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How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Tiffani L. Williams
Department of Computer ScienceTexas A&M University
http://faculty.cs.tamu.edu/tlw
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Introduction
Why Do We Give Presentations?
Persuasive: Convincing your audience to follow a particularcourse of action.Instructional: Showing others how to perform a specifictask (e.g., laboratory demonstration).Informative: Presenting new findings of information.
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Introduction
What Makes Giving a Presentation Difficult?
One chance for the audience to hear.The audience cannot look up background information.The audience is restricted to the speaker’s pace.Success is dependent upon the speaker’s ability to deliver.Training on how to give scientific presentations is often notprovided.
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Overcoming Our Fears
Activity #1
What are your fears when giving a scientific presentation?
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Overcoming Our Fears
My Fears
Losing the audience’s attention.Lacking sufficient material.Appearing too simple.Presenting work to a mixed audience.
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Overcoming Our Fears
A successful presentation starts with a confidentspeaker.
Stay calm and relaxed.Know your material.Practice giving your presentation.You have a valuable message to share!
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How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Structure: The Strategy You Choose
Maps
Maps and Presentations
Every map has an intended audience.Maps are defined by what they include but are often morerevealing in what they exclude.It is impossible to show everything!No matter how hard you try to include everything, there willalways be something missing.However, whatever you decide to present should tell astory.
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Structure: The Strategy You Choose
The Audience
What Story Will You Tell?
Remember, you will never be able to tell the full story.Instead, you must select the pieces that are the mostrelevant.But, how do you select what to present?
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Structure: The Strategy You Choose
The Audience
Activity #2
Imagine that you are packing for a trip. What will you bring?
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Structure: The Strategy You Choose
The Audience
I Need More Information!
What is my destination?What is my purpose (e.g., vacation, business trip)How long will I be gone?
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Structure: The Strategy You Choose
The Audience
Packing and Presentations
You wouldn’t pack for a trip without knowing the destinationand the intended purpose of the trip.Similarly, you should never give a presentation withoutconsidering your audience and their needs.
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Structure: The Strategy You Choose
The Audience
Thinking About Your Audience
What does the audience know?What are they unlikely to know?What kind of talk would the audience find appealing?
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Structure: The Strategy You Choose
The Audience
My Audience
Composed mostly of students.Has given or seen a scientific presentation.Interested in learning about giving effective presentations.May have been strongly encouraged (or forced) to attendby their advisor.
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Sample Presentation
Audience Expectations
What Does the Audience Want to Know?
What’s the Problem? (Introduction)What are You Doing? (Experiment and Method)What Have You Found and What Does It Means? (Resultsand Discussion)Take-Home Message (Conclusions)Who Did and Paid for the Work? (Acknowledgements)
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Sample Presentation
Outline slide
Get rid of the outline slide!
MotivationYour Algorithm or MethodologyExperimental ResultsConclusionsFuture Work
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Sample Presentation
Reaching Multiple Audiences
Intro
FirstMajorTopic
SecondMajorTopic Ending
Nontechnical
GeneralTechnical
Specialist
time
depth
Figure: You can’t please everyone all of the time. Adapted from TheCraft of Scientific Presentations by Michael Alley.
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Sample Presentation
What’s the problem?
ACCGC TCGCG
CGATA
TGCTA
TGGTC
AGCTC
CAGTGCAGTTAGCTT
Figure: Phylogeny:Illustration.
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Sample Presentation
What’s the problem?
Phylogeny
Orangutan Gorilla Chimpanzee Human
From the Tree of the Life Website,University of Arizona
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Sample Presentation
What’s the problem?
What’s so hard about reconstructing a tree?
We can’t verify the answer! We are trying to predict thepast.The number of possible trees for n organisms (or taxa) is(2n − 5)!! = 1× 3× 5× 7× · · · (2n − 5).How many possible hypotheses are there for 500 taxa?
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Sample Presentation
What’s the problem?
Number of trees for 500 taxa
101152636853253307474012545536814184545953595103177817441326760575354540027354239923185120850729281452188845672454906078405199548334663555835357748979700404888152382777235828789778883827083879520379654335442692118284017668933765146297741290321491422188461934211322520490553755930128491420943083731473702853911575459092790187541739039779539968260469372709754907153967724213213301619211242677711757042116860278030246424393282604683928277544702004024525439745312625940855936045351781359433925232787668240389543059720773515213084928436546402475634030885682876051282569771792020997072230898150513179396946394522142159208349384664346962256120104483730916485543102772698545449577536942796787841027981718342034235251080912363733252495409554975559313272782465380621055314336272287166870064159034339277014925661499965120537691592061432825699618256792894495401900633880555360239418241295638642828064143651877071620389850413570868327006823979839417007571891860810831375937653051279717486968104181402271737999015446125297308847695505977363634413078780761890937449555118036210351806866727116790075717314422532435108543175076637978946516065697371580159930481479731383058494656194406090860578395451199918916887394920259212050615153793334686404827729255644086503451717362622730433940887451171875
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Sample Presentation
What’s the problem?
What do we do now?
The problem isn’t going away.Grand Challenge problem: Tree of LifeEvolutionary history of all known species on the planet(estimates between 10 to 100 million)
We need heuristics!Recast as a optimization problem.Optimization criterion of interest: maximum parsimony
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Sample Presentation
What’s the problem?
Remainder of Presentation
What am I Doing? (Experiment and Method)What Have I Found and What Does It Means? (Resultsand Discussion)Take-Home Message (Conclusions)Who Did and Paid for the Work? (Acknowledgements)
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Visual Aids: Your Supporting Cast
Software
Presentation Software
PowerPoint
The most frequently used software for creatingpresentations.“Power corrupts. PowerPoint absolutely corrupts.” – EdwardTufte
Keynote (only available on Mac OS X)Latex-based tools
ProsperBeamer (used for this presentation)
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Visual Aids: Your Supporting Cast
Software
Keep It Short and Simple (K.I.S.S.)
Some people cannot resist the temptation to assert theirmathematical superiority.Consider the following equation
ln(e) + sin2 x + cos2 x =inf∑
n=0
2−n
and its more “trivial” form
1 + 1 = 2.
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Visual Aids: Your Supporting Cast
Plots
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n-gram, permuted n-gram, unrelated
Figure: A poorly designed plot.
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Visual Aids: Your Supporting Cast
Plots
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Figure: Another poorly designed plot.
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Delivery: It’s Showtime!
Speech
Show enthusiasm.Speak freely.Speak clearly.Speak slower than you would in a normal conversation.Make sure you are speaking the audience’s language.
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Delivery: It’s Showtime!
Stay on Track!
Don’t go over your allotted time!
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Delivery: It’s Showtime!
Surviving the Discussion Period
Handling Questions
You say: That’s a very interesting question.You mean: You obviously didn’t listen properly.
You say: I’m glad you raised that point.You mean: I’ll say it again, so listen this time!
You say: I’m afraid I don’t know the answer to that one.You mean: Why did you have to ask that? It’s irrelevant here.
You say: Yes, the additional experiments you suggest are veryappropriate.You mean: I don’t care about running more experiments. Isimply want to graduate!
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Delivery: It’s Showtime!
Surviving the Discussion Period
Don’t forget ...
You are the expert!A few people ask questions to be obnoxious.Many people ask questions because they are interested inyour work.The sign of a good presentation is a lively discussionafterwards.
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
Concluding Remarks
Summary
The key to an effective presentation is concern for youraudience.Don’t overwhelm them, but don’t underwhelm them either.Say what you need to say and sit down. Everyone’sinternal clock is ticking.Relax, stay calm, and remember you are the expert!
How to Give Effective Scientific Presentations
References
Michael Alley, The Craft of Scientific Presentations: CriticalSteps to Succeed and Critical Errors to Avoid, 2003.Claus Ascheron and Angela Kickuth, Make Your Mark inScience, 2005.Edward R. Tufte, The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint, 2003.Peter Turchi, Maps of the Imagination: The Writer asCartographer, 2004.Justin Zobel, Writing for Computer Science, 2004.