culture-syllabus.pdf

8/9/2019 culture-syllabus.pdf

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Soc : Sociology of Culture

Fall, Tues/urs:pm:pm.Social Sciences.

Kieran Healy.

Email: [email protected]: http://www.u.arizona.edu/~kjhealy.Office:Social Sciences Building.Phone: -

Course Description and Objectives

is is a survey course in the sociology of culture. It will introduce you to themajor themes of a field that has grown rapidly in the U.S. over the past years.It overlaps significantly (though not entirely) with the Culture Reading List forPrelim Exams.

e sociology of culture is a difficult topic to organize into a manageablecourse for several reasons. Unlike the family, religion or politics, it is not a dis-tinct institution or social process that can be treated more or less separatelyfrom others. Unlike networks, stratification or micro-interaction, it does nothave as well-developed a set of methods that can provide an initial focus forstudy. e bias of this course is towards empirical studies of the productionof culture, particularly in its more organizationally and institutionally durableforms. But this is still a very wide net, and we will read micro-level studies ofsmall groups to comparative macro-sociologies of cultural change across na-tions. e classical roots of the subject are explored in the first few weeks. We

return to broad questions about where the field should be going in the last weekor two.

Ihavetriedtoensurethatthereadingsoverlapaslittleaspossiblewithmate-rial from other courses offered by the department notably Social Movements& Collective Action, Religion, Gender, and Race & Ethnicity.

culture-syllabus-jb.tex Rev: ., Exp, August,
http://www.u.arizona.edu/~kjhealy


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Requirements

e course is a seminar. It should go without saying that students are expectedto attend each meeting, do the reading thoroughly and in advance, and partici-pate actively in class and online discussions. e emphasis is on mastering thematerial and responding to it constructively and creatively, with an eye towardyour own research interests.

In addition to attendance, reading and participation, two other kinds ofwork are required:

a) For each week after the first, two students will prepare brief, informalpresentations. One student will prepare a lead memo (of about ,

words), to be posted to theclass weblogby lunchtime on Mondayaf-ternoon, responding to the weeks readings. Participants are expected toread the memo and contribute their own thoughts, questions and com-ments about it. A second student will prepare a research memo (ofabout,words), by lunchtimeWednesday. is might be a brief ac-count of an outstanding problem from the readings and a preliminarydesign of a study to solve it; or a memo introducing and describing an ex-isting data set relevant to the weeks readings and suggesting some possi-ble uses. Participants should be prepared to discuss these memos as well,both online and in class.

b) Each student will prepare memoranda of,to ,words on thereadingsprior toat least four of the weekly meetings. Hand them in tome in class or post them on theclass weblog. ese memos should beregarded as writing and thinking exercises, not as finished products. Usethem to engage each weeks materials and respond with questions, criti-cisms and new ideas that they suggest. Memos should be used to developideas informally over time and to put into words impressions that seemworth developing. Because I will read them each week, theyalso providean opportunity for you to receive individualized feedback.

No final paper is required.

e course is open to any graduate student in Sociology. Students fromother departments should meet with me before enrolling.
http://www.kieranhealy.org/culturehttp://www.kieranhealy.org/culturehttp://www.kieranhealy.org/culturehttp://www.kieranhealy.org/culture


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Readings

All other required readings will either be available for copying in the graduatestudent sociology library, on electronic reserve at the main library, or availablevia - or other online source.is syllabus is available online via the POLISpage for the course and by following theTeachinglink on myhomepage. elinks in the online version will take you to the -(or equivalent) copies ofthe readings, wherever available. Let me know if youre not familiar with -orfiles, and well set about welcoming you to the s.

Course Schedule

e following two anthologies are available from the bookstore and will be use-

ful to you, but are not required:

Jeffrey Alexander and Steven Seidman, editors,Culture and Society: Contem-

porary Debates(Cambridge University Press,).

Lynn Spillman, editor,Cultural Sociology(Malden: Blackwell,)

Preliminaries: Housekeeping and Orientation

Week: Aug/

Raymond Williams, Culture. In Raymond Williams,Keywords: a vocabulary

of culture and societyExpanded edition. (London: Fontana,).

Horace Miner, Body Ritual Amongst the Nacerima,American Anthropologist,

(), pp. . link.

Bruce McCall, In the New Canada, Living is a Way of Life, inFierce Pajamas:

An Anthology of Humor Writing from e New YorkerEdited by David Remnick

and Henry Finder. (New York: Random House,).
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-7294%28195606%292%3A58%3A3%3C503%3ABRATN%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Yhttp://www.u.arizona.edu/~kjhealyhttp://www.u.arizona.edu/~kjhealy/teaching.php3


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Part I: Lineages of Classicaleory

Week: Culture and Social Structure. Aug/Sep

mile Durkheim, e Elementary forms of Religious Life (Free Press, ). In-

troduction; Origins of these Beliefs; e Negative Cult and its Functions;

Conclusion.

Emile Durkheim andMarcel Mauss,Primitive Classification (University of Chicago

Press,). e Problem (-), China (-), Conclusions (-).

MaryDouglas, How Institutions ink(Syracuse: Syracuse University Press,

).MaryDouglas, Jokes, inImplicit Meanings (London: Routledge, ), pp. .

Week: Culture and Class. Sep/

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. e German Ideology. In Robert C. Tucker,

editor, e Marx-Engels Reader(New York: W.W. Norton, ). Preface and

Part I.Online version.

Raymond Williams, Base and Superstructure in Marxist Cultural eory, in

Rethinking Popular Culture: Contemporary Perspectives in Cultural Studies Editedby Chandra Mukerji and Michael Schudson. (Berkeley: University of California

Press,), pp. .

eodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer, e Culture Industry: Enlightenment

as Mass Deception, inMass Communication and SocietyEdited by J. Curran,

M. Gurevitch and J. Wollacott. (London: Edward Arnold, ), pp. .

Antonio Gramsci, Culture and Ideological Hegemony, in: Alexander and Sei-

dman,Culture and Society: Contemporary Debates, pp. .

Paul Willis, Masculinity and Factory Labor, in: Alexander and Seidman,Cul-ture and Society: Contemporary Debates, pp. .

BasilBernstein, Elaborated and RestrictedCodes:eirsocialoriginsandsome

consequences,American Anthropologist,(), pp. . link.
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-7294%28196412%292%3A66%3A6%3C55%3AEARCTS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/


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Week: Culture as Signification. Sep/

Ferdinand de Saussure, Signs and Language, in: Alexander and Seidman, Cul-

ture and Society: Contemporary Debates, pp. .

RolandBarthes, e World of Wrestling, inMythologies(New York: Hill and

Wang,), pp. .

John Levi Martin, What do Animals do all day? e division of labor, class

bodies and totemic thinking in the popular imagination, Poetics, (),

pp. .Journal link.

Dick Hebdidge, Object as Image: e Italian Scooter Cycle, in e Consumer

SocietyReaderEdited by Juliet B. Schor and Douglas B. Holt. (New York: e

New Press,), pp. .

Week: Culture Enacted. Sep/

DonaldLevine, editor, Georg Simmel on Individuality and Social Forms (Chicago,

IL: University of Chicago Press, ). Subjective Culture (-), Fash-

ion (-), e Metropolis and Mental Life (-), and e Conflict

in Modern Culture (-).

Norbert Elias,e Civilizing Process Volume : e History of Manners(Cam-

bridge:Blackwell,), pp.-,-.

Howard Becker, Becoming a Marihuana User, American Journal of Sociology,

(), pp. . link.

Arlie Hochschild, Emotion Work, Feeling Rules and Social Structure,Ameri-

can Journal of Sociology,(), pp. . link.

Karin Martin, Becoming a Gendered Body: Practices of Preschools,American

Sociological Review,(), pp. . link
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-1224%28199808%2963%3A4%3C494%3ABAGBPO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9602%28197911%2985%3A3%3C551%3AEWFRAS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Dhttp://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9602%28195311%2959%3A3%3C235%3ABAMU%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5http://80-www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6VC3-40H5Y49-7-2&_cdi=5943&_orig=browse&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2000&_sk=999729997&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtz-zSkWW&_acct=C000005238&_version=1&_userid=56861&md5=e9e32cacd0952076187736be52bf7183&ie=f.pdf


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Part II:e Production of Culture

Week: eories of Practice. Sep/

Clifford Geertz, ick Description: Toward and Interpretive eory of Cul-

ture, ine Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books,), pp. .

Pierre Bourdieu, Structures, Habitus, Practices, in e Logic of Practice (Stan-

ford: Stanford University Press,), pp. .

Richard Biernacki, Labor as an Imagined Commodity,Politics and Society,

(),pp. .

Ronald L. Breiger, A Tool-kit forPracticeeory,Poetics, (),pp..Journal link.

AnnSwidler, Talk of Love (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ). Pp.-

, Ties that do not bind.

Week: Organizations. Oct/

Gideon Kunda, Engineering Culture: Control and Commitment in a High-

Tech Corporation, in: Spillman,Cultural Sociology, pp. .

Viviana Zelizer,Pricing the Priceless Child: e Changing Social Value of Chil-

dren(New York: Basic Books,), From Mobs to Memorials, pp-.

JohnMohr, Soldiers, Mothers, Tramps and Others: Discourse roles in the

New York Charity Directory,Poetics,(), pp. .Journal link.

Frank Dobbin, Cultural Models of Organization:e social construction of ra-

tionalorganizing principles, in e Sociology of Culture: Emergingeoretical

PerspectivesEdited by Diana Crane. (Blackwell, ), pp. .

Week: Institutional Fields. Oct/

PierreBourdieu, e Field of Cultural Production(New York: Columbia Uni-

versityPress,). Pp.-.
http://80-www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6VC3-466GS25-15-1&_cdi=5943&_orig=browse&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1994&_sk=999779995&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtz-zSkWz&_acct=C000005238&_version=1&_userid=56861&md5=da16538e9951200c64049b3c0a256816&ie=f.pdfhttp://80-www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6VC3-40H5Y49-3-3&_cdi=5943&_orig=browse&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2000&_sk=999729997&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtz-zSkWW&_acct=C000005238&_version=1&_userid=56861&md5=2f056f37b8a1b78752d23fe22dd67965&ie=f.pdf


7/14

Yves Dezalay and Bryant Garth, Dealing in Virtue: International Commercial

Arbitration and the Construction of a Transnational Legal Order(Chicago: Uni-versity of Chicago Press, ). Excerpt TBA.

Paul DiMaggio, Constructingand OrganizationalFieldas a Professional Project:

U.S. Art Museums, , in e New Institutionalism and Organiza-

tional AnalysisEdited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio. (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press,), pp. .

Richard Peterson and David Berger, Cycles in Symbol Production: e case

of popular music,American Sociological Review,(), pp. .

link.Bruno Latour, e Pasteurization of France(Cambridge: Harvard University

Press,). Excerpt TBA.

Part III: Current Topics and Debates

Week: Comparative Macro-Sociology. Oct/

John W. Meyer et al., World Society and the Nation State,American Journal

of Sociology,

(

), pp.

.

link.Robert Wuthnow, Communities of Discourse: Ideologies and Social Structure

in the Reformation, the Enlightenment, and European Socialism (Cambridge:

Harvard University Press,). Excerpt TBA.

Marion Fourcade-Gourinchas, Politics, Institutional Structures and the Rise of

Economics: AComparative Study,eory and Society,(), pp. .

Link.

Frank Dobbin,Forging Industrial Policy: e United States, Britain and France

in the RailwayAge(New York: Cambridge University Press, ). Chapter.
http://sociology.berkeley.edu/faculty/fourcade-gourinchas/T&SFinal.pdfhttp://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9602%28199707%29103%3A1%3C144%3AWSATN%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Ohttp://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-1224%28197504%2940%3A2%3C158%3ACISPTC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-1224%28197504%2940%3A2%3C158%3ACISPTC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4


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Week: Cultural Consumption and Reception. Oct/

Pierre Bourdieu,Distinction (Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress,). Chap-

tersand.

Bethany Bryson, Anything But Heavy Metal: Symbolic Exclusion and Musical

Dislikes,American Sociological Review,(), pp. . link.

Noah Mark, Birds of a Feather Sing Together, Social Forces, (), pp. .

WendyGriswold, e Fabrication of Meaning: Literary interpretation in the

UnitedStates, Great Britain and the West Indies, American Journal of Sociol-

ogy,(), pp. . link.

James L. Watson, Transnationalism, Localization, and Fast Foods in East Asia,

in Golden Arches East: McDonalds In East Asia Edited by James Watson. (Palo

Alto: Stanford University Press,), pp. .

Week: Boundaries and Identities. Nov/

Michele Lamont, Symbolic Boundaries and Status, in: Spillman,Cultural So-

ciology, pp. .

StevenSeidman, From Identity to Queer Politics: Shifts in Normative Hetero-sexuality, (London: Routledge,), pp. .

RogersBrubaker and Frederick Cooper, Beyond Identity,eory and Society,

(), pp. .Journal link.

N. Katherine Hayles,How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernet-

ics, Literature, and Informatics(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ).

Excerpt TBA.

Week: Markets and Culture Nov/

William T. Bielby and Denise D. Bielby, All Hits are Flukes: Institutional-

ized Decision Making and the Rhetoric of Prime-Time Program Development,

American Journal of Sociology,(), pp. . link.
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9602%28199403%2999%3A5%3C1287%3A%22HAFID%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Uhttp://ipsapp007.kluweronline.com/IPS/frames/toc.aspx?J=5152&I=18http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9602%28198703%2992%3A5%3C1077%3ATFOMLI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Ghttp://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-1224%28199610%2961%3A5%3C884%3A%22BHMSE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0


9/14

Tyler Cowen,Creative Destruction: How Globalization is Changing the Worlds

Cultures(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, ). Excerpt TBA.Pierre Bourdieu and Loc Waquant, e Cunning of Imperialist Reason,e-

ory, Culture and Society,(), pp. .

James Boyle, Cruel, Mean or Lavish? Economic analysis, price discrimination

and digital intellectualproperty, Vanderbilt Law Review, (),pp..

Davidrosby, e Production and Consumption of the Arts: A View of Cul-

tural Economics,Journal of Economic Literature,():, pp. .

link.

ursdayth: Veterans Day. No class.

Part IV: Programmatic and Prescriptive Statements

Week: Nov/

Ann Swidler, Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies,American Sociologi-

cal Review,(), pp. . link.

John Mohr, Measuring Meaning Structures, Annual Review of Sociology,

(), pp. . link.William H. Sewell, e Concept(s) of Culture, inBeyond the Cultural Turn:

New Directions in the Study of Society and CultureEdited by Victoria Bonnell

and Lynn E. Hunt. (Berkeley: University of California Press,), pp. .

John Levi Martin, What is Field eory?, American Journal of Sociology,

(), pp. . link.

Week:Nov/

anksgiving. No class.

Week: Nov/Dec
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?AJS070243PDFhttp://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0360-0572%281998%2924%3C345%3AMMS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Ahttp://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-1224%28198604%2951%3A2%3C273%3ACIASAS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Bhttp://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0515%28199403%2932%3A1%3C1%3ATPACOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-9http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0515%28199403%2932%3A1%3C1%3ATPACOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-9


10/14

References

Adorno, eodor and Horkheimer, Max, e Culture Industry: Enlighten-

ment as Mass Deception, in Mass Communication and SocietyEdited

by Curran, J., Gurevitch, M. and Wollacott, J.. (London: Edward Arnold,

), pp. .

Alexander, Jeffrey and Seidman, Steven, editors,Culture and Society: Contem-

porary Debates(Cambridge University Press,).

Barthes, Roland, e World of Wrestling, inMythologies (New York: Hill and

Wang,), pp. .

Becker, Howard, Becoming a Marihuana User, American Journal of Sociology,

(), pp. .

Bernstein, Basil, Elaborated and Restricted Codes: eir social origins and

some consequences,American Anthropologist,(), pp. .

Bielby, William T. and Bielby, Denise D., All Hits are Flukes: Institutional-

ized Decision Making and the Rhetoric of Prime-Time Program Devel-

opment,American Journal of Sociology,(), pp. .

Biernacki, Richard, Labor as an Imagined Commodity,Politics and Society,

(), pp. .

Bourdieu, Pierre,Distinction(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ).

Structures, Habitus, Practices, in e Logic of Practice (Stanford: Stan-

ford University Press,), pp. .

e Field of Cultural Production(New York: Columbia University Press,

).

and Waquant, Loc, e Cunning of Imperialist Reason,eory, Culture

and Society,(), pp. .

Boyle, James, Cruel, Mean or Lavish? Economic analysis, price discrimina-

tion and digital intellectual property,Vanderbilt Law Review,(),

pp. .


11/14

Breiger, Ronald L., A Tool-kit for Practice eory, Poetics, (),

pp. .Brubaker, Rogers and Cooper, Frederick, Beyond Identity, eory and Society,

(), pp. .

Bryson, Bethany, Anything But Heavy Metal: Symbolic Exclusion and Musical

Dislikes,American Sociological Review,(), pp. .

Cowen, Tyler, Creative Destruction: How Globalization is Changing the Worlds

Cultures(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, ).

Dezalay, Yves and Garth, Bryant, Dealing in Virtue: International Commer-

cial Arbitration and the Construction of a Transnational Legal Order(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ).

DiMaggio, Paul, Constructing and Organizational Field as a Professional

Project: U.S. Art Museums, , in e New Institutionalism

and Organizational AnalysisEdited by Powell, Walter W. and DiMaggio,

Paul J.. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ), pp. .

Dobbin, Frank, Cultural Models of Organization: e social construction

of rational organizing principles, in e Sociology of Culture: Emerg-

ingeoretical Perspectives Edited by Crane, Diana. (Blackwell, ),

pp. .

Forging Industrial Policy: e United States, Britain and France in the

Railway Age(New York: Cambridge University Press, ).

Douglas, Mary, Jokes, in Implicit Meanings (London: Routledge, ),

pp. .

How Institutionsink(Syracuse: Syracuse University Press,).

Durkheim, mile, e Elementary forms of Religious Life (Free Press, ),

Karen Fields, Translator.

Durkheim, Emile and Mauss, Marcel, Primitive Classification (University ofChicago Press,).

Elias, Norbert,e Civilizing Process Volume: e History of Manners(Cam-

bridge: Blackwell,).


12/14

Fourcade-Gourinchas, Marion, Politics, Institutional Structures and the Rise

of Economics: A Comparative Study, eory and Society, (),pp. .

Geertz, Clifford, ick Description: Toward and Interpretive eory of Cul-

ture, in e Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, ),

pp. .

Gramsci, Antonio, Culture and Ideological Hegemony, in: Alexander and Sei-

dman,Culture and Society: Contemporary Debates, pp. .

Griswold, Wendy, e Fabrication of Meaning: Literary interpretation in the

United States, Great Britain and the West Indies, American Journal ofSociology,(), pp. .

Hayles, N. Katherine, How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies inCyber-

netics, Literature, and Informatics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,

).

Hebdidge, Dick, Object as Image: e Italian Scooter Cycle, in e Consumer

Society ReaderEdited by Schor, Juliet B. and Holt, Douglas B.. (New York:

e New Press,), pp. .

Hochschild, Arlie, Emotion Work, Feeling Rules and Social Structure,Ameri-

can Journal of Sociology,(), pp. .

Kunda, Gideon, Engineering Culture: Control and Commitment in a High-

Tech Corporation, in: Spillman,Cultural Sociology, pp. .

Lamont, Michele, Symbolic Boundaries and Status, in: Spillman,Cultural So-

ciology, pp. .

Latour, Bruno, e Pasteurization of France (Cambridge: Harvard University

Press, ).

Levine, Donald, editor, Georg Simmel on Individuality and Social Forms

(Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, ).

Mark, Noah, Birds of a Feather Sing Together, Social Forces, (),

pp. .


13/14

Martin, John Levi, What do Animals do all day? e division of labor, class

bodies and totemic thinking in the popular imagination, Poetics, (), pp. .

What is Field eory?, American Journal of Sociology, (),

pp. .

Martin, Karin, Becoming a Gendered Body: Practices of Preschools, Ameri-

can Sociological Review,(), pp. .

McCall, Bruce, In the New Canada, Living is a Way of Life, inFierce Pajamas:

An Anthology of Humor Writing from e New YorkerEdited by Remnick,

David and Finder, Henry. (New York: Random House, ).Meyer, John W. et al., World Society and the Nation State,American Journal

of Sociology,(), pp. .

Miner, Horace, BodyRitual Amongst theNacerima,American Anthropologist,

(), pp. .

Mohr, John, Soldiers, Mothers, Tramps and Others: Discourse roles in the

New York Charity Directory,Poetics,(), pp. .

Measuring Meaning Structures,Annual Review of Sociology,(),

pp. .Peterson, Richard and Berger, David, Cycles in Symbol Production: e case

of popular music,American Sociological Review,(), pp. .

Saussure, Ferdinand de, Signs and Language, in: Alexander and Seidman, Cul-

ture and Society: Contemporary Debates, pp. .

Seidman, Steven, From Identity to Queer Politics: Shifts in Normative Hetero-

sexuality, (London: Routledge,), pp. .

Sewell, William H., e Concept(s) of Culture, inBeyond theCultural Turn:

New Directions in the Study of Society and Culture Edited by Bonnell, Vic-toria and Hunt, Lynn E.. (Berkeley: University of California Press, ),

pp. .

Spillman, Lynn, editor,Cultural Sociology(Malden: Blackwell,).


14/14

Swidler, Ann, Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies,American Sociologi-

cal Review,(), pp. .Talk of Love(Chicago: University of Chicago Press,).

rosby, David, e Production and Consumption of the Arts: A View of Cul-

tural Economics,Journal of Economic Literature,():, pp. .

Tucker, Robert C., editor, e Marx-Engels Reader(New York: W.W. Norton,

).

Watson, James L., Transnationalism, Localization, and Fast Foods in East Asia,

in Golden Arches East: McDonalds In East Asia Edited by Watson, James.

(Palo Alto: Stanford University Press,), pp. .Williams, Raymond, Keywords: a vocabulary of culture and society Ex-

panded edition. (London: Fontana,).

Base and Superstructure in Marxist Culturaleory, inRethinking Pop-

ular Culture: Contemporary Perspectives in Cultural StudiesEdited by

Mukerji, Chandra and Schudson, Michael. (Berkeley: University of Cali-

fornia Press,), pp. .

Willis, Paul, Masculinity and Factory Labor, in: Alexander and Seidman,Cul-

ture and Society: Contemporary Debates, pp. .Wuthnow, Robert,Communities of Discourse: Ideologies and Social Structure

in the Reformation, the Enlightenment, and European Socialism (Cam-

bridge: Harvard University Press, ).

Zelizer, Viviana,Pricing the Priceless Child: e Changing Social Value of Chil-

dren(New York: Basic Books, ).

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