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CURRICULUM VITAE

Dr. Richard A. Firtel Distinguished Professor, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology

Member, Center for Molecular Genetics University of California, San Diego

9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, California 92093-0380

U.S.A. PLACE OF BIRTH: Newark, New Jersey EDUCATION: Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire A.B., Biology-Chemistry, 1966 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California Ph.D., Cell and Developmental Biology, 1971 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts Helen Hay Whitney Postdoctoral Fellow with Harvey Lodish (1971-1973) HONORS: Dartmouth College, A.B. Rufus Choate Scholar Phi Beta Kappa Magna Cum Laude with Highest Distinction Woodrow Wilson Fellow National Science Foundation Predoctoral Fellow National Institutes of Health Predoctoral Training Grant Helen Hay Whitney Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship American Cancer Society Faculty Research Award (1977-1982) International Union Against Cancer Fellowship (1980) Japanese Society for the Promotion of Sciences Fellowship (1982) Visiting Professor, Max-Planck Institute, Munich (1983) John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship (May, 1995-April, 1996) ACADEMIC EXPERIENCE: Chair, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, UCSD, 1999-2006 Director, Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, 1995-2004. Distinguished Professor of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of

California, San Diego, July 1, 2000-present. Professor of Biology, Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, July, 1983-June 30, 2000. Associate Professor of Biology, Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, July, 1978-

1983.

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Assistant Professor of Biology, Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, 1973-1978. Helen Hay Whitney Postdoctoral Fellow in Dr. Harvey Lodish's laboratory at Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, 1971-1973. Graduate Student, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 1966-1971. OTHER: Member, American Cancer Society (California Branch) Fellowship Study Section, 1979-1982, 1990-1994. Member, NIH Molecular Biology Study Section, 1982-1989. Member, NIH NIGMS Genetic Basis of Disease Review Study Section, 1990-1994.

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PUBLICATIONS

Richard A. Firtel 1. Firtel, R.A. and G.B. Saul II (1967). Characteristics of phenol oxidases in Mormoniella vitripennis

(Walker). J. Insect. Physiol. 13:1197-1206. 2. Firtel, R.A. and A. Monroy (1970). Polysomes and RNA synthesis during early development of the surf

clam Spisula solidissima. Devel. Biol. 21:87-104. 3. Firtel, R.A. and J. Bonner (1972). Characterization of the genome of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium

discoideum. J. Mol. Biol. 66:339-361. 4. Firtel, R.A. (1972). Changes in the expression of single-copy DNA during development of the cellular

slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. J. Mol. Biol. 66:363-377. 5. Firtel, R.A. and J. Bonner (1972). Developmental control of α-1,4 glucan phosphorylase in the cellular

slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Devel. Biol. 29:85-103. 6. Firtel, R.A. and R.W. Brackenbury (1972). Partial characterization of several protein and amino acid

metabolizing enzymes in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Devel. Biol. 27:307-321. 7. Firtel, R.A., A. Jacobson and H.F. Lodish (1972). Isolation and hybridization kinetics of messenger RNA

from Dictyostelium discoideum. Nature New Biol. 239:225-228. 8. Firtel, R.A. and H.F. Lodish (1973). A small nuclear precursor of messenger RNA in the cellular slime

mold Dictyostelium discoideum. J. Mol. Biol. 79:295-314. 9. Firtel, R.A., L. Baxter and H.F. Lodish (1973). Actinomycin D and the regulation of enzyme biosynthesis

during development of Dictyostelium discoideum. J. Mol. Biol. 79:315-327. 10. Jacobson, A., R.A. Firtel and H.F. Lodish (1974). Transcription of poly-deoxythymidylate sequences in

the genome of the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 71:1607-1611. 11. Lodish, H.F., R.A. Firtel and A. Jacobson (1974). Transcription and structure of the genome of the cellular

slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 38:899-914. 12. Allende, C.C., J.E. Allende and R.A. Firtel (1974). The degradation of ribonucleic acids injected into

Xenopus laevis oocytes. Cell 12:189-196. 13. Firtel, R.A., A. Jacobson, J. Tuchman and H.F. Lodish (1974). Gene activity during development of the

cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. XIII Intl. Cong. Genetics 78:355-372. 14. Firtel, R.A. and T. Pederson (1975). Ribonucleoprotein particles containing heterogeneous nuclear RNA

in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 72:301-305.

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15. Lodish, H.F., A. Jacobson, R. Firtel, T. Alton and J. Tuchman (1974). Synthesis of messenger RNA and

chromosome structure in the cellular slime mold. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 71:5103-5108. 16. Jacobson, A., R.A. Firtel and H.F. Lodish (1974). Synthesis of messenger and ribosomal RNA precursors

in isolated nuclei of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. J. Mol. Biol. 82:213-230. 17. Verma, I.M., R.A. Firtel, H.F. Lodish and D. Baltimore (1974). Synthesis of DNA complementary to

cellular slime mold messenger RNA by reverse transcriptase. Biochemistry 13:3917-3922. 18. Jacobson, A., R.A. Firtel, and H. Lodish (1974). The synthesis of messenger RNA in the cellular slime

mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Brookhaven Symp. Biol. 26:307-319. 19. Firtel, R.A. and K. Kindle (1975). Structural organization of the genome of the cellular slime mold

Dictyostelium discoideum: Interspersion of repetitive and single-copy DNA sequences. Cell 5:401-411. 20. Siu, C.H., R.A. Lerner, R.A. Firtel and W.F. Loomis (1975). Changes in plasma membrane proteins

during development of Dictyostelium discoideum. In: Molecular and Cell Biology, Vol. 2 (eds. D. MacMahon and C.F. Fox), Menlo Park: W.A. Benjamin, Inc., pp. 129-134.

21. Siu, C.H., R.A. Lerner, G. Ma, R.A. Firtel and W.F. Loomis (1976). Developmentally regulated proteins

of the plasma membrane of Dictyostelium discoideum. The carbohydrate-binding protein. J. Mol. Biol. 100:157-178.

22. Firtel, R.A., K. Kindle and M.P. Huxley (1976). Structural organization and processing of the genetic

transcript in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Fed. Proc. 35:13-22. 23. Firtel, R.A., A. Cockburn, G. Frankel and V. Hershfield (1976). Structural organization of the genome of

Dictyostelium discoideum: Analysis by EcoR1 restriction endonuclease. J. Mol. Biol. 102:831-852. 24. Cockburn, A., G. Frankel, R.A. Firtel, K. Kindle and M.J. Newkirk (1976). Organization of the ribosomal

genes of Dictyostelium. In: Molecular Mechanisms in the Control of Gene Expression, ICN-UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Vol. 5 (eds. D.P. Nierlich, W.J. Rutter and C.F. Fox), NY: Academic Press, pp. 599-603.

25. Cockburn, A.F., M.J. Newkirk and R.A. Firtel (1976). Organization of the ribosomal RNA genes of

Dictyostelium discoideum: Mapping of the nontranscribed spacer regions. Cell 9:605-613. 26. Frankel, G., A.F. Cockburn, K.L. Kindle and R.A. Firtel (1977). Organization of the ribosomal RNA

genes of Dictyostelium discoideum. Mapping of the transcribed region. J. Mol. Biol. 109:539-558. 27. Firtel, R.A. and A. Jacobson (1977). Structural organization and transcription of the genome of

Dictyostelium discoideum. In: Biochemistry of Cell Differentiation II, Vol. 15 (ed. J. Paul), Baltimore: University Park Press, pp. 377-429.

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28. Kindle, K. and R.A. Firtel (1977). Analysis of gene sequences in Dictyostelium. In: ICN-UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Vol. 6, NY: Academic Press, p. 85.

29. Taylor, W.C., A.F. Cockburn, G.A. Frankel, M.J. Newkirk and R.A. Firtel (1977). Organization of

ribosomal and 5S RNA coding regions in Dictyostelium discoideum. In: ICN-UCLA Symposium on Molecular and Cell Biology, Vol. 7 (eds. Wilcox, Abelson and Fox), NY: Academic Press, pp. 309-313.

30. Kindle, K., W. Taylor, M. McKeown and R.A. Firtel (1977). Analysis of gene structure and transcription

in Dictyostelium discoideum. In: Development and Differentiation in the Cellular Slime Moulds, Developments in Cell Biology, Vol. 1 (eds. Cappuccinelli and Ashworth), Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, pp. 273-290.

31. Cockburn, A.F., W. Taylor and R.A. Firtel (1978). Dictyostelium rDNA consists of non-chromosomal

palindromic dimers containing 5S and 36S coding regions. Chromosoma (Berl.) 70:19-29. 32. Ma, G. and R.A. Firtel (1978). Regulation of the synthesis of two carbohydrate binding proteins in

Dictyostelium discoideum. J. Biol. Chem. 253:3924-2932. 33. Kindle, K.L. and R.A. Firtel (1978). Identification and analysis of Dictyostelium actin genes, a family of

moderately repeated genes. Cell 15:763-778. 34. Bender, W., N. Davidson, K.L. Kindle, W. Taylor, M. Silverman and R.A. Firtel (1978). The structure of

M6, a recombinant plasmid containing Dictyostelium DNA homologous to actin messenger RNA. Cell 15:779-788.

35. McKeown, M., W. Taylor, K. Kindle, R.A. Firtel, W. Bender and N. Davidson (1978). Multiple,

heterogeneous actin genes in Dictyostelium. Cell 15:789-800. 36. Kimmel, A.R. and R.A. Firtel (1979). A family of short, interspersed repeat sequences at the 5' end of a

set of Dictyostelium single copy mRNAs. Cell 16:787-796. 37. Kimmel, A.R., C. Lai and R.A. Firtel (1979). Families of interspersed repeat sequences at the 5' end of

Dictyostelium single copy repeat genes. In: Eukaryotic Gene Regulation. ICN-UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Vol. 14 (eds. R. Axel, T. Maniatis, and C.F. Fox), NY: Academic Press, pp. 195-203.

38. Kindle, K.L. and R.A. Firtel (1979). Evidence that populations of Dictyostelium single-copy mRNA

transcripts carry common repeat sequences. Nucl. Acids Res. 6:2403-2422. 39. Firtel, R.A., R. Timm, A.R. Kimmel and M. McKeown (1979). Unusual nucleotide sequences at the 5' end

of actin genes in Dictyostelium discoideum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 76:6206-6210. 40. MacLeod, C., R.A. Firtel and J. Papkoff (1980). Regulation of actin gene expression during spore

germination in Dictyostelium discoideum. Devel. Biol. 76:263-274.

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41. Rowekamp, W. and R.A. Firtel (1980). Isolation of developmentally regulated genes from Dictyostelium. Devel. Biol. 79:409-418.

42. Rowekamp, W., S. Poole and R.A. Firtel (1980). Analysis of the multigene family coding the

developmentally regulated carbohydrate-binding protein Discoidin-I in D. discoideum. Cell 20:495-505. 43. Kimmel, A.R. and R.A. Firtel (1980). Intervening sequences in a Dictyostelium gene that encodes a low

abundance class mRNA. Nucl. Acids Res. 8:5599-5610. 44. McKeown, M. and R.A. Firtel (1981). Differential expression and 5'-end mapping of actin genes in

Dictyostelium. Cell 24:799-807. 45. McKeown, M. and R.A. Firtel (1981). Evidence for sub-families of actin genes in Dictyostelium as

determined by comparisons of the 3'-end sequences. J. Mol. Biol. 151:593-606. 46. Firtel, R.A., M. McKeown, S. Poole, A.R. Kimmel, J. Brandis and W. Rowekamp (1981).

Developmentally regulated multi-gene families in Dictyostelium discoideum. In: Genetic Engineering, Vol 3. (eds. J. Setlow and A. Hollaender), NY: Plenum, pp. 765-318.

47. McKeown, M., A.R. Kimmel and R.A. Firtel (1981). Organization and expression of the actin multigene

family in Dictyostelium. In: Developmental Biology Using Purified Genes, ICN-UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Vol. 23 (eds. D. Brown and C.F. Fox), NY: Academic Press, pp. 107-116.

48. Poole, S., R.A. Firtel, E. Lamar and W. Rowekamp (1981). Sequence and expression of the discoidin I

gene family in Dictyostelium discoideum. J. Mol. Biol. 153:273-289. 49. Poole, S., R.A. Firtel and W. Rowekamp (1982). Expression of the discoidin I genes in Dictyostelium. In:

Cellular Recognition, ICN-UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Vol. 3, NY: Academic Press, pp. 795-803.

50. McKeown, M. and R.A. Firtel (1982). Actin multigene family of Dictyostelium. Cold Spring Harbor

Symp. Quant. Biol. 46:495-505. 51. Firtel, R.A. (1981). Multigene families encoding actin and tubulin (mini-review). Cell 24:6-7. 52. McKeown, M., K.-P. Hirth, C. Edwards and R.A. Firtel (1982). Examination of the regulation of the actin

multigene family in Dictyostelium discoideum. In: Embryonic Development, Part A: Genetic Aspects, Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, Vol. 85a (ed. Max M. Berger), NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 51-78.

53. McKeown, M., C. MacLeod and R. Firtel (1982). Actin genes in Dictyostelium. In: Muscle Development:

Molecular and Cellular Control (eds. M.L. Pearson and H.F. Epstein), Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, pp. 61-76.

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54. Kimmel, A.R. and R.A. Firtel (1982). The organization and expression of the Dictyostelium genome. In: The Development of Dictyostelium discoideum. (ed. W.F. Loomis, Jr.), NY: Academic Press, pp. 233-324.

55. Hirth, K.-P., C.A. Edwards and R.A. Firtel (1982). A DNA-mediated transformation system for

Dictyostelium discoideum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 79:7356-7360. 56. Mehdy, M.C., D. Ratner and R.A. Firtel (1983). Induction and modulation of cell-type-specific gene

expression in Dictyostelium. Cell 32:761-771. 57. Kimmel, A.R. and R.A. Firtel (1983). Sequence organization in Dictyostelium: Unique structure at the 5'-

ends of protein coding genes. Nucl. Acids Res. 11:541-552. 58. Mehdy, M.C., D. Ratner and R.A. Firtel (1983). cAMP and cell contact regulation of cell-type-specific

gene expression in Dictyostelium. In: Gene Expression, ICN-UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, New Series, Vol. 8 (eds. D.H. Hammer and M.J. Rosenberg), NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 249-260.

59. Rosen, E., A. Sivertsen and R.A. Firtel (1983). An unusual transposon encoding heat shock inducible and

developmentally regulated transcripts in Dictyostelium. Cell 35:243-251. 60. Poole, S.J. and R.A. Firtel (1984). Conserved structural features are found upstream from the three

coordinately regulated discoidin I genes of Dictyostelium discoideum. J. Mol. Biol. 172:203-220. 61. Poole, S.J., and R.A. Firtel (1984). Genomic instability and mobile genetic elements in regions

surrounding two discoidin I genes of Dictyostelium discoideum. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:671-680. 62. Edwards, C.A. and R.A. Firtel (1984). Chromatin structure in Dictyostelium discoideum ribosomal DNA.

In: Molecular Biology of Development: CETUS-UCLA Symposia (eds. E.H. Davidson and R.A. Firtel), NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. pp. 361-371.

63. Mehdy, M.C., C.L. Saxe III and R.A. Firtel (1984). The regulation of cell-type-specific genes in

Dictyostelium. In: Molecular Biology of Development: CETUS-UCLA Symposia (eds. E.H. Davidson and R.A. Firtel), NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 293-308.

64. Nellen, W., C. Silan and R.A. Firtel (1984). DNA-mediated transformation in Dictyostelium. In:

Molecular Biology of Development: CETUS-UCLA Symposia (eds. E.H. Davidson and R.A. Firtel), NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 633-645.

65. Nellen, W., C. Silan and R.A. Firtel (1984). DNA-mediated transformation in Dictyostelium discoideum:

Regulated expression of an actin gene fusion. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:2890-2898. 66. Reymond, C.D., R.H. Gomer, M.C. Mehdy and R.A. Firtel (1984). Developmental regulation of a

Dictyostelium gene encoding a protein homologous to mammalian ras protein. Cell 39:141-148. 67. Edwards, C.A. and R.A. Firtel (1984). Site-specific phasing in the chromatin of the rDNA in

Dictyostelium discoideum. J. Mol. Biol. 180:73-90.

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68. Rosen, E., A. Sivertsen, R.A. Firtel, S. Wheeler and W.F. Loomis (1984). Heat shock genes of

Dictyostelium. In: Changes in Eukaryotic Gene Expression in Response to Environmental Stress (eds. B.G. Atkinson and D.B. Walden), NY: Academic Press, pp. 257-278.

69. Mehdy, M.C. and R.A. Firtel (1985). A secreted factor and cAMP jointly regulate cell-type-specific gene

expression in Dictyostelium. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5, 705-713. 70. Romans, P. and R.A. Firtel (1985). Organization of the Dictyostelium discoideum actin multigene family:

Flanking sequences show subfamily homologies and unusual dyad symmetries. J. Mol. Biol. 183:311-326.

71. Kimmel, A.R. and R.A. Firtel (1985). Sequence organization and developmental expression of an

interspersed, repetitive element and associated single-copy DNA sequences in Dictyostelium. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:2123-2130.

72. Romans, P. and R.A. Firtel (1985). Organization of the actin multigene family of Dictyostelium

discoideum and analysis of variability in the protein coding regions. J. Mol. Biol. 186:321-335. 73. Romans, P., R.A. Firtel and C.L. Saxe III (1985). Gene-specific expression of the actin multigene family

of Dictyostelium discoideum. J. Mol. Biol. 186:337-355. 74. Gomer, R.H., S. Datta and R.A. Firtel (1985). Sequencing homopolymer regions. Focus 7:6-7. 75. Gomer, R., S. Datta, M. Mehdy, T. Crowley, A. Sivertsen, W. Nellen, C. Reymond, S. Mann and R.A.

Firtel (1985). Regulation of cell-type-specific gene expression in Dictyostelium. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 50:801-812.

76. Nellen, W. and R.A. Firtel (1985). High-copy-number transformants and co-transformation in

Dictyostelium. Gene 39:155-163. 77. Firtel, R.A., C. Silan, T. Ward, P. Howard, B.A. Metz, W. Nellen and A. Jacobson (1985).

Extrachromosomal replication of shuttle vectors in Dictyostelium discoideum. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:3241-3250.

78. Reymond, C., W. Nellen and R.A. Firtel (1985). Regulated expression of ras constructs in Dictyostelium

transformants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:7005-7009. 79. Crowley, T., W. Nellen, R. Gomer and R.A. Firtel (1985). Phenocopy of discoidin I-minus mutants by

anti-sense transformation in Dictyostelium. Cell 43:633-641. 80. Datta, S., R. Gomer and R.A. Firtel (1986). Spatial and temporal regulation of a foreign gene by a

prestalk-specific promoter in transformed Dictyostelium discoideum cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:811-820.

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81. Welker, D.L., P. Hirth, P. Romans, A. Noegel, R.A. Firtel and K.L. Williams (1986). The use of restriction fragment length polymorphisms and DNA duplications to study the organization of the actin multigene family in Dictyostelium discoideum. Genetics 112:27-42.

82. Saxe, C.L. III and R.A. Firtel (1986). Analysis of gene expression in rapidly developing mutants of

Dictyostelium discoideum. Devel. Biol. 115:407-411. 83. Reymond, C.D., R.H. Gomer, W. Nellen, A. Theibert, P. Devreotes and R.A. Firtel (1986). Phenotypic

changes induced by a mutated ras gene during the development of Dictyostelium transformants. Nature 323:340-343.

84. Saxe, C.L. III and R.A. Firtel (1986). Regulation of late gene expression in a temperature-sensitive

cohesion-defective mutant of Dictyostelium discoideum. Devel. Genet. 7:99-108. 85. Gomer, R.H., S.D. Datta and R.A. Firtel (1986). Cellular and subcellular distribution of a cAMP-regulated

prestalk protein and prespore protein in Dictyostelium discoideum. J. Cell. Biol. 103:1999-2015. 86. Gomer, R.H., D. Armstrong, B.H. Leichtling and R.A. Firtel (1986). cAMP induction of prespore and

prestalk gene expression in Dictyostelium is mediated by the cell-surface cAMP receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:8624-8628.

87. Nellen, W., C. Silan, U. Saur and R.A. Firtel (1986). Regulatory sequences in the promoter of the

Dictyostelium Actin 6 gene. EMBO J. 5:3367-3372. 88. Reymond, C.D., W. Nellen, R.H. Gomer and R.A. Firtel (1986). Regulation of the Dictyostelium ras gene

during development and in transformants. In: Progress in Developmental Biology, Part A, NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 17-21.

89. Datta, S. and R.A. Firtel (1987). Identification of the sequences controlling cyclic AMP regulation and

cell-type specific expression of a prestalk-specific gene in Dictyostelium discoideum. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:149-159.

90. Mann, S. and R.A. Firtel (1987). Cyclic AMP regulation of early gene expression in Dictyostelium

discoideum: Mediation via the cell surface cyclic AMP receptor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:458-469. 91. Mann, S.K.O., S. Datta, P. Howard, A. Hjorth, C. Reymond, C.M. Silan and R.A. Firtel (1987). Cyclic

AMP regulation of gene expression during Dictyostelium development. In: Molecular Approaches to Developmental Biology, UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, New Series, Vol. 51 (eds. R.A. Firtel and E.H. Davidson), NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 303-328.

92. Gomer, R.H. and R.A. Firtel (1987). Tissue morphogenesis in Dictyostelium discoideum. In: Molecular

Approaches to Developmental Biology (eds. R.A. Firtel and E.H. Davidson), NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 373-383.

93. Datta, S., S.K.O. Mann, A. Hjorth, R. Gomer, P. Howard, D. Armstrong, C. Reymond, C. Silan and R.A.

Firtel (1987). cAMP-regulated gene expression during Dictyostelium development is mediated by the cell-

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surface cAMP receptor. In: Genetic Regulation of Development, 45th Symposium for the Society of Developmental Biology (ed. W.F. Loomis), NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 33-61.

94. Nellen, W., S. Datta, C. Reymond, A. Sivertsen, S. Mann, T. Crowley and R.A. Firtel (1987). Molecular

biology in Dictyostelium: Tools and applications. In: Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 28 (ed. J.A. Spudich), NY: Academic Press, Inc., pp. 67-100. 95. Finney, R., M. Ellis, C. Langtimm, E. Rosen, R. Firtel and D.R. Soll. (1987). Gene regulation during

dedifferentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum. Devel. Biol. 120:561-576. 96. Gomer, R.H. (1987). A strategy to study development and pattern formation: Use of antibodies against

products of cloned genes. In: Dictyostelium discoideum: Molecular Approaches to Cell Biology, Vol. 28 (ed. J.A. Spudich), NY: Academic Press, pp. 471-487.

97. Van Haastert, P.J.M., F. Kesbeke, C.D. Reymond, R.A. Firtel, E. Luderus and R. Van Driel (1987).

Aberrant transmembrane signal transduction in Dictyostelium cells expressing a mutated ras gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:4905-4909.

98. Gomer, R.H. and R.A. Firtel (1987). Cell-autonomous determination of cell-type choice in Dictyostelium

development by cell-cycle phase. Science 237:758-762 99. Datta, S. and R.A. Firtel (1988). An 80 base pair cis-acting regulatory region controls cAMP and

developmental regulation of a prestalk gene in Dictyostelium. Genes Devel. 2:294-304. 100. Howard, P.K., K.G. Ahern and R.A. Firtel (1988). Establishment of a transient expression system for

Dictyostelium discoideum. Nucl. Acids Res. 16:2613-2623. 101. Europe-Finner, G.N., M.E.E. Luderus, N.V. Small, R. Van Driel, C.D. Reymond, R.A. Firtel and P.C.

Newell (1988). Mutant ras gene induces elevated levels of inositol tris- and hexakis-phosphates in Dictyostelium. J. Cell Sci. 89:13-20.

102. Ahern, K.G., P.K. Howard and R.A. Firtel (1988). Identification of regions essential for

extrachromosomal replication and maintenance of an endogenous plasmid in Dictyostelium. Nucl. Acids Res. 16:6825-6837.

103. Mann, S.K.O., C. Pinko and R.A. Firtel (1988). Regulation of Dictyostelium early gene expression in

cAMP bypass mutants. Devel. Biol. 130:406-410. 104. Mann, S.K.O., C. Pinko and R.A. Firtel (1988). cAMP regulation of early gene expression in signal

transduction mutants of Dictyostelium. Devel. Biol. 130:294-303. 105. Mann, S.K.O., C. Pinko and R.A. Firtel (1988). Control of early gene expression in Dictyostelium.

Devel. Genet. 9:337-350. 106. Hjorth, A., S. Datta, N.C. Khanna and R.A. Firtel (1988). Analysis of cis and trans elements involved in

cAMP inducible gene expression in Dictyostelium discoideum. Devel. Genet. 9:435-454.

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107. Rubino, S., S.K.O. Mann, R.T. Hori and R.A. Firtel (1989). Molecular analysis of a developmentally

regulated gene required for Dictyostelium aggregation. Devel. Biol. 131:27-36. 108. Kumagai, A., S.K.O. Mann, M. Pupillo, G. Pitt, P.N. Devreotes and R.A. Firtel (1989). A molecular

analysis of G proteins and control of early gene expression by the cell surface cAMP receptor in Dictyostelium. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 53:675-685.

109. Mann, S. and R.A. Firtel (1989). A two-phase regulatory pathway controls cAMP-receptor mediated

expression of early genes in Dictyostelium. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 86:1924-1928. 110. Kumagai, A., M. Pupillo, R. Gunderson, R. Miake-Lye, P.N. Devreotes and R.A. Firtel (1989).

Regulation and function of Gα protein subunits in Dictyostelium. Cell 57:265-275. 111. Firtel, R.A. (1989). Mobile elements in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. In: Mobile

DNA (eds. M. Howe and D. Berg), Washington, DC: ASM Press, pp. 557-566. 112. Van Lookeren Campagne, M.M., R.J. Aerts, W. Spek, R. Firtel and P. Schaap (1989). Cyclic-AMP-

induced elevation of intracellular pH precedes, but does not mediate, the induction of prespore differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum. Development 105:401-406.

113. Hjorth, A.L., N.C. Khanna and R.A. Firtel (1989). A trans-acting factor required for cAMP-induced gene

expression in Dictyostelium is regulated developmentally and induced by cAMP. Genes Devel. 3:747-759. 114. Pupillo, M., A. Kumagai, G. Pitt, R.A. Firtel and P.N. Devreotes (1989). Multiple α subunits of

guanidine nucleotide-binding proteins in Dictyostelium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:4892-4896. 115. Firtel, R.A., P.J.M. Van Haastert, A.R. Kimmel and P.N. Devreotes (1989). G protein linked signal

transduction pathways in development: Dictyostelium as an experimental system. Cell 58:235-239. 116. Dynes, J.L. and R.A. Firtel (1989). Molecular complementation of a genetic marker in Dictyostelium

using a genomic DNA library. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:7966-7970. 117. Armstrong, D.J. and R.A. Firtel (1989). Cytokinin oxidase activity in the cellular slime mold,

Dictyostelium discoideum. Devel. Biol. 136:491-499. 118. Firtel, R.A. and A.L. Chapman (1990). A role for cAMP-dependent protein kinase in early Dictyostelium

development. Genes Devel. 4:18-28. 119. Hjorth, A.L., C. Pears, J.G. Williams and R.A. Firtel (1990). A developmentally regulated trans-acting

factor(s) recognizes dissimilar G/C-rich elements controlling a class of cAMP-inducible Dictyostelium genes. Genes Devel. 4:419-432.

120. Haberstroh, L. and R.A. Firtel (1990). A spatial gradient of expression of a cAMP-regulated prespore

cell-type-specific gene in Dictyostelium. Genes Devel. 4:596-612.

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121. Kumagai, A., J. Hadwiger, M. Pupillo, and R.A. Firtel (1991). Molecular genetic analysis of two Gα protein subunits in Dictyostelium. J. Biol. Chem. 266:1220-1228.

122. Esch, R.K. and R.A. Firtel (1991). Cyclic AMP and cell sorting control the spatial expression of a

developmentally essential cell-type-specific ras gene in Dictyostelium. Genes Devel. 5:9-21. 123. Firtel, R.A. (1991). Putting the G in development. Curr. Biol. 1:91-93. 124. Gomer, R.H., I.S. Yuen and R.A. Firtel (1991). A secreted 80x103 Mr protein mediates sensing of cell

density and the onset of development in Dictyostelium. Development 112:269-278. 125. Hadwiger, J.A., T.M. Wilkie, M. Strathmann and R.A. Firtel (1991). Identification of Dictyostelium Gα

genes expressed during multicellular development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:8213-8217. 126. Mann, S.K.O. and R.A. Firtel (1991). Regulation of gene expression and cell-type differentiation via

signal transduction processes in Dictyostelium. Cell Activation: Genetic Approaches, Vol. 2. In: Advanced Regulation of Cell Growth (eds. J. Mond, A. Weiss and J. Camber), NY: Raven Press, pp. 9-40.

127. Mann, S.K.O. and R.A. Firtel (1991). A developmentally regulated, putative serine/threonine protein

kinase is essential for development in Dictyostelium. Mech. Devel. 35:89-101. 128. Firtel, R.A. (1991). Signal transduction pathways controlling multicellular development in Dictyostelium.

TIG 7:381-388. 129. Kimmel, A.R. and R.A. Firtel (1991). cAMP signal transduction pathways regulating development of

Dictyostelium discoideum. Curr. Opin. Genet. Devel. 1:383-390. 130. Haberstroh, L., J. Galindo and R.A. Firtel (1991). Developmental and spatial regulation of a

Dictyostelium prespore gene: cis-acting elements and a cAMP-induced, developmentally-regulated DNA binding activity. Development 113:947-958.

131. Hadwiger, J.A. and R.A. Firtel (1992). Analysis of Gα4, a G protein subunit required for multicellular

development in Dictyostelium. Genes Devel. 6:38-49. 132. Esch, R.K., P.K. Howard and R.A. Firtel (1992). Regulation of the Dictyostelium cAMP-induced,

prestalk-specific DdrasD gene: identification of cis-acting elements. Nucl. Acids Res. 20:1325-1332. 133. Cubitt, A.B. and R.A. Firtel (1992). Characterization of phospholipase activity in Dictyostelium

discoideum. Identification of a Ca2+-dependent phosphoinositidase-specific phospholipase C. Biochem. J. 283:371-378.

134. Powell, J.A., J. Galindo and R.A. Firtel (1992). A negative transcriptional control region of a

developmentally-regulated gene co-localizes with the origin of replication of an endogenous plasmid in Dictyostelium. Nucl. Acids Res. 20:2795-2802.

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135. Ceccarelli, A., H.J. Mahbubani, R. Insall, G. Schnitzler, R.A. Firtel and J.G. Williams (1992). A G-rich sequence element common to Dictyostelium genes which differ radically in their patterns of expression. Devel. Biol. 152:188-193.

136. Okaichi, K., A.B. Cubitt, G. Pitt and R.A. Firtel (1992). Amino acid substitutions in the Dictyostelium

Gα subunit Gα2 produce dominant negative phenotypes and inhibit the activation of adenylyl cyclase, guanylyl cyclase, and phospholipase C. Mol. Biol. Cell 3:735-747.

137. Howard, P., B. Sefton and R.A. Firtel (1992). Analysis of a spatially regulated phosphotyrosine

phosphatase identifies tyrosine phosphorylation as a key regulatory pathway in Dictyostelium. Cell 71:637-647.

138. Mann, S.K.O., W.M. Yonemoto, S.S. Taylor and R.A. Firtel (1992). DdPK3, which plays essential roles during Dictyostelium development, encodes the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent

protein kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10701-10705. 139. Howard, P.K., B.M. Sefton and R.A. Firtel (1993). Tyrosine phosphorylation of actin in Dictyostelium

associated with cell shape changes. Science 259:241-244. 140. Powell, J.A., G.R. Schnitzler, J. Hadwiger, P. Howard, R.K. Esch, A.B. Cubitt, K. Okaichi, C. Gaskins,

S.K.O. Mann and R.A. Firtel (1993). Spatial and temporal regulation of Dictyostelium development through signal transduction pathways. In: Evolutionary Conservation of Developmental Mechanisms, Wiley-Liss, Inc., pp. 159-184.

141. Powell-Coffman, J.A. and R.A. Firtel (1993). Cellular dedifferentiation and spore germination in

Dictyostelium may utilize similar regulatory pathways. BioEssays 15:131-133. 142. Kikkawa, U., S.K.O. Mann, R.A. Firtel and T. Hunter (1993). Molecular cloning of casein kinase II α

subunit from Dictyostelium discoideum and its expression in the life cycle. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:5711-5723.

143. Schaap, P., M. Van Ments-Cohen, R.D.M. Soede, R. Brandt, R.A. Firtel, W. Dostmann, H.-G. Genieser,

B. Jastorff and P.J.M. Van Haastert (1993). Cell-permeable non-hydrolyzable cAMP derivatives as tools for analysis of signaling pathways controlling gene regulation in Dictyostelium. J. Biol. Chem. 268:6323-6331.

144. Cubitt, A.B., F. Carrel, S. Dharmawardhane, C. Gaskins, J. Hadwiger, P. Howard, S.K.O. Mann, K.

Okaichi, K. Zhou and R.A. Firtel (1993). Molecular genetic analysis of signal transduction pathways controlling multicellular development in Dictyostelium. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. LVII:177-192.

145. Cubitt, A.B., S. Dharmawardhane and R.A. Firtel (1993). Developmentally regulated changes in 1,2-

diacylglycerol in Dictyostelium: Regulation by light and G proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 268:17431-17439. 146. Schatzle, J., J. Bush, S. Dharmawardhane, R.A. Firtel, R.H. Gomer and J. Cardelli (1993).

Characterization of the signal transduction pathways and cis-acting DNA sequence responsible for the

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transcriptional induction during growth and development of the lysosomal α-mannosidase gene in Dictyostelium discoideum. J. Biol. Chem. 268:19632-19639.

147. Stober-Grasser, U., B. Brydolf, X. Bin, F. Grasser, R.A. Firtel and J.S. Lipsick (1993). The myb DNA-

binding domain is highly conserved in Dictyostelium discoideum. Oncogene 7:589-596. 148. Esch, R.K., G. Weeks and R.A. Firtel (1993). Regulation and function of two developmentally regulated

ras genes in Dictyostelium. In: The ras Superfamily of GTPases (eds. J.C. Lacal and F. McCormick), FL: CRC Press, pp. 173-186.

149. Mann, S.K.O. and R.A. Firtel (1993). cAMP-dependent protein kinase differentially regulates prestalk

and prespore differentiation during Dictyostelium development. Development 119:135-146. 150. Carrel, F., S. Dharmawardhane, A.M. Clark, J.A. Powell-Coffman and R.A. Firtel (1994). Spatial and

temporal expression of the Dictyostelium discoideum Gα protein subunit Gα2: Expression of a dominant negative protein inhibits proper prestalk to stalk differentiation. Mol. Biol. Cell 5:7-16.

151. Schnitzler, G.R., W.H. Fischer and R.A. Firtel (1994). Cloning and characterization of the G-box binding

factor, an essential component of the developmental switch between early and late development in Dictyostelium. Genes Devel. 8:502-514.

152. Wu, L., C. Gaskins, R. Gundersen, J.A. Hadwiger, R.L. Johnson, G.S. Pitt, R.A. Firtel and P.N.

Devreotes (1994). Signal transduction by G-proteins in Dictyostelium discoideum. In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 108/II GTPases in Biology II (eds. B. Dickey and L. Birnbaumer), Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag Publication, pp. 335-349.

153. Dynes, J.L., A.M. Clark, G. Shaulsky, A. Kuspa, W.F. Loomis and R.A. Firtel (1994). LagC is required

for cell-cell interactions that are essential for cell-type differentiation in Dictyostelium. Genes Devel. 8:948-958.

154. Wu, L., C. Gaskins, K. Zhou, R.A. Firtel and P.N. Devreotes (1994). Cloning and targeted mutations of

Gα7 and Gα8, two developmentally regulated G protein α-subunit genes in Dictyostelium. Mol. Biol. Cell 5:691-702.

155. Powell-Coffman J.A. and R.A. Firtel (1994). Characterization of a novel Dictyostelium discoideum

prespore-specific gene, PspB, reveals conserved regulatory sequences. Development 120:1601-1611. 156. Powell-Coffman, J.A., G.R. Schnitzler and R.A. Firtel (1994). A GBF-binding site and a novel AT

element define the minimal sequences sufficient to direct prespore-specific expression in Dictyostelium. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:5840-5849.

157. Howard, P.K., M. Gamper, T. Hunter and R.A. Firtel (1994). Regulation by protein-tyrosine phosphatase

PTP2 is distinct from that by PTP1 during Dictyostelium growth and development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:5154-5164.

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158. Gaskins, C., M. Maeda and R.A. Firtel (1994). Identification and functional analysis of a developmentally regulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase gene in Dictyostelium discoideum. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:6996-7012.

159. Hadwiger, J.A., S. Lee and R.A. Firtel (1994). The Gα subunit Gα4 couples to pterin receptors and

identifies a signaling pathway that is essential for multicellular development in Dictyostelium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10566-10570.

160. Mann, S.K., D.L. Richardson, S. Lee, A.R. Kimmel and R.A. Firtel (1994). Expression of cAMP-

dependent protein kinase in prespore cells is sufficient to induce spore cell differentiation in Dictyostelium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10561-10565.

161. Mann, S.K.O., P.N. Devreotes, S. Eliott, K. Jermyn, A. Kuspa, M. Fechheimer, R. Furukawa, C.A.

Parent, J. Segall, G. Shaulsky, P.H. Vardy, J. Williams, K. Williams and R.A. Firtel (1994). Cell biological, molecular genetic, and biochemical methods to examine Dictyostelium. In: Cell Biology: A Laboratory Handbook (ed. J. Celis), Academic Press, pp. 412-451.

162. Hori, R. and R.A. Firtel (1994). Identification and characterization of multiple A/T-rich cis-acting

elements that control expression from the Dictyostelium actin promoters: The Dictyostelium actin upstream activating sequence confers growth-phase expression and has enhancer-like properties. Nucl. Acids Res. 22:5099-5111.

163. Dharmawardhane, S., A.B. Cubitt and R.A. Firtel (1994). Regulatory role of Gα1 subunit in controlling

cellular morphogenesis in Dictyostelium. Development 120:3549-3561. 164. Segall, J.E., A. Kuspa, G. Shaulsky, M. Ecke, M. Maeda, C. Gaskins, R.A. Firtel and W.F. Loomis

(1995). A MAP kinase necessary for receptor-mediated activation of adenylyl cyclase in Dictyostelium. J. Cell Biol. 128:405-413.

165. Cao, J.-G. and R.A. Firtel (1995). Growth and developmental functions of a human immunodeficiency

virus Tat-binding protein/26S protease subunit homolog from Dictyostelium discoideum. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:1725-1736.

166. Briscoe, C. and R.A. Firtel (1995). A kinase for cell-fate determination? GSK-3, a ubiquitous kinase

regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation, controls cell-fate decisions in both Drosophila and Dictyostelium; genetic analysis of its interactions with other signaling pathways is now possible. Curr. Biol. 5:228-231.

167. Gamper, M., P.K. Howard, T. Hunter and R.A. Firtel (1995). Protein tyrosine phosphatases in

Dictyostelium discoideum. Adv. Prot. Phosphatases 9:25-49. 168. Schnitzler, G.R., C. Briscoe, J.M. Brown and R.A. Firtel (1995). Serpentine cAMP receptors may act

though a G protein-independent pathway to induce postaggregative development in Dictyostelium. Cell 81:737-745.

169. Firtel, R.A. (1995). Integration of signaling information in controlling cell-fate decisions in

Dictyostelium. Genes Devel. 9:1427-1444.

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170. Cubitt, A.B., R.A. Firtel, G. Fischer, L.F. Jaffe and A.L. Miller (1995). Patterns of free calcium in

multicellular stages of Dictyostelium expressing jellyfish apoaequorin. Development 121:2291-2301. 171. Gaskins, C., A.M. Clark, L. Aubry, J.E. Segall and R.A. Firtel (1996). The Dictyostelium MAP kinase

ERK2 regulates multiple, independent developmental pathways. Genes Devel. 10:118-128. 172. Maeda, M., L. Aubry, R. Insall, C. Gaskins, P. Devreotes and R. Firtel (1996). Seven helix

chemoattractant receptors transiently stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase in Dictyostelium. J. Biol. Chem. (Communication) 271:3351-3354.

173. Gamper, M., P.K. Howard and R.A. Firtel (1996). Multiple roles of the novel protein tyrosine

phosphatase PTP3 during Dictyostelium growth and development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:2431-2444. 174. Zhou, K., K. Takegawa, S.D. Emr and R.A. Firtel (1996). A phosphatidylinositol (PI) kinase gene family

in Dictyostelium discoideum: Biological roles of putative mammalian p110 and yeast Vps34p PI 3-kinase homologs during growth and development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:5645-5656.

175. Hadwiger, J.A., K. Natarajan and R.A. Firtel (1996). Mutations in the Dictyostelium heterotrimeric G

protein α subunit Gα5 alter the kinetics of tip morphogenesis. Development 122:1215-1224. 176. Firtel, R.A. (1996). Interacting signaling pathways controlling multicellular development in

Dictyostelium. Curr. Opin. Genet. Devel. 6:545-554. 177. Aubry, L., M. Maeda, R. Insall, P.N. Devreotes and R.A. Firtel (1997). The Dictyostelium mitogen-

activated protein kinase ERK2 is regulated by Ras and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and mediates PKA function. J. Biol. Chem. (Communication) 272:3883-3886.

178. Mann, S.K.O., P.N. Devreotes, S. Eliott, K. Jermyn, A. Kuspa, M. Fechheimer, R. Furukawa, C.A.

Parent, J. Segall, G. Shaulsky, P.H. Vardy, J. Williams, K.L. Williams and R.A. Firtel (1997). Cell biological, molecular genetic, and biochemical methods used to examine Dictyostelium. In: Cell Biology: A Laboratory Handbook, Second Edition, Volume 1 (ed. J. Celis), Academic Press, pp. 431-465.

179. Mann, S.K.O., J.M. Brown, C. Briscoe, C. Parent, G. Pitt, P.N. Devreotes and R.A. Firtel (1997). Role

of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in controlling aggregation and post-aggregative development in Dictyostelium. Devel. Biol. 183:208-221.

180. Lee, S., R. Escalante and R.A. Firtel (1997). A Ras GAP is essential for cytokinesis and spatial

patterning in Dictyostelium. Development 124:983-996. 181. Ma, H., M. Gamper, C. Parent and R.A. Firtel (1997). The Dictyostelium MAP kinase kinase DdMEK1

regulates chemotaxis and is essential for chemoattractant-mediated activation of guanylyl cyclase. EMBO J. 16:4317-4332.

182. Buczynski, G, B. Grove, A. Nomura, M. Kleve, J. Bush, R.A. Firtel and J. Cardelli (1997). Inactivation

of two Dictyostelium discoideum genes, DdPIK1 and DdPIK2, encoding proteins related to mammalian

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phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases, results in defects in endocytosis, lysosome to postlysosome transport, and actin cytoskeleton organization. J. Cell Biol. 136:1271-1286.

183. Maeda, M. and R.A. Firtel (1997). Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK2 by the

chemoattractant folic acid in Dictyostelium. J. Biol. Chem. 272:23690-23695. 184. Clark, A., A. Nomura, S. Mohanty and R.A. Firtel (1997). A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme is essential

for developmental transitions in Dictyostelium. Mol. Biol. Cell, 8:1989-2002. 185. Brown, J.M., C. Briscoe and R.A. Firtel (1997). Control of transcriptional regulation by signal

transduction pathways in Dictyostelium during multicellular development. In: Dictyostelium--A Model System for Cell and Developmental Biology (eds. Y. Maeda, K. Inouye and I. Takeuchi), Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, pp. 245-265.

186. Rietdorf, J., F. Siegert, S. Dharmawardhane, R.A. Firtel and C.J. Weijer (1997). Analysis of cell

movement and signalling during ring formation in an activated Gα1 mutant of Dictyostelium discoideum that is defective in prestalk zone formation. Devel. Biol. 181:79-90.

187. Han, Z. and R.A. Firtel (1998). The homeobox-containing gene Wariai regulates anterior-posterior

patterning and cell-type homeostasis in Dictyostelium. Development 125:313-325. 188. Cubitt, A.B., I. Reddy, S. Lee, J.G. McNally and R.A. Firtel (1998). Coexpression of a constitutively

active plasma membrane calcium pump with GFP identifies roles for intracellular calcium in controlling cell sorting during morphogenesis in Dictyostelium. Devel. Biol. 196:77-94.

189. Aubry, L and R.A. Firtel (1998). Spalten, a protein containing Gα-protein-like and PP2C domains, is

essential for cell-type differentiation in Dictyostelium. Genes Devel. 12:1525-1538. 190. Yasukawa, H., S. Mohanty and R.A. Firtel (1998). Identification and analysis of a gene that is essential

for morphogenesis and prespore cell differentiation in Dictyostelium. Development, 125:2565-2576. 191. Sukumaran, S., J.M. Brown, R.A. Firtel and J.G. McNally (1998). lagC-null and gbf-null cells define

key steps in the morphogenesis of Dictyostelium mounds. Devel. Biol. 200:16-26. 192. Araki, T., M. Gamper, A. Early, M. Fukuzawa, T. Abe, E. Kim, R.A. Firtel and J.G. Williams (1998).

Developmentally and spatially regulated activation of a Dictyostelium STAT protein by a serpentine receptor. EMBO J. 17:4018-4028.

193. Brown, J.M. and R.A. Firtel (1998). Phosphorelay signaling: New tricks for an ancient pathway. Curr.

Biol. 8: R662-R665. 194. Chung, C., T.B.K. Reddy, K. Zhou and R.A. Firtel (1998). A novel, putative MEK kinase controls

developmental timing and spatial patterning in Dictyostelium and is regulated by ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. Genes Devel. 12:3564-3578.

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195. Gamper, M., E. Kim, P.K. Howard, H. Ma, T. Hunter and R. A. Firtel (1999). Regulation of Dictyostelium protein-tyrosine phosphatase-3 (PTP3) through osmotic shock and stress stimulation and identification of pp130 as a PTP3 substrate. J. Biol. Chem. 274:12129-12138.

196. Meili, R., C. Ellsworth, S. Lee, T.B.K. Reddy, H. Ma and R.A. Firtel (1999). Chemoattractant-

mediated transient activation and membrane localization of Akt/PKB is required for efficient chemotaxis to cAMP in Dictyostelium. EMBO J. 18:2092-2105.

197. Mohanty, S., K.A. Jermyn, A. Early, T. Kawata, L. Aubry, A. Ceccarelli, P. Schaap, J.G. Williams and

R.A. Firtel (1999). Evidence that the Dictyostelium Dd-STATa protein is a repressor that regulates commitment to stalk cell differentiation and is also required for chemotaxis. Development 126:3391-3405.

198. Lee, S., C.A. Parent, R. Insall and R.A. Firtel (1999). A novel Ras interacting protein required for

chemotaxis and cyclic adenosine monophosphate signal relay in Dictyostelium. Mol. Biol. Cell 10:2829-2845.

199. Chung, C.Y. and R.A. Firtel (1999). PAKa, a putative PAK family member, is required for

cytokinesis and the regulation of the cytoskeleton in Dictyostelium discoideum cells during chemotaxis. J. Cell Biol. 147:559-575.

200. Aubry, L and R. Firtel (1999). Integration of signaling networks that regulate Dictyostelium

differentiation. Ann. Rev. Cell Devel. Biol. 15:469-517. 201. Chung, C.Y. and R.A. Firtel (2000). Dictyostelium: A model experimental system for elucidating the

pathways and mechanisms controlling chemotaxis. In: Principles of Molecular Regulation (eds. P.M. Conn and A. Means), Totowa, NJ: The Humana Press, pp. 99-114.

202. Brown, J.M. and R.A. Firtel (2000). Regulation of cell-fate determination in Dictyostelium. Devel.

Biol. 216:426-441. 203. Mohanty, S. and R.A. Firtel (2000). Control of spatial patterning and cell-type proportioning in

Dictyostelium. In: Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (ed. J. Williams), Academic Press, Vol. 10, pp. 597-607.

204. Chien, S., C. Chung, S. Sukumaran, N. Osborne, S. Lee, C. Ellsworth, J.G. McNally and R.A. Firtel

(2000). The Dictyostelium LIM domain-containing protein LIM2 is essential for proper chemotaxis and morphogenesis. Mol. Biol. Cell. 11:1275-1291.

205. Chung, C., S. Lee, C. Briscoe, C. Ellsworth and R.A. Firtel (2000). Role of Rac in controlling the actin

cytoskeleton and chemotaxis in motile cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97:5225-5230. 206. Brown, J.M. and R.A. Firtel (2000). Just the right size: Cell counting in Dictyostelium. Trends Genet.

16:191-193.

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207. Firtel, R.A. and C.Y. Chung (2000). The molecular genetics of chemotaxis: Sensing and responding to chemoattractant gradients. BioEssays 22:603-615.

208. Firtel, R.A. and R. Meili (2000). Dictyostelium: A model for regulated cell movement during

morphogenesis. Curr. Opin. Genet. Devel. 10:421-427. 209. Firtel, R.A. and D. Ish-Horowicz (2000). Differentiation and gene regulation: A rich developmental

stew. Curr. Opin. Genet. Devel. 10:469-470. 210. Nelson, M.K., A. Clark, T. Abe, A. Nomura, N. Yadava, C.J. Funair, K.A. Jermyn, S. Mohanty, R.A.

Firtel and J.G. Williams (2000). An F-box/WD40 repeat-containing protein important for Dictyostelium cell-type proportioning, slug behavior and culmination. Devel. Biol. 224:42-59.

211. Meili, R., C. Ellsworth and R.A. Firtel (2000). A novel Akt/PKB-related kinase is essential for

morphogenesis in Dictyostelium. Curr. Biol. 10:708-717. 212. Williams, J.G. and R.A. Firtel (2000). HAPPY days for the Dictyostelium genome project. Genome

Res. 10:1658-1659. 213. Wang, J., L. Hou, D. Awrey, W.F. Loomis, R.A. Firtel and C. Siu (2000). The membrane glycoprotein

gp150 is encoded by the lagC gene and mediates cell-cell adhesion by heterophilic binding during Dictyostelium development. Devel. Biol. 227:734-745.

214. Early, A., M. Gamper, J. Moniakis, E. Kim, T. Hunter, J.G. Williams and R.A. Firtel (2001). Protein

tyrosine phosphatase PTP1 negatively regulates Dictyostelium STATa and is required for proper cell-type proportioning. Devel. Biol. 232:233-245.

215. Moniakis, J., S. Funamoto, M. Fukuzawa, J. Meisenhelder, T. Araki, T. Abe, R. Meili, T. Hunter, J.

Williams and R.A. Firtel (2001). An SH2-domain-containing kinase negatively regulates the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase pathway. Genes Devel. 15:687-698.

216. Briscoe, C., J. Moniakis, J.Y. Kim, J.M. Brown, D. Hereld, P.N. Devreotes and R.A. Firtel (2001). The

phosphorylated C-terminus of cAR1 plays a role in cell-type-specific gene expression and STATa tyrosine phosphorylation. Devel. Biol. 223:225-236.

217. Chung, C.Y., G. Potikyan and R.A. Firtel (2001). Control of cell polarity and chemotaxis by Akt/PKB

and PI3 kinase through the regulation of PAKa. Mol. Cell 7:937–947.

218. Brown, J.M. and R.A. Firtel (2001). Functional and regulatory analysis of the Dictyostelium G-box binding factor. Devel. Biol. 234:521-534.

219. Funamoto, S., K. Milan, R. Meili and R.A. Firtel (2001). Role of phosphatidylinositol 3’ kinase and a

downstream pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein in controlling chemotaxis in Dictyostelium. J. Cell Biol. 153:795-809.

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220. Mohanty, S., S. Lee, N. Yadava, M.J. Dealy, R.S. Johnson and R.A. Firtel (2001). Regulated protein degradation controls PKA function and cell-type differentiation in Dictyostelium. Genes Devel. 15:1435-1448.

221. Chung, C.Y., S. Funamoto and R.A. Firtel (2001). Signaling pathways controlling cell polarity and

chemotaxis. Trends Biochem. Sci. 26:557-566. 222. Sobko, A., H. Ma, and R A. Firtel (2002). Regulated SUMOylation and ubiquitination of DdMEK1 is

required for proper chemotaxis. Devel. Cell 2:745-756. 223. Funamoto, S., R. Meili, S. Lee, L. Parry and R.A. Firtel (2002). Spatial and temporal regulation of 3-

phosphoinositides by PI 3-kinase and PTEN mediates chemotaxis. Cell 109:611-623. 224. Han, Y-H., C.Y. Chung, S. Stephens, D. Wessels, M.A. Titus, D.R. Soll and R.A. Firtel (2002).

Requirement of a vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) family member for cell adhesion, the formation of filopodia, and chemotaxis in Dictyostelium. J. Biol. Chem. 277:49877-49887.

225. Meili, R and R.A. Firtel (2002). Leading the way. Nature Cell Biol. 4:E171. 226. Sun, B. and R.A. Firtel (2003). A regulator of G protein signaling-containing kinase is important for

chemotaxis and multicellular development in Dictyostelium. Mol. Biol. Cell 14:1727-1743. 227. Meili, R. and R.A. Firtel (2003). Follow the leader. Devel. Cell 4:291-293. 228. Chung, C.Y. and R.A Firtel (2003). Signaling pathways at the leading edge of chemotaxing cells. J.

Muscle Res. Cell Motility (Special Dictyostelium Issue) 23:773-779. 229. Meili, R and R.A. Firtel (2003). Two poles and a compass. Cell 114:153-156. 230. Huang, Y.E., M. Iijima, C.A. Parent, S. Funamoto, R.A. Firtel and P. Devreotes (2003). Receptor-

mediated regulation of PI3Ks confines PI(3,4,5)P3 to the leading edge of chemotaxing cells. Mol. Biol. Cell 14:1913-1922.

231. Merlot, S. and R.A. Firtel (2003). Leading the way: Directional sensing through phosphatidylinositol 3-

kinase and other signaling pathways. J. Cell Sci. 116:3471-3478. 232. Firtel, R.A. and R. Meili (2003). The role of PI3 kinase in directional sensing during chemotaxis in

Dictyostelium, a model for chemotaxis in neutrophils and macrophages. In: Handbook of Cell Signaling, Vol. 2 (eds. R. Bradshaw and E. Dennis), San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 217-223.

233. Sun, B., H. Ma and R.A. Firtel (2003). Dictyostelium stress-activated protein kinase α, a novel stress-

activated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase-like kinase, is important for the proper regulation of the cytoskeleton. Mol. Biol. Cell 14:4526-4540.

234. Merlot, S., R. Meili, D. Pagliarini, T. Maehama, J.E. Dixon and R.A. Firtel (2003). A PTEN-related 5’-

phosphatidylinositol phosphatase localized in the Golgi. J. Biol. Chem. 278:39866-39873.

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235. Aubry, L., S. Lee, K. Ravanel and R.A. Firtel (2003). The novel ankyrin-repeat containing kinase

ARCK-1 acts as a suppressor of the Spalten signaling pathway during Dictyostelium development. Devel. Biol. 263:308-322.

236. Ridley, A.J., M.A. Schwartz, K. Burridge, R.A. Firtel, M.H. Ginsberg, G. Borisy, J.T. Parsons and

A.R. Horwitz (2003). Cell migration: Integrating signals from front to back. Science 302:1704-1709. 237. Chisholm, R.L. and R.A. Firtel (2004). Insights into morphogenesis from a simple developmental

system. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 5:531-541. 238. Sasaki, A.T., C. Chun, K. Takeda and R.A. Firtel (2004). Localized Ras signaling at the leading edge

regulates PI3K, cell polarity, and directional cell movement. J. Cell Biol. 167:505-518. 239. Park, K.C., F. Rivero, R. Meili, S. Lee, F. Apone and R.A. Firtel (2004). Rac regulation of

chemotaxis and morphogenesis in Dictyostelium. EMBO J. 23:4177-4189. 240. Lee, S., F. Rivero, K.C. Park, E. Huang, S. Funamoto and R.A. Firtel (2004). Dictyostelium PAKc is

required for proper chemotaxis. Mol. Biol. Cell 15:5456-5469. 241. Funamoto, S. and R.A. Firtel (2004). Directional sensing: Subcellular targeting of GPCR downstream

effectors during chemotaxis. In: Cell Motility: From Molecules to Organisms. 5th Abercrombie Symposium on Cell Behaviour, Wiley-Liss Inc., Chapter 17.

242. Kimmel, A.R. and R.A. Firtel (2004). Breaking symmetries: regulation of Dictyostelium development

through chemoattractant and morphogen signal-response. Curr. Opin. Genet. Devel. 14:540-549. 243. Meili, R., A.T. Sasaki and R.A. Firtel (2005). Rho rocks PTEN. Nature Cell Biol. 7:334-335. 244. Myers, S.A., J.W. Han, Y. Lee, R.A. Firtel and C.Y. Chung (2005). A Dictyostelium homologue of

WASP is required for polarized F-actin assembly during chemotaxis. Mol. Biol. Cell 16:2191-2206. 245. Mendoza, M.C., F. Du, N. Iranfar, N. Tang, H. Ma, W.F. Loomis and R.A. Firtel (2005). Loss of

SMEK, a novel, conserved protein, suppresses mek1 null cell polarity, chemotaxis, and gene expression defects. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:7839-7853.

246. Lee, S., F.I. Comer, A. Sasaki, I.X. McLeod, Y. Duong, K. Okamura, J.R. Yates III, C.A. Parent and

R.A. Firtel (2005). TOR Complex 2 integrates cell movement during chemotaxis and signal relay in Dictyostelium. Mol. Biol. Cell 16:4572-4583.

247. Charest, P.G. and R.A. Firtel (2006). Feedback signaling controls leading-edge formation during

chemotaxis. Curr. Opin. Genet. Devel. 16:339-347. 248. Mendoza, M.C. and R.A. Firtel (2006). Assaying chemotaxis of Dictyostelium cells. In: Methods in

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249. Sasaki, A.T. and R.A. Firtel (2006). Regulation of chemotaxis by the orchestrated activation of Ras,

PI3K, and TOR. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 85:873-895. 250. Charest, P. and R.A. Firtel (2007). Big roles for small GTPases in the control of directed cell

movement. Biochem. J. 401:377-390. 251. Jeon, T.J., D. Lee, S. Merlot, N. Nguyen, G. Weeks and R.A. Firtel (2007). Rap1 controls cell adhesion

and cell motility through the regulation of myosin II. J. Cell Biol. 176:1021-1033. 252. Mendoza, M.C., E.O. Booth, G. Shaulsky and R.A. Firtel (2007). MEK1 and protein phosphatase 4

coordinate Dictyostelium development and chemotaxis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 27:3817-3827. 253. Takeda, K., A.T. Sasaki, H. Ha, H. Seung and R.A. Firtel (2007). Role of phosphatidylinositol 3-

kinases in chemotaxis in Dictyostelium. J. Biol. Chem. 282:11874-11884. 254. Sasaki, A., C. Janetopoulos, S. Lee, P.G. Charest, K. Takeda, L.W. Sundheimer, R. Meili, P.N.

Devreotes and R.A. Firtel (2007). G protein-independent Ras/PI3K/F-actin circuit regulates basic cell motility. J. Cell Biol. 178:185-191.

255. Del Alamo, J.C., R. Meili, B. Alonso-Latorre, J. Rodriguez-Rodriguez, A. Aliseda, R.A. Firtel and

J.C. Lasheras (2007). Spatio-temporal analysis of eucaryotic cell motility by improved force cytometry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:13343-13348.

256. Jeon, T.J., D. Lee, S. Lee, G. Weeks and R.A. Firtel (2007). Regulation of Rap1 activity by RapGAP1

controls cell adhesion at the front of chemotaxing cells. J. Cell Biol., in press.