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Trichinella spiralis 

1) Major disease pathology: tissue nematode; encystment of larvae inskeletal muscle

2) Specimen in which organism is found: intestine

blood/lymph

muscle

3) Diagnostic form of organism & its distinguishing characteristics: encystedlarvae is diagnostic; eosinophilia with elevated IgE and elevated muscleenzymes in blood

4) Infective stage: encysted larvae

5) Vector: undercooked meat

6) Pathogenic/nonpathogenic/commensal: pathogenic

7) Common Disease Name: Trichinosis

Dracunculus medinensis 

1) Major disease pathology: tissue nematode; ulcer

2) Specimen in which organism is found: subcutaneous tissue to extremity

3) Diagnostic form of organism & its distinguishing characteristics: worm is 3feet long and pokes through a blister on the extremity to release larvaewhen exposed to water

4) Infective stage: ingesting infected copepod; larvae

5) Vector: standing water that humans wade, bath, and consume in; copepod

6) Pathogenic/nonpathogenic/commensal: pathogenic

7) Common Disease Name: Guinea Worm

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Wuchereria bancrofti 

1) Major disease pathology: filariasis; elephantiasis in Africa and LatinAmerica

2) Specimen in which organism is found: lymphatics and blood; genitals

3) Diagnostic form of organism & its distinguishing characteristics: sheathed,245-300 microns, nuclei do not extend to tip of slightly pointed tail;elevated serum IgE, eosinophilia

4) Infective stage: larva

5) Vector: mosquitos

6) Pathogenic/nonpathogenic/commensal: pathogenic

7) Common Disease Name: Bancroftian elephantiasis

Brugia malayi 

1) Major disease pathology: filariasis; elephantiasis in Asia

2) Specimen in which organism is found: lower legs

3) Diagnostic form of organism & its distinguishing characteristics: sheathed,200-275 microns, body nuclei extend to tip of tail, two terminal nucleimay be seen separated from the other tail nuclei at the tip 

4) Infective stage: larva

5) Vector: mosquito

6) Pathogenic/nonpathogenic/commensal: pathogenic

7) Common Disease Name: Brugian filariasis

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Loa loa 

1) Major disease pathology: calabar swellings

2) Specimen in which organism is found: subcutaneous and deep connective

tissues; diurnal periodicity in blood 

3) Diagnostic form of organism & its distinguishing characteristics: diagnosedwhen worm is observed migrating through conjunction of the eye;microfilariae are diagnostic: eosinophilia; sheathed, 250-300 microns,body nuclei are continuous to tip of tail

4) Infective stage: microfilariae

5) Vector: Mango fly

6) Pathogenic/nonpathogenic/commensal: pathogenic

7) Common Disease Name: African Eye Worm; loiasis

Onchocerca volvulus 

1) Major disease pathology: deposition of fibrous tissue and opacity on thecornea causing blindness

2) Specimen in which organism is found: skin, eyes, lymph nodes;onchocercomas 

3) Diagnostic form of organism & its distinguishing characteristics:eosinophilia, elevated IgE, microfilariae in skin snip of onchocercoma

4) Infective stage: larvae, microfilariae

5) Vector: blackfly

6) Pathogenic/nonpathogenic/commensal: pathogenic

7) Common Disease Name: River Blindness

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Mansonella sp.

1) Major disease pathology: 3 species, 2 pathologies

2) Specimen in which organism is found: blood/body cavities & visceral fat

OR dermis just below skin

3) Diagnostic form of organism & its distinguishing characteristics:microfilariae is diagnostic; unsheathed and have Shepard’s crook tail 

4) Infective stage: microfilariae

5) Vector: tiny midge

6) Pathogenic/nonpathogenic/commensal: pathogenic

7) Common Disease Name: Streptocerciasis

Fasciolopsis buski 

1) Major disease pathology: intestine trematode infection

2) Specimen in which organism is found: feces, sputum, duodenal aspirate,urine, small intestine

3) Diagnostic form of organism & its distinguishing characteristics: ova isdiagnostic in feces; broadly ellipsoidal egg, 130-140 micron by 80-85micron, small operculum on pointed end, egg is unembryonated

4) Infective stage: encysted metacercariae

5) Vector: second intermediate host: vegetable or meat (pig/dog)

6) Pathogenic/nonpathogenic/commensal: pathogenic

7) Common Disease Name: giant intestinal fluke

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Heterophyes heterphyes/Metagonimus yokogawi 

1) Major disease pathology: intestine trematode infection

2) Specimen in which organism is found: feces, sputum, duodenal aspirate,

urine

3) Diagnostic form of organism & its distinguishing characteristics: ova isdiagnostic; tiny: 15 by 30 micron, shoulders at base of operculum, smallboss may or may not be present opposite the operculum, embryonatedegg has developed miracidium

4) Infective stage: metacercariae

5) Vector: second intermediate host: vegetable or meat (fish/sushi)

6) Pathogenic/nonpathogenic/commensal: pathogenic

7) Common Disease Name: heterophyids: heterphyiasis/metagonimiasis

Fasciola hepatica 

1) Major disease pathology: liver trematode infection

2) Specimen in which organism is found: feces, sputum, duodenal aspirate,or urine

3) Diagnostic form of organism & its distinguishing characteristics: ova isdiagnostic; identical to F. buski  

4) Infective stage: metacercariae

5) Vector: second intermediate host: undercooked vegetation

6) Pathogenic/nonpathogenic/commensal: pathogenic

7) Common Disease Name: fascioliasis or sheep liver fluke

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 Clonorchis sinensis 

1) Major disease pathology: liver trematode infection

2) Specimen in which organism is found: feces, sputum, duodenal aspirate,or urine

3) Diagnostic form of organism & its distinguishing characteristics: ova isdiagnostic; ova are delicate and flash-shaped with prominent shoulders,15 by 30 microns, thick brownish shell, comma-shaped boss may bepresent opposite operculum, contains fully developed miracidium

4) Infective stage: metacercariae

5) Vector: undercooked fish

6) Pathogenic/nonpathogenic/commensal: pathogenic

7) Common Disease Name: Chinese liver fluke

Paragonimus westermani 

1) Major disease pathology: lung trematode infection

2) Specimen in which organism is found: sputum or feces

3) Diagnostic form of organism & its distinguishing characteristics: ova arediagnostic; ova egg measures 55 by 100 microns, egg is unembryonatedwhen passed, slender opercular shoulders on wide end of egg, thickenedshell opposite operculum

4) Infective stage: metacercariae

5) Vector: undercooked crayfish or crab

6) Pathogenic/nonpathogenic/commensal: pathogenic

7) Common Disease Name: oriental lung fluke

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 Schistosoma mansoni 

1) Major disease pathology: blood vessel trematode infection

2) Specimen in which organism is found: stool

3) Diagnostic form of organism & its distinguishing characteristics: ova arediagnostic; no operculum on egg, eggs possess characteristic spines;well-developed miacidia in ova; lateral spine, 115-180 micron by 40-80micron

4) Infective stage: free-living cercariae

5) Vector: direct penetration of skin

6) Pathogenic/nonpathogenic/commensal: pathogenic

7) Common Disease Name: swimmers itch

Schistosoma haematobium 

1) Major disease pathology: blood vessel trematode infection

2) Specimen in which organism is found: urine

3) Diagnostic form of organism & its distinguishing characteristics: ova arediagnostic; no operculum on egg, eggs possess characteristic spines;well-developed miracida in ova; terminal spine, 110-170 micron by 40-70micron

4) Infective stage: free-living cercariae

5) Vector: direct penetration of skin

6) Pathogenic/nonpathogenic/commensal: pathogenic

7) Common Disease Name: swimmers itch

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Schistosoma japonicum 

1) Major disease pathology: blood vessel trematode infection

2) Specimen in which organism is found: stool

3) Diagnostic form of organism & its distinguishing characteristics: ova arediagnostic; no operculum on egg, eggs possess characteristic spines;well-developed miracidia in ova; obscure lateral spine, 50-80 micron by40-60 micron

4) Infective stage: free-living cercariae

5) Vector: direct penetration of skin

6) Pathogenic/nonpathogenic/commensal: pathogenic

7) Common Disease Name: swimmers itch

Diphyllobothrium latum 

1) Major disease pathology: megaloblastic anemia

2) Specimen in which organism is found: feces

3) Diagnostic form of organism & its distinguishing characteristics: ova isdiagnostic; operculated egg measured 56-75 microns by 40-52 micron, boss on end opposite the operculum, no opercular shoulders,undeveloped embryo when shed, operculum often inconspicuous

4) Infective stage: plerocercoid larvae

5) Vector: freshwater fish

6) Pathogenic/nonpathogenic/commensal: pathogenic

7) Common Disease Name: broad fish tapeworm/cestode

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 Taenia saginata 

1) Major disease pathology: intestinal dysentery

2) Specimen in which organism is found: feces

3) Diagnostic form of organism & its distinguishing characteristics: ova arediagnostic; 30 to 40 micron diameter, radially striated shell, onchospherewith 6 hooklets in 3 pairs (hexacanth embryo)

4) Infective stage: cysticercus larvae

5) Vector: cow

6) Pathogenic/nonpathogenic/commensal: pathogenic

7) Common Disease Name: beef tapeworm/cestode

Taenia solium 

1) Major disease pathology: intestinal dysentery

2) Specimen in which organism is found: feces

3) Diagnostic form of organism & its distinguishing characteristics: ova arediagnostic; 30 to 40 micron diameter, radially striated shell, onchospherewith 6 hooklets in 3 pairs (hexacanth embryo)

4) Infective stage: cysticercus larvae

5) Vector: pig

6) Pathogenic/nonpathogenic/commensal: pathogenic

7) Common Disease Name: cysticercosis; pork tapeworm/cestode

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 Dipylidium caninum 

1) Major disease pathology: intestinal dysentery

2) Specimen in which organism is found: feces

3) Diagnostic form of organism & its distinguishing characteristics: eggpackets or proglottids in stool are diagnostic; motile when freshly passed(resemble maggots), resemble long white rice grains when dried, 15mmby 3mm, 2 genital pores

4) Infective stage: egg

5) Vector: dog or cat flea

6) Pathogenic/nonpathogenic/commensal: pathogenic

7) Common Disease Name: dog and cat tapeworm

Echinococcus granulosus 

1) Major disease pathology: rupture causes anaphylactic shock

2) Specimen in which organism is found: various tissues of body

3) Diagnostic form of organism & its distinguishing characteristics: cyst isdiagnostic; laminated outer layer (very hard), inner germinal centercontaining daughter cysts and brood capsules, fluid with hydatid sand(loose germinal tissue with inverted scolices)

4) Infective stage: cyst

5) Vector: uncooked herbivore meat (sheep)

6) Pathogenic/nonpathogenic/commensal: pathogenic

7) Common Disease Name: hydatid tapeworm/ minute tapeworm of dog;hydatid cyst disease