. Clinical evaluation a high-

resolution digitized stereo slit lamp for use in teleophthalmology. American Academy of Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, October 1999.

7. Trudo EW, Bower KS. Processed human pericardium in the treatment of severe eye trauma.

American Academy of Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, October 1999. 8. Niemi EW, Bower KS, Trudo EW, Bauer JJ. The use of digital imaging to assist in pre-operative

planning in a corneal rotational autograft. American Telemedicine Association Annual Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, May 2000.

9. Niemi EW, Bower KS, Kramer KK, Olson RJ, Blanchard D, Bauer JJ. A Standardized Digital Slit Lamp

Exam for the Anterior Segment in Teleophthalmology. American Telemedicine Association Annual Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, May 2000.

10. Simon DP, Bower KS, Thach AB. Teleophthalmology in the evaluation of ocular trauma. American

Telemedicine Association Annual Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, May 2000. 11. O’Kane B, Stefanik R, Stevens R, Subramanian P, Rabin J, Bower KS. Night vision performance and

contrast sensitivity after photorefractive keratectomy. Vision Science and Its Applications 2001 Topical Meeting /2nd International Congress of Wavefront Sensing and Aberration-Free Refractive Correction, Monterrey, California, February 2001.

12. Bauer R, Bower KS, O’Kane B, Stefanik R, Stevens R, Subramanian P, Rabin J. Physical limits on visual

resolution through image intensifiers before and after PRK. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, May 2001

13. Rabin J, Bower KS, Chun D. A new approach for measuring disability glare in refractive surgery.

Poster presentation at the American Academy of Optometry Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, December 2001.

14. Rabin J, Bower KS, Chun D. Quantitative assessment of disability glare. Association for Research in

Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #B112, May 2002. 15. Weichel E, Morgan ER, Bower KS, Rabin J. Visual performance in photorefractive keratectomy: One

year and beyond. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #B118, May 2002.

16. Mines M, Bower KS, Ward TP, Thach AB, Kramer K, Belyea DA, Nelson B. Robotic Microsurgical

Repair of Corneal Lacerations in Rabbit Eyes. Telemed J E Health. 2003 Spring 9 (1Suppl): S112-S113.

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17. Rocca M, Bower KS, Pajak J. Design and Implementation of an Electronic Refractive Surgery Record, Telemed J 2003; 9(1Suppl): S-69.

18. Bishop R, Bower KS, Rabin JC. Comparison between Induced Higher Order Wavefront Aberrations Following LASIK Surgery and LASIK Enhancement Surgery. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #2610/B449, May 2003.

19. Bower KS, Subramanian P, Stutzman RD, Rabin JC. Prospective evaluation of night vision goggle

(NVG) and night firing performance in soldiers treated with LASIK and PRK. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #2634/B473, May 2003.

20. Cute D, Subramanian P, Warren BB, Fannin L, Rabin JC, Bower KS. An evaluation of two different

methods of marking the horizontal axis during excimer Laser keratorefractive surgery for myopic astigmatism. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #2655/B494, May 2003.

21. Thordsen JE, Warren BB, Stutzman, RD, Subramanian P, Bower KS. Effect of brimonidine tartrate

ophthalmic solution 0.15% on pupil diameter in normal eyes. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #792/B767, May 2003.

22. Mines MJ, Bower KS, Ward TP, Thach AB, Kramer KK, Belyea DA, Nelson, B. Robotic microsurgical

repair of corneal lacerations in rabbit eyes. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #907/B882, May 2003.

23. Bower KS, VandePol C, McLean WE, Greig JL. Night Vision Goggle Visual Performance after

Refractive Surgery in Army Aviators. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #2824/B459, April 2004.

24. VandePol C, Greig JL, Bower KS. Helicopter Night Flight Operations following Refractive Surgery,

Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #2823/B458, April 2004.

25. Betts AM, Bower KS, Bigelow DK, Rabin JC, Burka JM, VanRoekel RC. Low-contrast visual acuity and

small letter contrast sensitivity in adult patients with refractive error. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #4374/B732, May 2005.

26. Bower KS, Hope RJ, Burka JM, Franks JK, Lyon TL, Nelson B, Sliney DH. Scattered laser radiation and

broadband actinic ultraviolet plasma emissions during Alcon LADARVisionTM excimer refractive surgery. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #4358/B716, May 2005.

27. Burka JM, Bower KS, VanRoekel RC, Stutzman RD, Kuzmowych CP. Comparison of the effect of 4th

generation fluoroquinolones, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin, on epithelial healing following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #4879/B82, May 2005.

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28. Hammond MD, Bower KS, Stutzman RD, Tuamokumo FO, Mitchell BM, Ellis WY. In Vitro Susceptibility of Acanthamoeba species to WR99210, WR096268 and analogues. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #2784/B337, May 2005.

29. VanRoekel RC, Schallhorn SC, Lombardo K, Burka JM, Bower KS, Tanzer D, Stutzman RD, Kuzmowych

CP. Alcon LADARVisionTM wavefront-guided photorefractive keratectomy and laser in-situ keratomileusis: 6 month results. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #4335/B693, May 2005.

30. Wagner ME, Bower KS, Ward TP, Hidayat A. New corneal dystrophy associated with Alport

syndrome. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #4919/B122, May 2005.

31. Bower KS, Rabin JC, Burka JM, Stutzman RD, VanRoekel RC, Betts AM. A prospective evaluation of a

new test of contrast sensitivity and disability glare for use in refractive surgery. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #520/B288, April-May 2006.

32. Brooks DB, Bower KS, Stutzman RD, Burka JM, Donnelly SJ, Psolka M. Visual performance in eyes

with retained corneal foreign bodies secondary to blast injury. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #2769/B164, April-May 2006.

33. Colyer M, Subramanian PS, Bower KS, Ward TP. Mitochondrial myopathy presenting with posterior

keratopathy and segmental corneal edema. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #4968/B304, April-May 2006.

34. Hope RJ, Pasternak JP, Bower KS, Sliney DH, Weber ED. Scattered UV irradiation during VISX excimer

laser keratorefractive surgery. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #553/B321, April-May 2006.

35. Mines MJ, Bower KS, Stutzman RD, Garvey MG, Fechter HP, Weichel ED. Towards a goal of remote

diagnostic slit lamp examination for teleophthalmology: Is real-time 3-D imaging helpful? Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #1358/B222, April-May 2006.

36. Pham NH, Niemtzow RC, Bower KS, Burns S. Acupuncture treatment of dry eye. Association for

Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #258/B436, April-May 2006.

37. Psolka M, Birdsong RH, Bower KS, Eiseman AS, Fechter HP, Mines MJ, Rimm WR, Stutzman RD,

Subramanian PS, Ward TP, Weichel EP. Non-battle ophthalmologic referrals during Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #3969/B150, April-May 2006.

38. Stutzman RD, Burka JM, Bower KS, VanRoekel RC, Kuzmowych CP, Riddle JA, Psolka M. Alphagan-P

improves night vision difficulty and contrast testing after refractive surgery. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #3462/B995, April-May 2006.

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39. VanRoekel RC, Bower KS, Burka JM, Tarbett AK, Howard RS. Anterior segment measurements using

digital photography: A simple technique. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #1342/B338, April-May 2006.

40. Colyer MH, Weber ED, Weichel ED, Dick JSB, Bower KS, Ward TP, Haller JA. Delayed intraocular

foreign body removal without endophthalmitis during Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom. American Academy of Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada, November 2006.

41. Bower KS, C.D. Coe CD, Stutzman RD, VanRoekel RC, Burka JM, Sediq DA, Peppers L. US Army

Surface Ablation Study: Prospective Comparison of PRK, MMC-PRK and LASEK in Moderate to High Myopia. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #5325/B571, May 2006.

42. Coe CD, Bower KS, Wang J. Effect of Centration Technique on the Monochromatic Wavefront

Aberration Map. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #1987/B47, May 2006.

43. Mines MJ, Garcia PE, J. Hill J, Bower KS, Menon J, Ho M, Chavez B. Chitosan Bandage Closure of

Scleral Lacerations in a Porcine Eye Model. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #3454/B845, May 2007.

44. Smith B, Hill J, Bower KS, Garcia PE, Mines MJ, Menon J, Ho M, Chavez B. Tissue Welding In A

Porcine Eye Model Using Bovine Serum Albumin Solder and Computer-guided Laser. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #1880/B951, May 2007.

45. Stutzman RD, Coe CD, Schallhorn SC, Lombardo K, Bower KS, Tanzer D, VanRoekel RC, Burka JM,

Sediq DA, Peppers L. A Comparison of Alcon Wavefront Guided PRK and LASIK on US Military Service Members. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #5346/B592, May 2007.

46. Mines MJ, Lappan C, Bower KS, McVeigh F, Van de Pol C, Brady S, Hayes B, Andreasen K, Hess T,

Stutzman R, Poropatich R. US Army Tele-Ocular Consultation Program: 2004 to Present. Poster #47. American Telemedicine Association Annual Meeting, May 2007, Nashville Tennessee.

47. Weichel ED, Colyer MH, Ludlow SE, Bower KS, Eiseman AS. Combat Ocular Trauma during

Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom. Poster #242. American Academy of Ophthalmology Annual Meeting November 2007, New Orleans, Louisiana.

48. Colyer MH, Bower KS, Weichel ED. Visual Outcomes of Perforating Ocular Injuries from Combat

Ocular Trauma During Operation Iraqi Freedom. Poster #488. American Academy of Ophthalmology Annual Meeting November 2007, New Orleans, Louisiana.

49. Bower KS, Sediq DA, Edwards JD, Eaddy J, Kuzmowych C. Pain, Epithelial Healing, and Visual

Recovery in Epi-lasik vs. PRK. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #3354/A172, 27 April-1 May 2008.

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50. Burka JM, Bower KS, Sediq DA, Edwards JD, Stutzman RD, VanRoekel RC, Kuzmowych C, Howard RS. Endothelial Cell Counts After Surface Ablations for Moderate and High Myopia. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #3355/A173, 27 April-1 May 2008.

51. Edwards JD, Bower KS, Sediq DA, Burka JM, VanRoekel RC, Stutzman RD, Howard RS, Kuzmowych C.

The Effects of Lotrafilcon A and Omafilcon A Bandage Contact Lenses on Visual Outcomes Following Photorefractive Keratectomy. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #3357/A175, 27 April-1 May 2008.

52. Sediq DA, Bower KS, Edwards JD, Peppers L. Corneal Biomechanics Following Epi-lasik in US Army

Personnel. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #648/D907, 27 April-1 May 2008.

53. Smith B, Bower KS, Barnes S, Morris E, Stutzman RD. Bacterial Adherence to IOLs. Association for

Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #835/A414, 27 April-1 May 2008.

54. Wagner ME, Bower KS, Edwards JD, Sediq DA, Peppers L. Intraoperative Complications of Epithelial

Laser in Situ Keratomileusis (Epi-lasik). Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #2918/A149, 27 April-1 May 2008.

55. Weichel ED, Colyer MH, Bower KS. Traumatic Brain Injury Associated with Combat Ocular Trauma.

Poster presented at: American Society of Retina Specialists’ 2008 Annual Meeting. Maui, Hawaii: October 14, 2008.

56. Weichel ED, Colyer MH, Bower KS. Choroidectomy without Temporary Keratoprosthesis for

Perforating or Severe Foreign Body Injuries. Poster presented at: American Academy of Ophthalmology’s 2008 Annual Meeting. November 9, 2008: Atlanta, Georgia.

57. Weichel ED, Colyer MH, Bower KS, French LM. Traumatic Brain Injury Associated with Combat

Ocular Trauma. Poster presented at: Poster presented at: American Academy of Ophthalmology’s 2008 Annual Meeting. November 9, 2008: Atlanta, Georgia.

58. Bower KS, Edwards JD, Sediq DA, Coe CD, Kuzmowych C, Eaddy J, Stutzman RD, Mines MJ, Wagner

ME, Wroblewski KJ. Off Label but On Target: Wavefront Optimized Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK) in the US Army using the ALLEGRETTO WAVE Eye-Q Laser. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #582/A552, May 2009.

59. Coe CD, Bower KS, Edwards JD, Sediq DA, Rimm BC, Molinar S, Peppers L. Photorefractive

Keratectomy (PRK) vs. Epi-lasik: Comparing Refractive Outcomes, Monochromatic Aberrations, and Optical Quality. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #569/A539, May 2009.

60. Edwards JD, Bower KS, Sediq DA, Coe CD, Kuzmowych C, Eaddy J, Peppers L. Comparison of Visual Outcomes after Epithelial Laser-assisted Keratomileusis (Epi-Lasik) and Photorefractive Keratectomy

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(PRK) . Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #553/A523, May 2009.

61. Hammer A, Bower KS, Sediq DA, Edwards JD, Wroblewski KJ, Kuzmowych C, Eaddy J, Coe CD. Visual and IOP Outcomes after PRK in Pigment Dispersion Syndrome. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #573/A543, May 2009.

62. Kuhnle MD, Sediq DA, Bower KS, Hammer A, Edwards JD, Kuzmowych C, Eaddy J. Oral Gabapentin

for PRK Pain: A Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #590/A560, May 2009.

63. Miller NO, Edwards JD, Sediq DA, Bower KS. Occupational UV Exposure during ALLGRETTO Wavelight Eye-Q LASIK and PRK. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #549/A519, May 2009.

64. Molinar S, Coe CD, Sediq DA, Bower KS, Rimm BC. Multifactor Analysis of Pain Following Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK). Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #556/A526, May 2009.

65. Oberg BJ, Sediq DA, Bower KS, Coe CD, Rimm BC. Blast Exposure Effect on Corneal Structure and

Biomechanics. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #1755/A384, May 2009.

66. Sediq DA, Bower KS, Edwards JD, Oberg BJ, Coe CD, Weichel ED. Endothelial Cell Counts after Blast Trauma. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #1810/A478, May 2009.

67. Seifert K, Matherly A, Bower KS, Sediq D, McKown R, Laurie GW. Development of an Immunoassay for Human Tear Lacritin. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #542/A512, May 2009.

68. Shatos M, Sediq DA, Bower KS, Edwards JD, Peppers L, Coe CD Dartt DA. Goblet Cell Response to Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK): Effect on Total and Filled GC Number. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Program/Poster #574/A544, May 2009