Current Cassava Production Status in Nigeria Cassava Production...In processing down-market...
Transcript of Current Cassava Production Status in Nigeria Cassava Production...In processing down-market...
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Current Cassava Production Status in Nigeria
Dr Richardson Okechukwu
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▪ Domestic cassava demand expected to reach $8.5bn by 2020▪ Industrial use of cassava expected to grow by 5x▪ Sizable import substitution and export opportunities for a range of
end products like flour, pellets, starch, sweeteners, ethanol, and snacks
▪ The Federal and State government is supporting private sector ledcassava “centers of excellence” to address sector challenges
▪ Limited access to improved seed, fertilizer and finance ▪ Wide cassava price fluctuations and significant lack of infrastructure
to link producers to processors▪ Small-scale, dispersed location of cassava farmers in Nigeria
▪ Nigeria has low yields when compared to international leaders and cannot currently meet demand from existing processors
The opportunity
The challenges to be addressed
Capturing the potential
The situation
Introduction
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Cassava growing area
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Cassava plays the role of food security and cash crop
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The value chain
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Nigeria Cassava Market
Unit Product Fresh rootHQCF Mt pa 300,000 1,200,000 Sweetners Mt pa 300,000 1,200,000 Starch Mt pa 250,000 1,250,000 High quality Gari Mt pa 455,000 1,365,000 Total Mt pa 1,305,000 5,015,000
Production (t) 5,015,000 5,015,000 5,015,000 5,015,000 5,015,000 Yield (t/ha) 30 25 20 15 9
Area (ha) 167,166.7 200,600.0 250,750.0 334,333.3 557,222.2
Source: FMARD Cassava Transformation Action Plan
Elements 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Area harvested (Ha) 3,782,000 3,810,000 3,875,000 3,778,000 3,129,030 3,481,900 3,737,090 3,850,000 3,850,000Production (tonnes) 41,565,000 45,721,000 43,410,000 44,582,000 36,822,250 42,533,180 52,403,455 54,000,000 53,000,000
Yield (t/Ha) 10.99 12.00 11.20 11.80 11.77 12.22 14.02 14.03 13.94
Source: FAOSTAT 2015
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CAVA II Key Milestones In All Countries
Systems developed around enterprises capable of supplyingcompetitively priced fresh cassava roots.Smallholder farmers adopt new varieties plus appropriate and betteragronomic practices which increases yield by at least 25%.
ProjectionsC:AVA II
2015 2016 2017 2018 20192015-2019Nigeria 155,863 163,961 231,718 312,462 451,248 1,315,252Ghana 36,886 42,050 63,125 87,838 130,523 360,422Tanzania 17,249 22,785 33,890 46,708 67,730 188,362Uganda 12,289 17,556 32,011 44,597 69,030 175,483Malawi 5,917 10,758 18,450 27,338 42,383 104,846TOTAL 230219 259126 381211 520961 762933 2144365
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EdoBayelsa
Cross RiverAkwa Ibom
EbonyiEnugu
AnambraImo
RiversDeltaAbia
Yield across States (t/ha)0 5 1510 20 25 30 35
Improved varietiesLocal varieties
Yield Gap
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Essentials for a cassava farmer
• Site selection• Procurement of inputs• Mechanization• Weed control• Labour costs• Plant population• Field supervision till time of harvest• Farm records• Postharvest activities
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21.2 17.5
25.4
29.4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Traditionalsystem
Improvedvarieties
Mechanizedplanting
Mechanizedplanting andharvesting
Mechanizedplanting
&harvesting&improvedvarieties
US$/t
on
100% 13.6% 11.6% 27.9% 40.5%
The only way to reduce production cost is to mechanise at the farm level
Cost Reduction Effects
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Cassava mechanization
Four-row planter Boom Sprayer Slasher
Knapsack sprayer Harvester Tractor
Increased productivity and profitability
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Importance of the policy environment
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Cluster farming model
Inputs
Large commercial farmers
▪ >250 Ha
Medium commercial farmers▪ >50 Ha
Small-holder farmers▪ >10 Ha
▪ Provision of agro-services:‒ Land preparation‒ Improved seeds‒ Fertilizers‒ Access to mechanical
equipment
Agro-services company Starch factory
Sweetener factory
Consumer companies
▪ Provision of processed products to domestic and foreign companies, across sectors, e.g.,:‒ Food and beverage‒ Pharmaceuticals‒ Textile
Nucleus farm▪ Processor owned,
backward integrated▪ 40-60% supply
End MarketCassava Production Processing
HQCF factory
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Competitive commercial cassava cultivation training
Develop cluster farming around processing sites
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Young people in Agriculture
IITA Youth Agripreneurs on their cassava field
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Business plan• Where you want to go – if you have cassava
farm, do you want to process a product?• What is the purpose?• What is the market like? Who are your
competitors?• Who are you targeting? – who are the
customers?• How do you intend to get there?- what resources
(money, workers, etc,) that you need.• When do you intend to get there? – Your time
frame?
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Resources needed to start cassava production business
• Knowledge, education, and business plan• Good source of inputs (seed, agrochemicals, fertilizer)• Money• Personnel• Machinery• Land/building• Water• Entrepreneurial skills
– Credit management– Organizing and time management– Costing and pricing– Risk management
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• Location
• Vegetation-Topography
• Size
• Soil type
•Community relations
•Fire
•Cattle Fulani
Land Acquisition
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S/No CLONEYEAR OF
RELEASE S/No CLONEYEAR OF
RELEASE
1 IITA-TMS-IBA30555 1976 22 IITA-TMS-980510 2005
2 IITA-TMS-IBA30572 1984 23 IITA-TMS-980581 2005
3 IITA-TMS-IBA4(2)1425 1986 24 TME 419 2005
4 IITA-TMS-IBA90257 1986 25 IITA-TMS-IBA920326 2006
5 IITA-TMS-IBA84537 1986 26 IITA-TMS-IBA920057 2006
6 IITA-TMS-IBA8200058 1986 27 IITA-TMS-IBA980002 2006
7 IITA-TMS-IBA8200661 1986 28 IITA-TMS-IBA961632 2006
8 IITA-TMS-IBA8100110 1986 29 NR87187 2006
9 IITA-TMS-IBA30001 1986 30 IITA-TMS-IBA961089A 2009
10 IITA-TMS-IBA50395 1986 31 NR 930199 2009
11 NR41044 1986 32 IITA-TMS-IBA000203 2010
12 NR 8083 1986 33 IITA-TMS-IBA010040 2010
13 NR 83107 1986 34 NR01/0004 2010
14 NR 8082 1986 35 CR41-10 2010
15 NR 8212 1986 36 IITA-TMS-IBA011368 2011
16 TME 1 1986 37 IITA-TMS-IBA011371 2011
17 MS 3 1986 38 IITA-TMS-IBA011412 2011
18 NR 8208 1988 39 NR 03/0211 2011
19 IITA-TMS-IBA91934 2005 40 NR 03/0155 2011
20 IITA-TMS-972205 2005 41 IITA-TMS-IBA011206 2012
21 IITA-TMS-980505 2005 42 IITA-TMS-IBA982132 2012 19
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Progress in cassava root yield and CMD resistance of 581
cassava genotypes
CMD
y = -0.0044x + 9.1817R2 = 0.1741
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
FYLD
y = 0.0101x - 18.908R2 = 0.3406
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Log
(trai
t+1)
Year of cloning
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Number of released varieties in each country from pre-1990 to present
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4139
2421
1818171514131313127 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 2 2
0
10
20
30
40
50N
iger
iaTa
nzan
iaD
R C
ongo
Cam
eroo
nG
hana
Gui
nea
Con
akry
Mal
awi
Libe
riaM
ozam
biqu
eKe
nya
Beni
nTo
goU
gand
aSi
erra
Leo
neAn
gola
Swaz
iland
Zam
bia
Burk
ina
Faso
Buru
ndi
Gam
bia
Mad
agas
car
Rw
anda
Seyc
helle
sTc
had
Zim
babw
eC
ote
d’Iv
oire
Gab
onN
iger
Sene
gal
Cap
e Ve
rde
Cen
tral A
frica
n R
epG
uine
a Bi
ssau
Num
ber o
f rel
ease
d va
rietie
s
Countries
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• Variety type – High yield, dry matter, starch content etc
• Source of stem • Stem Age• Quantity needed• Price per bundle• Transportation• Handling of stems• Across season storage
Challenges in the cassava seed sector
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TME 419
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TMS 98/0581
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TMS 30572
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TME 7 (Oko-Iyawo)
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Natural Resource Management• Low native soil fertility• Soil exposed to erosion• Increased leaching (N and K; also Ca, Mg, S) serious under high
rainfall • Soil temperature increases, accelerating organic matter
decomposition (C, N and S loss)• Climate change, less water and nutrient uptake
Good canopy
CASSAVA: CROP REMOVAL• 10 tons/ha tubers: 30 kg N, 4 kg P, 20 kg K• 50 tons/ha: 140 kg N, 20 kg P, 125 kg K• +removal of planting sticks: 340 N , 40 P , 270 K• Leaf harvest increases N removal
It is not only cassava that does this
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Source df SS P>F SS P>F SS P>FLoc 13 971721 <0.0001 35920 <0.0001 5871 <0.0001Fert 1 1448 0.0963 359 0.0001 0.7 0.8178Loc*Fert 13 21722 <0.0001 1740 <0.0001 112 0.0229Clone 42 198689 <0.0001 6107 <0.0001 3576 <0.0001Fert*Clone 42 11123 0.9964 674 0.9537 870 0.0027
R-square 0.6886 0.6378 0.6838CV 31.83 26.84 10.29
Root number Fresh yield (t/ha) Dry matter (%)
Fertilizers for cassava
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
4(2)
1425
82/0
0058
91/0
2324
92/0
057
92/0
067
92/0
325
92/0
326
92B/
0006
1
92B/
0006
8
94/0
026
94/0
039
94/0
561
95/0
166
95/0
289
95/0
379
96/0
523
96/0
603
96/1
089A
96/1
565
96/1
569
96/1
632
96/1
642
97/0
162
97/0
211
97/2
205
97/3
200
97/4
763
97/4
769
97/4
779
98/0
002
98/0
505
98/0
510
98/0
581
98/2
101
98/2
226
99/2
123
99/3
073
99/6
012
M98
/002
8
M98
/004
0
M98
/006
8
TME4
19
TMS3
0572
Perc
ent c
hang
e in
Fre
sh ro
ot y
ield 18.8271
17.8915
17.4
17.6
17.8
18
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8
19
F NF
Fres
h yi
eld
(t/ha
)
LSD = 0.57Percent change: 5.23
0.0
• Type (macro and micro nutrients)• Rate by varieties• Time of application
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Plant density and weed control• Orientation (Horizontal, Vertical, Inclined)• Population (10,000 at harvest = 12,500 at
planting• Time (Broad, allow 60 dates of rains before
drought stress)• Manual weeding is expensive, herbicide use -
recommended (Skills and supply chains needed)• Groundcover ability of varieties – (Cheapest
method)
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• Non availability herbicides.• High cost of herbicides.• Lack of capital to procure
sprayer.• Lack technical skills required to
use herbicides.• Fear of crop damage and health
and environmental hazard.• Adulteration.
Use of herbicide in WA to control weeds in cassava is generally low and ranged from 3 – 37.6%
Chemical weed control
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Weed control• Youth empowerment• Gender main streaming
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Conclusions• Cassava production in Nigeria continues to be influenced
by fluctuation in prices• Siting more industries closer to points of production will
lead to stability in prices and sustainable supply of root• Multi-point interventions in the value chain is necessary• Intervention must make economic sense, favourable
Government policy helps, but not sufficient.• Quality throughout chain is essential
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Think Big
Start Small
Scale Fast33
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Thank you for your attention
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