Current Status of Avian Current Status of Avian Influenza (H5N1)Influenza (H5N1)

(Commonly referred to as the Bird Flu)(Commonly referred to as the Bird Flu)

Glen J. ArnoldGlen J. ArnoldOSU Extension, Putnam County,OSU Extension, Putnam County,

Ottawa, Ohio; and Ottawa, Ohio; and Teresa Y. Morishita, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ACPVTeresa Y. Morishita, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ACPV

College of Veterinary Medicine,College of Veterinary Medicine,Western University of Health Sciences,Western University of Health Sciences,

Pomona, CaliforniaPomona, California

Avian Influenza Avian Influenza

Influenza Type AInfluenza Type A All subtypes can All subtypes can

affect birdsaffect birds Poultry diseasePoultry disease Waterfowl reservoirsWaterfowl reservoirs

Avian Influenza Subtypes Avian Influenza Subtypes

Name based on surface Name based on surface proteinsproteins

Hemagglutinin proteinsHemagglutinin proteins H5, H7 subtypesH5, H7 subtypes

Neuraminidase proteinsNeuraminidase proteins N1N1

AI

Avian Influenza Avian Influenza

Signs Signs Respiratory TractRespiratory Tract

• SneezingSneezing• Excess DischargesExcess Discharges• Swollen SinusesSwollen Sinuses

Digestive TractDigestive Tract• DiarrheaDiarrhea

Neurological SystemNeurological System• Twisted headsTwisted heads• Uncoordinated gaitUncoordinated gait

Avian Influenza Avian Influenza

Humans Humans Respiratory TractRespiratory Tract

• Flu-likeFlu-like Digestive TractDigestive Tract

• DiarrheaDiarrhea

H5N1 Avian Influenza TimelineH5N1 Avian Influenza Timeline

1996: H5N1 from 1996: H5N1 from goose in Guangdong goose in Guangdong ProvinceProvince

1997: poultry farms 1997: poultry farms and markets in Hong and markets in Hong Kong; 6/18 human Kong; 6/18 human fatalitiesfatalities

2/03: 1/2 human 2/03: 1/2 human fatality; travel to fatality; travel to Fujian Province; 1/1 Fujian Province; 1/1 suspectsuspect

First Wave of H5N1 InfluenzaFirst Wave of H5N1 Influenza

Mid-03: H5N1 causes outbreaks, undetected and Mid-03: H5N1 causes outbreaks, undetected and unreportedunreported

12/03: Two tigers and two leopards die of H5N1 avian 12/03: Two tigers and two leopards die of H5N1 avian influenza. FIRST CASE IN BIG CATSinfluenza. FIRST CASE IN BIG CATS

First Wave of H5N1 InfluenzaFirst Wave of H5N1 Influenza 12/03:Korea12/03:Korea 1/04: Vietnam, 1/04: Vietnam,

Japan, Thailand, Japan, Thailand, Cambodia, LaosCambodia, Laos

2/04: Indonesia, 2/04: Indonesia, ChinaChina

Human Cases:• 8/12 Thailand;16/23 Vietnam;• Cannot rule out limited human-to-human contact

Second Wave of H5N1 InfluenzaSecond Wave of H5N1 Influenza 6-7/04:China, Indonesia, 6-7/04:China, Indonesia,

Thailand, VietnamThailand, Vietnam Possible role of wild birdsPossible role of wild birds More lethal for mammals; More lethal for mammals;

fatal to waterfowlfatal to waterfowl 7/04: Japan is disease-7/04: Japan is disease-

freefree 8/04: Malaysia; infections 8/04: Malaysia; infections

in pigs and cats; cat was in pigs and cats; cat was previously considered previously considered resistant resistant

9/04: Korea is disease-9/04: Korea is disease-freefree

10/04: 147/441 tigers in 10/04: 147/441 tigers in Thailand; two eagles from Thailand; two eagles from Thailand imported into Thailand imported into Brussels; domestic ducks Brussels; domestic ducks as reservoirsas reservoirs

Human Cases• 4/5 Thailand; 4/4 Vietnam

Third Wave of H5N1 InfluenzaThird Wave of H5N1 Influenza 12/04: Indonesia, Thailand, 12/04: Indonesia, Thailand,

Vietnam; possibly Cambodia Vietnam; possibly Cambodia and Laosand Laos

1/05: Malaysia is disease-free1/05: Malaysia is disease-free 4/05: 6,345 wild birds in 4/05: 6,345 wild birds in

central Chinacentral China 6/05: China’s Xinjiang region6/05: China’s Xinjiang region 7/05: 4/05 outbreak from new 7/05: 4/05 outbreak from new

variant; virus transmitted variant; virus transmitted among geese and may spread among geese and may spread via migratory routes; civets via migratory routes; civets infected; Russian poultry and infected; Russian poultry and wild birdswild birds

8/05: Kazakhstan poultry and 8/05: Kazakhstan poultry and wild birds; Tibet; Mongoliawild birds; Tibet; Mongolia

10/05: Turkey; Romania; 10/05: Turkey; Romania; songbirds from China songbirds from China smuggled into Taiwan; smuggled into Taiwan; imported parrot in United imported parrot in United Kingdom; China’s Anhui and Kingdom; China’s Anhui and Hunan Province; Croatia wild Hunan Province; Croatia wild birds; Macedoniabirds; Macedonia Human Cases

• human-to-human transmission• 21/64 Vietnam; 4/4 Cambodia; Thailand and Indonesia

Third Wave of H5N1 InfluenzaThird Wave of H5N1 Influenza

11/05: Chinese 11/05: Chinese poultrypoultry

12/05: Ukraine; 12/05: Ukraine; Kuwait flamingo Kuwait flamingo (first in Gulf (first in Gulf Region)Region)

1/06: Human 1/06: Human cases in Turkey cases in Turkey and Iraqand Iraq

The Wave ContinuesThe Wave Continues

2-3/06: Iraq; 2-3/06: Iraq; poultry in Nigeria poultry in Nigeria (first in Africa); wild (first in Africa); wild birds (swans) in birds (swans) in Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Greece, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Slovenia, Italy, Slovenia, Iran, Austria, Iran, Austria, Germany; poultry Germany; poultry and zoo birds in and zoo birds in Eqypt; poultry in Eqypt; poultry in India; France; wild India; France; wild birds in Denmark birds in Denmark and Spain, UKand Spain, UK

PatternsPatterns

Spreading over Spreading over land massland mass

Need for Need for expedient expedient diagnosisdiagnosis

Poultry involvedPoultry involved Wild birds and Wild birds and

migration routesmigration routes

Areas of ConcernsAreas of Concerns

Migratory Migratory BirdsBirds reservoirsreservoirs overlap of overlap of

summer summer breeding breeding areasareas

Areas of ConcernsAreas of Concerns

Illegal CommerceIllegal Commerce• songbirdssongbirds• fighting chickensfighting chickens• raw and undercooked productsraw and undercooked products

Duck Soup (Czarnina)

"This is an old Polish recipe that was used at Easter time. This recipe is traditionally served with home made noodles. If desired the fruit can be removed, leaving broth to serve with noodle. If you do not know where to purchase a duck, contact a local farmer or butcher. If you prepare your own poultry be sure to add 1/2 cup vinegar to duck blood to prevent coagulation."  Original recipe yield: 12 servings.

Areas of ConcernsAreas of Concerns

CommerceCommerce• live bird marketslive bird markets• transport of birds, mammals?transport of birds, mammals?

Stopping a World PandemicStopping a World Pandemic

Human-to-Human TransmissionHuman-to-Human Transmission EducationEducation Expedient Diagnosis, Isolation, QuarantineExpedient Diagnosis, Isolation, Quarantine