CUPOLEX BUILDING SYSTEMS USA - CADdetails€¦ · CUPOLEX BUILDING SYSTEMS USA Accommodation and...

CUPOLEX BUILDING SYSTEMS USA


Case Histories CUPOLEX® was developed in North East Italy 15 years ago and to date over 500,000,000

square feet have been installed globally. Used in many countries world wide including

Italy, Germany, Spain, Austria, England, France, Portugal, Greece, Poland, Romania New

Zealand, Australia, Africa, Russia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Canada, Mexico and the United

States of America.

USAF Air Bases USAF Air Bases USAF Air Bases USAF Air Bases

AVIANO AIR BASEAVIANO AIR BASEAVIANO AIR BASEAVIANO AIR BASE

All new buildings included the Cupolex system fitted beneath foundation slabs to capture and expel Radon gas and Humidity. Radon level measured in facilities at Aviano typically exceeded the value recommended by the United States Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA). Aviano also has some of the most humid climates therefore, to avoid mold problems, aerated floors were specified in all buildings at the Base. Risk is based on many factors including level of exposure, years of exposure, lifestyle, and exposure to other chemical or physical hazards. EPA standards are based on daily exposure over a lifetime, greatly reducing our overall health risk.

It is important to note that EPA radon criteria are not enforceable either in the United States or here in Italy. Just as in the United States, the base has no authority to measure or mitigate off-base housing. This is true for both economy and government family housing. Natural ventilated Aerated Floors also known as “Vespaio Aerato” in Italy, are the most effective measures you can take to reduce the level of radon and humidity in Italian

homes. There has been over 1 million sq.ft of the Cupolex aerated flooring system installed in USAF Air Bases, with the majority in Aviano.

OTHER USAF AIR BASES OTHER USAF AIR BASES OTHER USAF AIR BASES OTHER USAF AIR BASES

• Ederle Air Base Ederle Air Base Ederle Air Base Ederle Air Base

• San Vito dei Normanni Air StationSan Vito dei Normanni Air StationSan Vito dei Normanni Air StationSan Vito dei Normanni Air Station

• Ghedi Air Base Ghedi Air Base Ghedi Air Base Ghedi Air Base

• NSA NaplesNSA NaplesNSA NaplesNSA Naples

• NAS SigonellaNAS SigonellaNAS SigonellaNAS Sigonella


Toronto Fast Ferry TerminalToronto Fast Ferry TerminalToronto Fast Ferry TerminalToronto Fast Ferry Terminal

The permanent international ferry passenger terminal constructed on an industrial site on the Toronto waterfront offers service between Toronto and Rochester, and is the first of its kind in the Toronto. The Toronto Port Authority selected a site located at the south end of the Cherry Street.

Daily Commercial News - The building will be constructed above the frost line on

Cupolex, an innovative, raised forming system that is engineered and distributed by

Pontarolo Engineering Inc. “Essentially,, this is a forming system whereby an

economical slab on grade and foundation system is achieved using plastic, interlocking

waffle-like forms, resembling small tables,” the port authority said in a statement. Frost

protection is achieved by horizontal, rigid insulation placed directly below a sidewalk

encircling the entire building. Economy is achieved by constructing the foundations

quickly by keeping the foundation above the water line.

Once the environmental assessment was completed, it became apparent that the site had some methane present in the soil. Engineers attributed the source of the methane as dredged harbor sediments that had been used as fill in the past at the site. Once the

methane issue was identified, engineers moved to design a mitigation system that would prevent any potential for methane intrusion into the buildings. The site also had very poor load bearing soil characteristics along with high water table. Pontarolo Engineering provided the winning design for Ellis Don in the design competition and the most economical solution for the project to move forward. Cupolex allowed for a structural Mat foundation to be constructed on the site, eliminating any piles that would have

been required in any conventional design. The Cupolex slab foundation also was designed as a frost protected shallow foundation and constructed on the existing parking lot. The Cupolex aerated floor was then passively ventilated to vent off the methane gasses.

Architect: ZAS Architects Inc.

Engineer: Dorlan Engineers

General Contractor: Ellis Don – Design Build

Articles:

http://www.dailycommercialnews.com/article/id29759

http://www.dailycommercialnews.com/article/id29460

http://www.dcnonl.com/article/id29399

Toronto Port Authority Toronto Port Authority


Las Vegas 2009Las Vegas 2009Las Vegas 2009Las Vegas 2009

Cupolex® was selected by the design team of the ABC show “Extreme Makeover” for a

new home recently built in Las Vegas NV. When the team was in the design stage, they realized they would have difficulties completing the house in the 106 hours allotted by the show, due to the home’s foundation requirements. The home would also be situated on expansive soils and in an area with radon gas. Further, damage to or movement of concrete slabs due to soil expansion would reduce the integrity of the slab and increase the potential for vapor intrusion. Therefore, the design team contacted Pontarolo

Engineering, who provided a Cupolex® aerated floor system addressing each of these problems.

First, forming for Cupolex® floor systems can be placed rapidly, and the concrete cures more rapidly than in standards slabs, helping the team meet its 106 hour time goal. Second, the Cupolex® floor system was designed as a structural slab by incorporating grade beams into the form pattern, eliminating potential slab movement and resultant

cracking of the floor or other damage due to the expansive soils. This also helped ensure the integrity of the vapor intrusion control elements of the design. Third, a passive venting riser pipe was installed in the home, to allow any radon or other vapors that might accumulate to naturally exhaust to the atmosphere above the roof. If natural air flow due to thermal or wind induced gradients is not sufficient to ventilate the under slab void space, a small radon fan would be installed to mechanically ventilate and depressurize

the void space, ensuring protection of the occupants and building to any subsurface vapors. The Extreme Makeover home was successfully constructed within the required 106 time period, using Cupolex® and achieving all the desired benefits of the aerated floor system. Finally, the cost of the Cupolex® floor system was less than the cost of a

traditional structural slab with a gravel and membrane radon system.


Civil Defence Civil Defence Civil Defence Civil Defence Emergency Operations CentreEmergency Operations CentreEmergency Operations CentreEmergency Operations Centre

New Civil Defence Emergency Operations Centre in the Waitakere City suburb of Henderson. When asked why they opted for the Cupolex flooring system, Maurice Harris of Harris Foster Consulting, the firm that secured the structural engineering work for the project, cited several reasons. Obviously, the foundation of a Civil Defence Emergency Operations Centre needs to withstand some extreme forces of nature. “At the same time

we had to provide a cost-effective solution for the main contractor,” Mr Harris explains. The Cupolex dome’s unique shape allowed them to achieve the necessary strength and reduce the amount of concrete and reinforcing steel required. The 100% recycled plastic used in the manufacture of the domes was another influencing factor. “It sits nicely with Waitakere City’s focus on environmentally friendly, sustainable building,” Mr Harris adds.

Big difference to bottom line. Because the project was done for the Waitakere City Council, cost-effectiveness was an important consideration. The Council needed to be seen to be using the ratepayer’s money responsibly, without compromising quality. Cupolex delivered on both counts. Tim Farman from Cupolex pointed out that the system was easy to install. “The domes

simply interlocked to create a self-supporting system that acts as permanent form work. Builders at the Civil Defence Emergency Operations Centre site back his claims. They said that laying the Cupolex Domes has been fast and easy and they’re keen on using the system for future projects. Freight costs took a tumble too. “The components for this floor were delivered on two pallets which equated to minimal freight costs,” Mr Farman says. “And there’s minimal

space required to store the components on site.” He adds that there is zero waste associated with using Cupolex.The “R”, or thermal resistance, value is twice that of

traditional hard fill, calculated at 2.4m2K/W.


Parakai Airport.Parakai Airport.Parakai Airport.Parakai Airport.

Light aircraft hangars at Parakai Airport were built on a site previously used for agriculture. Traces of Methane concentrations required the buildings to be designed with a passive under slab venting system. A passive venting system such as an Aerated Floor or a typical gravel/pipe/ membrane system were recommended by the

Consultants that prepared the Methane Risk assessment. Cupolex system was easily selected to be implemented in the buildings by the owners when they realized the economical savings the system would provide and the better protection from the methane migration it would deliver.

Federal Police Academyederal Police Academyederal Police Academyederal Police Academy

The Nuova Scuola Marescialli e Brigadieri dei Carabinieri (school for officers of the Carabinieri) was constructed at a cost of 235 million euro. Carabinieri in Florence, commissioned by the Ministry of Infrastructure has been designed as a small town self-sufficient, organized around the needs of students and practitioners of the structure. The

center will be divided into four functional poles, two of which are reserved for students'


Accommodation and frameworks, distributed over a wide area. The center dedicated

to the sport involves the construction of a stadium for football el'atletica, an indoor swimming pool, tennis courts and gyms. The pole includes logistical, rather, an auditorium, classrooms, cafeteria and kitchens, clubs, first aid, command offices, housing managers, shooting range and plate technology. For all the works the project provides a preponderant use of prefabricated elements to ensure the quality of the work and time to completion.

The Cupolex Realto product was selected by the design team to provide them the

solution of incorporating a under slab water storage tanks to harvest grey water for the entire buildings. The Cupolex Realto also provided the project with a simple a fast solution to raise the entire footprint of the buildings due to the site located in a flood plain area and the ventilated Aerated Floor required to mitigate Vapor Intrusion as the site was a brownflied which was remediated.

Centre for Phenogenomics Centre for Phenogenomics Centre for Phenogenomics Centre for Phenogenomics –––– MT. Sinai Hospital MT. Sinai Hospital MT. Sinai Hospital MT. Sinai Hospital

Hospital Website: http://www.phenogenomics.ca/

Journal of Commerce article: http://www.dcnonl.com/article/20060110600

This project consists of two major tasks - the decommissioning and demolition of an existing building at 11 Orde Street, across from Mount Sinai Hospital, and the construction of a new four level building housing state-of-the-art mouse holding facilities, research

laboratories and associated support space.

The approximately 120,000 square foot Centre provides the specialized facilities required to generate, house and study thousands of the world’s most important genetically altered mice. The world-class integrated, multi-disciplinary, and collaborative Centre serves as a regional, national and international resource for mouse models of human

disease.

The hospital is situated on a site with high groundwater levels. Therefore, keeping the facility watertight was of critical importance. Waterproofing consultants were brought on board to review and oversee a comprehensive waterproofing system for the hospital. Final waterproofing design called out for Cupolex to be installed underneath the entire slab of the hospital. In addition to the under slab waterproofing, the project had an

underground utility tunnel, foundation walls, and numerous mechanical and elevator pits. A permanent dewatering system was also implemented to redirect groundwater away from the site. Pontarolo Engineering assisted the design team in designing the

complex waterproofing details and active gas venting system. The Cupolex slab foundation was installed by Structform Inc. during the course of winter. Due to the unique properties of the system, the installation remained on schedule. Due to the success of the

project, Cupolex has since been used on other high water table projects.


New AmericanNew AmericanNew AmericanNew American Home 2010 Home 2010 Home 2010 Home 2010 –––– Las Vegas International Building Show HomeLas Vegas International Building Show HomeLas Vegas International Building Show HomeLas Vegas International Building Show Home

Domanico Custom Homes will deliver a completely zero energy home for the 2010

International Builders Show. Dubbed “The New American Home”, this home will host approximately 120,000 builders throughout the United States, Canada, and internationally. During construction the home will be available for scheduled tours. In addition a series of seminars regarding energy saving technologies will be conducted onsite and at the offices of Domanico Custom Homes.

The New American Home was designed, built, and adhere to the National Association of

Home Builders’ (NAHB) guidelines for green home building. The home focuses on resource, energy, and water efficiencies including indoor environmental quality. Cupolex was selected by the developer to be featured in the home as the “Green home technology of the future”.

CUPOLEX®®®® - Selected as the “Green”

flooring system for the “American Home” at the 2010 International Builders Show

in Las Vegas.


Robert Bateman High School Robert Bateman High School Robert Bateman High School Robert Bateman High School

It was determined that past land use left residual Methane gas contamination in the soil. The site had high levels of methane and ammonia gasses present in the soil. Engineering firm, CASMAR along with Pontarolo Engineering, designed the gas vapor barrier system round the Cupolex system and in conjunction with a passive gas venting system to prevent gas vapor migration into the school building. A mitigation system which consisted of the Cupolex Slab on grade and Cupolex acted as the gas vapor “passive”

venting system. Cupolex Approved Applicator installed Cupolex and the monolithic poured slab on grade and after smoke testing procedures were performed by the applicator and upon inspection by approved Cupolex Engineers, Cupolex provided an impermeable gas vapor barrier that will prevent methane gas intrusion.

University of TorontoUniversity of TorontoUniversity of TorontoUniversity of Toronto

The new council chamber area in the Scarborough Campus improvements project was

constructed above an existing structure where additional weight of a new slab was a concern with Yolles Engineering, the structural consultant. Cupolex was used to raise the slab elevation to address the weight issue while also providing a sound barrier beneath the slab and cavity to run services under the slab.

Robert Bateman High School

Burlington Ontario 2004

Robert Bateman High School

Burlington Ontario 2004

Halton District School


Vaughan Mills Centre Vaughan Mills Centre Vaughan Mills Centre Vaughan Mills Centre

Cupolex provided Ledcor along with Atkins Architects with a quick and cost-effective means of raising the slab in elevated sections of the 1.5 million sq.ft. shopping centre. The contractor was pleased to have “scored some points coming in under budget and time using Cupolex” for this application. Due to the success of the project, Cupolex has since

been used on other similar applications like this in many other shopping centers in Canada and The USA.

MATTAMY HOMES MATTAMY HOMES MATTAMY HOMES MATTAMY HOMES

500 Residential row town homes built by Mattamy Homes, the largest production home builder in Canada. Cupolex provided economical solutions for the on site poor load bearing soils, the removal of fill off site and importing of the new fill material. Cupolex H 10 inch was used in the structural suspended slab construction on grade. Air chamber below the slab controlled vapor intrusion into indoor air while improving indoor air quality for home owners.


BANK OF MONTREAL BANK OF MONTREAL BANK OF MONTREAL BANK OF MONTREAL –––– All Branches in Canada All Branches in Canada All Branches in Canada All Branches in Canada

The Bank of Montreal has adopted a unique Pontarolo Engineering sustainable green

building design in the construction of their new LEED Certified branches which include, Cupolex floors, ICF walls and concrete roof decks. Various Cupolex heights are used to Accommodate depressed areas in slab and varying load requirements on the slab. The air chamber below the Cupolex slab passively controls vapor intrusion into indoor air.

Polaris WorldPolaris WorldPolaris WorldPolaris World Housing ProjectHousing ProjectHousing ProjectHousing Project

The property owner had entered into escrow to sell a part of its property to a housing developer. Prior to the close of escrow, the developer discovered low levels of hydrocarbons on the site. It was determined that the source of the contamination was an oil and gas storage facility adjacent to the property. The Environmental consultant

group worked with the owner and developer to develop an extensive mitigation plan. The plan called for Cupolex to be installed under the slab of the new homes to protect the homeowners from possible future migration of hydrocarbons from the adjacent site. The owner was able to sell the site to the developer who had subsequently constructed an extremely successful tract of single-family homes.


Station Delights. Zaragoza Station Delights. Zaragoza Station Delights. Zaragoza Station Delights. Zaragoza ---- Madrid Spain Madrid Spain Madrid Spain Madrid Spain

Built on a Brownfield site, the station of the BIRD Zaragoza-Delight has been conceived like an enormous luminous, cubical space and with a singular effect of

tridimensionalidad. This monumental building welcomes the railway station, of buses, centers of business and leisure, hotels and other services. Cupolex provided the solution to mitigate the vapor intrusion issues of the site and provided solutions in dealing with the high water tables on the site.

Euro Meats Euro Meats Euro Meats Euro Meats

Storage coolers with six different cooler cells for different multi purpose storage buildings were designed for the largest, French Food Processing company in Europe. The solution

that Cupolex provided was an air space between a concrete mud slab and the cooler cells’ floor. The void space insulated the frost from penetrating to the under slab and causing frost heave. The solution Cupolex met all the specifications required and eliminated the need of skilled labor, it was easy and fast to display (place) the forms and to pour the concrete slab, with all the advantages within budget.


Plaza PropertiesPlaza PropertiesPlaza PropertiesPlaza Properties

Car park basement floor for three storey apartment buildings in Remuera, Auckland. The site consisted of expansive clays. Cupolex design provided the solution for the potential swelling clays and a passive ventilation layer under the slab to protect from possible Vapor Intrusion.

Presidential Palace Presidential Palace Presidential Palace Presidential Palace –––– Africa Africa Africa Africa

Total CUPOLEX floor area of 48,000 sq.ft. Gravel and engineered fill was not available close to this site and would have been required to be imported. Cupolex provided the

project team with a solution to speed up the construction time by eliminating gravel and engineered fill requirements and provided economical savings by eliminating the and associated compaction costs site machinery requirements.


Concordia Homes NevadaConcordia Homes NevadaConcordia Homes NevadaConcordia Homes Nevada

400 residential homes project in South Nevada by Concordia Homes. Cupolex H 10” was used in the slab foundation construction. Cupolex foundation design provided substantial economical savings for the developer to construct their homes on a site with highly expansive and hydrocolapsible soils.

Bilbao ExhibitioBilbao ExhibitioBilbao ExhibitioBilbao Exhibition Centre n Centre n Centre n Centre

Constructed on what is called a "vega" in Portugal, which refers to an areas with abundant underground water with possibility of flooding in the periods of extensive rain. The solution adopted was to incorporate a first draining layer with gravel and draining pipes. Above this was executed a perforated crossbeam to allow the passage of the water at the moments at which it reaches a too high level. A 450,000 sq.ft Cupolex H 18 inch slab was constructed above with draining holes in the peripheral walls. The project

was completed in 2001.


Interchanger of buses of Las Palmas Interchanger of buses of Las Palmas Interchanger of buses of Las Palmas Interchanger of buses of Las Palmas of Gran Canaries in the Canary Islandsof Gran Canaries in the Canary Islandsof Gran Canaries in the Canary Islandsof Gran Canaries in the Canary Islands

The same solution was adopted as the Bilbao Exhibition Centre, since it was constructed taking terrain to the sea. The Slab was of 20,000 sq.ft of Cupolex H 18 inch. The work took place in the year 2000.

Commercial center Zubiarte in BilbaoCommercial center Zubiarte in BilbaoCommercial center Zubiarte in BilbaoCommercial center Zubiarte in Bilbao

Once constructed (without Cupolex) near the river Nervión, water infiltrations were observed in the lowest areas. A secondary slab with 50,000 sq.ft of Cupolex H 22” was constructed because the height

was not sufficient to elevate the slab. Work carried out in 2001.


Convent of San Francisco in Santo Domingo of Convent of San Francisco in Santo Domingo of Convent of San Francisco in Santo Domingo of Convent of San Francisco in Santo Domingo of Calzada (La Rioja)Calzada (La Rioja)Calzada (La Rioja)Calzada (La Rioja)

An existing building of the 15,000 sq.ft with problems of all type in the existing slab. A new slab was constructed above the existing with 15,000 sq.ft of Cupolex H 5”. On this new

slab a hotel was constructed with its corresponding restaurant. Work carried out in 1999.

Anfass BuildingAnfass BuildingAnfass BuildingAnfass Building

A Long Term Health Care Facility in Northern Italy was built on a government dormant Brownfield site. The 22,000 sq.ft. new building included a Cupolex design that provided economical savings a long with mitigation solutions to protect the building occupants from Potential Vapor Intrusion.

University ItalyUniversity ItalyUniversity ItalyUniversity Italy

The university is situated on a site with high groundwater and Radon levels. Area Moisture, which has been associated with adverse health effects, particularly asthma and respiratory diseases, and the high Radon levels Therefore, keeping the facility watertight was of critical importance. A Cupolex slab on grade was installed in the

entire footprint of the building to mitigate the Radon gas and moisture potentially stagnating through the slab and into the building.


Centis HomesCentis HomesCentis HomesCentis Homes

Prior to demolition of homes for a new planned housing development, the existing houses on this site received an intensive radon diagnostic evaluation before a house-specific radon reduction plan was developed for the development of the new housing project. Before the plans were implemented, radon concentrations were determined by charcoal canisters and continuous radon monitors. Cupolex was implemented in the

construction of the new development and the under Cupolex slab was passively vented. Radon concentrations were reduced by over 95% in all new houses.

Cordovado Housing ProjectCordovado Housing ProjectCordovado Housing ProjectCordovado Housing Project

The developer of the gated housing project demanded Cupolex slabs to be installed in all of the upscale Green and sustainable home designs. They researched for the most performing preemptive mitigation system on the market, Cupolex, and had the system implemented in every building. The developer recently had a liability claim against him on one of his previous development projects which a contaminated plume entered the site after development and required mitigation to be installed in every building.


Luna Mary Luna Rio en Lisboa (Portugal)Luna Mary Luna Rio en Lisboa (Portugal)Luna Mary Luna Rio en Lisboa (Portugal)Luna Mary Luna Rio en Lisboa (Portugal)

This project is located just adjacent to a plume of PCE and TCE. This plume can potentially travel on to the sire of this newly constructed residential building. Cupolex was installed as a way

to protect the owners and builders long term liability on the site. Consultants recommended the possible need to install Cupolex due to the potential of the plume to travel onto the site in the near future. The cost of installing the proven technology system as a preemptive mitigation system, far out weighed the potential risks of having to address any human health issues later on in the project.

Housing Project Aukland NZHousing Project Aukland NZHousing Project Aukland NZHousing Project Aukland NZ

Tilt Slabs

Cupolex is ideal for tilt slab or ICF applications as seen above, where floors are poured after tilt slabs are erected or ICF blocks poured.


Haydn & RollettHaydn & RollettHaydn & RollettHaydn & Rollett

Cupolex Concrete Slab Foundation constructed at Childcare Facility at Auckland International Airport. Cupolex provided solutions for the building situated on an expansive soil site and providing a preemptive mitigation venting layer at no extra cost attracted the owners of the facility to use it.

Touchstone Homes CanadaTouchstone Homes CanadaTouchstone Homes CanadaTouchstone Homes Canada

Cupolex was used in this 320 housing project developed on a dormant site near the CN railway. The site required to be over excavated by 10’ to reach bearing capacities to construct the foundations. The engineers decided to design Cupolex structural suspended slabs which transferred the live and dead loads of the slab completely on the foundation walls which eliminated the need to engineer the soil on the site.

Orillia MurfOrillia MurfOrillia MurfOrillia Murf

Site consisted of Groundwater and soil with VOC Impacts. Implementing a Vapour Collection Framework using the Cupolex system to Prevent VOC Migration through Soil Vapour or Groundwater into Building and system allowed the Risk Assessment to get approved by the Ministry of The Environment of Ontario. The use of Aerated Floors, Cupoolex®, makes it possible to redevelop "Brownfields" such as this, safely and

economically.


Pickering TownPickering TownPickering TownPickering Town C C C Centre entre entre entre

Cupolex provided Contractors awarded to renovate this shopping centre with a quick and cost-effective means of raising the slab in elevated sections.

Toronto, Lester B.PearsonToronto, Lester B.PearsonToronto, Lester B.PearsonToronto, Lester B.Pearson

Cupolex used in design of a retention cistern on a non profit housing building in Toronto. Strom water harvested on roof was used to irrigate the greenroof.

Parking Lots Parking Lots Parking Lots Parking Lots –––– Storm Water Retention Storm Water Retention Storm Water Retention Storm Water Retention

Cast in Place Cupolex Realto system designed as a storm water retention cistern under the parking lots of office buildings in Northern Italy.


Evergreen Brick Works Toronto Evergreen Brick Works Toronto Evergreen Brick Works Toronto Evergreen Brick Works Toronto

Founded in 1889, the Brick Works was home to one of the country’s most significant brick manufacturers for nearly a century. The massive grounds are incised with industrial quarries and are both a heritage site and a Brownfield. Through the work of a multidisciplinary team, a quarter of the 40-acre Don Valley Brick Works park and post-

industrial site is being redeveloped as an active, environmentally based community centre. The project was initialized by Evergreen, a Toronto non-profit organization dedicated to creating programs that reconnect city communities with local natural systems. Founded in 1889, the Brick Works was home to one of the country’s most significant brick manufacturers for nearly a century. The massive grounds are incised with industrial quarries and are both a heritage site and a Brownfield. Cupolex provided a

solution for a mitigation building control from potential Vapor Intrusion and the abundant underground water with possibility of flooding in the periods of extensive rain.

St Andrews Retirement village in Glendowie, St Andrews Retirement village in Glendowie, St Andrews Retirement village in Glendowie, St Andrews Retirement village in Glendowie, Auckland& Richmond VillasAuckland& Richmond VillasAuckland& Richmond VillasAuckland& Richmond Villas

The above retirement village and Villas in Thames were built on poor load bearing ground which called for the slab to be fully suspended on timber piles and actively vented using the airspace under the Cupolex domes due to traces of Methane in the organic soils.

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