Current Health Concerns: Tuberculosis

Saharwash Jamali

Hamna Jaffar

Estimated TB incidence rate, 2005

No estimate

0–24

50–99

100–299

300 or more

25–49

Estimated new TB cases (all forms) per 100 000 population

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. WHO 2006. All rights reserved

Some facts…

• Affects 2billion people

• 1.6million deaths in 2005 (WHO)

• Is prevalent with sufferers of HIV; causes most of their deaths.

• Is, seemingly, on the decline.

200

220

240

260

280

300

1990 1995 2000 2005

23

25

27

29

31

33

1990 1995 2000 2005

120

125

130

135

140

1990 1995 2000 2005

Estimated global prevalence, mortality and incidence rates, 1990–2005

Prevalence

Mortality Incidence

Pakistan Facts and Figures.

• TB quite high

• High burden country

• Far out places hard to reach with aid

• Increased awareness, figures still increasing though (WHO)

About TB

• Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis

• Mainly pulmonary TB

• Can spread to other locations in body

• Can remain dormant in body; asymptomatic carriers may develop active TB later in life.

Identification of TB

• Acid fast bacilli, Ziehl-Neelson staining – culture

• Molecular techniques – nucleic acid amplification test, polymerise chain reaction (PCR)

SEM of M. tuberculosis

Chest X-ray of TB sufferer

Caseous Necrosis (nodule) of lung; Mycobacterium tuberculosis stained with a Kuper and May fluorescence technique

Treatment

• 1st line drugs (chemotherapeutic)

• Begin with 2 drugs to stop TB resistance developing with just one.

• Long term 12-18months, short course 6 months

• Directly observed therapy

• Complications resistance MDR-TB, XDR-TB

Vaccinations

• Produced from Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG)

• attenuated strain of M.Bovis

• 80% protectiveness conferred, provides macrophages with killing ability

WHO Aims and Targets

• 2006 Stop TB Strategy plan to eradicate TB by 2050

• DOTS enhancement and expansion

• Address the growing concern of MDR-TB and XDR-TB

• Awareness

Resources

• Lippincotts, Microbiology 2nd Edition

• http://www.who.int/tb/en/ (WHO website)

• www.wikipedia.org (Wikipedia, medical students bible)

• Google Images