CURRENT SITUATION OF THE SURAMERICAN FLY OF THE ... · Flies Program (PNMF) detected in the...

Republic of Panamá

Ministry of Agricultural Development

National Directorate of Plant Health

Obligations of National Reports CIPF

DNSV-05-D: ANASTREPHA

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: Nacional Director / Focal Point

CURRENT SITUATION OF THE SURAMERICAN FLY OF THE CUCURBITACEAS

Anastrepha grandis, IN THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA.

BACKGROUND:

The South American fly of the Cucurbitaceae, Anastrepha grandis is a highly

restrictive pest for the international trade of cucurbit fruits (melons,

watermelons, pumpkins and cucumbers), mainly for the North American market.

In Panama it was detected for the first time in the province of Darién and in the

district of Tortí, district of Chepo in the province of Panama, in February 2009,

through the Phytosanitary Surveillance System of the National Directorate of

Plant Health (DNSV) of the Ministry of Agricultural Development (MIDA), which

led to the international notification of the pest, taking into consideration the

provisions of the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) No.

17 "Notification of Pests" and ISPM No. 8 " Determination of the Situation of a

Plague in an Area ".

Faced with this contingency and as dictated by the global technical procedure, a Phytosanitary Emergency Plan was structured and applied, which included the application of phytosanitary measures such as: (i) Operation of internal quarantines in the communities of Agua Fría and Chepo, to restrict the movement of cucurbitaceous fruits in general and thus reduce the risk of dispersion of the pest to the rest of the country (ii) Repopulation with more official traps (used for detection in phytosanitary surveillance of the pest) in sites with positive captures (iii) Expansion and strengthening of the phytosanitary surveillance system for fruit flies at the national level (iv) Application of selective insecticides for pest control in the vicinity of official traps with positive captures (v) Fruit sampling for the detection of larval stages (vi) Training and dissemination.

During the period from 2009 to 2012, the phytosanitary measures developed focused specifically on the phytosanitary surveillance of the pest, the application of selective insecticides for fruit flies in sites and communities with positive catches of A. grandis; as well as the search of the reproduction site of the same, by means of intensive sampling of cucurbit fruits, to determine the host plant and thus direct or focus the control strategies.

The fruit sampling actions involved commercial crops, wild cucurbits, public markets, vegetable and fruit sales stalls, restaurants, landfills, among others; In

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addition to the application of surveys and interviews with producers, housewives, intermediaries and marketers of fruits and vegetables. Simultaneously, interceptions and seizures were made at the mobilization control posts of the Executive Directorate of Agricultural Quarantine (DECA).

It is estimated that the effort made during this period involved the revision of

more than 12,000 kg of fruit, all with negative results in the presence of

immature stages of the pest.

On March 8, 2012, after 3 years of searching, technicians of the National Fruit Flies Program (PNMF) detected in the community of El Tirao, Santa Fe district, Darién province, larvae of A. grandis in fruits of the wild plant Fevillea cordifolia, belonging to the cucurbitaceae family.

From the beginning, MIDA established and maintains strategic alliances with the Regional International Organization for Agricultural Health (OIRSA), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the Department of Agriculture of the United States (APHIS-USDA), the Autonomous University and Mechanics of Florida and the Vice-rector of Research and Postgraduate of the University of Panama.

DEVELOPED ACTIONS AND TECHNICAL JUSTIFICATION

Based on the identification of F. cordifolia, as the host plant and breeding site of A. grandis, as of 2014 and within the framework of a MIDA-OIRSA project, a control strategy was structured and put into operation, which includes the search for F. cordifolia plants, taking as initial reference, 23 communities that, during the previous 7 years of work, reported positive catches of A. grandis in installed official traps.

Another criterion used was the plant-host relationship and its ecological niche, associated with the margins of rivers and streams; besides being a climbing plant that monopolizes one or more support trees, with altitudes that go from the ground level to more than 20 m. Tall. The phenology of the plant, characterized by two fruiting per year, was also taken into consideration. The first and most abundant during the months of April to June and the second fruiting during the months of October to January (Euceda, X. 2014).

Based on the above, a search was made in rivers and streams located in the province of Darién and in the district of Chepo; as well as in other provinces such

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as Chiriquí, Los Santos and Colón; where there were previous reports of the presence of the host plant, according to information provided by the Herbarium of the Faculty of Biology of the University of Panama. An inventory of 180 geo-referenced sites with the presence of F. cordifolia was developed, in which several control measures have been applied, such as: installation of 720 permanent bait stations with Cera Trap®, systematic spraying of GF-120- NF-Naturalyte®-02%; both directed to adult control of A. grandis. In addition, the collection and periodic destruction of fruits for the elimination of eggs and larvae.

The control actions carried out at A. grandis breeding sites are considered effective, since the catches in the official traps have diminished markedly in comparison with previous years, as can be seen in the tables, graphs and images they are presented below.

Table No. 1: Historical summary of catches of A grandis in Chepo

Year

Traps in operation

Traps with positive captures

Total of captures

No. de communities

Communities involved

2009 269 8 36 6 Quebrada Cali, Río Seco, Partí, Río Rubén, Higueronal Centro, San José

2010 273 0 0 0 No captures

2011 212 5 10 3 Piriatí, Quebrada Cali, Río Seco

2012 183 6 7 4 Quebrada Cali, Wuagandí,

Tortí y Ipetí Choco

2013 207 8 9 1 Quebrada Cali

2014 184 0 0 0 No captures

2015 184 0 0 0 No captures

2016 *

184 0 0 0 No captures

(*)According to data corresponding to the period January - April 2016

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Table No. 2: Historical summary of catches of A. grandis in Darién

Year

Traps in operation

Traps with positive captures

Total of captures

No. de communities

Communities involved

2009

552

25

87

17

Agua Fría Nº 1, Agua Fría Nº 2, Arenal, Arretí, Canglón, Cupudo, El Tirao, Emberá Phuru, Entrada Palmira, La Cantera, La Moneda, Nuevo Progreso, Quebrada Cañazas, Quebrada Honda, Santa Fe, Vista Alegre, Zapallal.

2010 763 2 2 2 Agua Fría , Quintín

2011

808

31

54

15

Agua Fría, Agua Fría Nº 1, Agua Fría Nº 2, Chepigana, El Tirao, Emberá Phuru, Hacia Sabana, La Cantera, Quebrada Muerto, Quintín, Santa Fe, Setegantí, Vigía.

2012

514

31

153

14

Agua Fría, Agua Fría Nº 1, Agua Fría Nº 2, Arenal, Arimae, Bejucal, El Balsal, El Tirao, Emberá Phuru, Hacia Sabana, Pueblo Nuevo, Quebrada Cañazas, Santa Fe, Setegantí.

2013

520

22

104

10

Agua Fría, Agua Fría Nº 1, Agua Fría Nº 2, Arimae, El Tirao, Emberá Phuru, Hacia Sabana, Nuevo Progreso, Santa Fe, Punta Grande.

2014

459

29

89

16

Agua Fría, Altos del Cristo, Arimae, Arretí, Buenos Aires, Calle Larga, El Balsal, El Tirao, Emberá Phuru, La Lomita, Pueblo Nuevo, Quebrada Honda, Quebrada Muerto, Santa Fé, Vista Alegre, Zapallal.

2015 466 7 20 4 Agua Fría, Arimae, El Tirao, Emberá Phuru.

2016 * 466 0 0 0 Nocaptures

(*)According to data corresponding to the period January – April 2016

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*History of Captures of Anastrepha grandis on Panamá*

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Presence of Anastrepha grandis in Panamá

Captures of Anastrepha grandis - 2014

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Evidence shows that catches of A. grandis in official traps have declined markedly. However, in the bait stations with Cera Trap®, (artisanal traps) installed and in permanent service as a control measure within the sites with F. cordifolia, the catches of A. grandis persist. This reinforces the criterion that A. grandis populations are closely related to their host plant and consequently it is being used as a trap plant, where control actions are carried out. The above, coincides with the results of the research carried out by Euceda, X. 2014, who showed that by synchronizing the fruiting in plants of Zapallo (Cucurbita maximum) and F. cordifolia in natural conditions and exposing the fruits of both plants to wild populations of A. grandis, only infested the fruits of F. cordifolia. In the aforementioned work the author concludes that: "The only host of A. grandis in the Darien and Eastern Panama area corresponds to the F. cordifolia wild plant" Parallel to the control campaign carried out by the DNSV, in the framework of the MIDA-OIRSA Project for the containment in Panama of the South American fly of the Cucurbitaceae, in the internal quarantine posts of the DECA, the seizures have continued, review and destruction of cucurbitaceous fruits; with negative results to the presence of immature stages of the plague.

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CONCLUSION Based on the foregoing, it was concluded that: 1. The results of the surveys of F. cordifolia, indicate that the plant is only present in the margins of some rivers and streams, from the province of Darién to the community of Quebrada Cali in the Corregimiento of Torti, district of Chepo. 2. The probability that A. grandis will spread to the free areas, through cultivated cucurbitaceae fruits, represents a very low risk. 3. The potential risk of dispersion of A. grandis, is the transfer of fruits of F. cordifolia. However, due to its status as wild fruit, with no commercial or nutritional value, its mobilization risk continues to be significantly low. 4. Sustainability in the control measures currently applied and the search and incorporation of new sites with F. cordifolia to such measures; they will contribute in the suppression of the populations of the plague, directly in their niche of reproduction and consequently the risk of dispersion will continue to diminish.

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ACTIONS DONE

1. The restriction measures included in Ministerial Resolution DAL-025- of May 4, 2009,

are modified by an equivalent measure that allows the production of cucurbits through

the phytosanitary surveillance scheme at the production sites or under the concept of

"certified production" by the DNSV, according to a Work Plan, for risk mitigation,

according to Resolved No. AOL-040-ADM- April 4, 2017.

2. The transfer of fruits of F. cordifolia from the areas of detection of the pest to the

rest of the country is prohibited.

3. Phytosanitary surveillance is maintained in order to establish the status of the pest

at the national level and inform interested parties.

4. To give sustainability and extension of the control actions in the breeding sites of A.

grandis, to suppress the populations and consequently decrease the risk of dispersion

of the same.

5. A training and dissemination program is structured and developed to sensitize the

community in general, about the conservation of the ecological niche of F. cordifolia,

so that it continues to be used as a trap plant where the controls of the populations of

A. grandis, within the detection areas. In the same way, the sensitization to avoid the

movement of fruits of this plant towards the free areas of the plague.

6. Strategic alliances are established with the government sector and NGOs linked to

environmental issues, so that they support and contribute to A. grandis control

campaigns and the conservation of gallery forests and sites with potential for the

development of F. Cordifolia.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES.

EUCEDA, X. 2014. Biological characteristics of Anastrepha grandis (Macquart, 1,846) in

relation to its natural host, Fevillea cordifolia in Darién, Panama. Thesis. Master of

Entomology. University of Panama, Panama 132 pag.

ISPM 8. Determination of the location of a pest in an area. International Convention on

Phytosanitary Protection. Rome Italy. 16 pag.

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