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Slide 2 Culture Change Theories (in general) attempt to account for what is known (summarize) provide basis for explaining what is unknown are parsimonious (Occams Razor) Slide 3 Culture Change CULTURE is an adaptive mechanism. cultures are different, each with a distinct history Evolution is an explanation of change by the accumulation of increments. Population is the basic unit of biological adaptation Society is the basic unit of cultural adaptation Slide 4 Culture Change Diffusion Invention Evolution Slide 5 Cultural Evolution (One way to explain change) Profiles in EthnologyE.R. Service Complex Simple Subsistence Foragers Horticulture Pastoralism Intensive ag. Energy Labor Settlement Pattern Local Bands Sedentary Villages Town Cities Social Org Many Statuses, Achieved, Associations Few Statuses, Ascribed, Kinship Religion Animistic Animatism Shamans Monotheism Polytheism BANDS TRIBES CHIEFDOMS STATES Division of Labor Generalized Highly Specialized Priests Slide 6 Concerns of My Youth The Great Depression 1)FSA (Farm Security Administration) client with mules, near Morganza, Louisiana, Lee, Russell, Photographer, 1938, November. LC-USF33-011904-M3FSA (Farm Security Administration) client with mules, near Morganza, Louisiana 2) Negro farmer, Greene County, Alabama, Delano, Jack, Photographer, 1941, May. LC-USF33- 020946-M4Negro farmer, Greene County, Alabama 3) Mexican boy with goat, Crystal City, Texas, Lee, Russell, Photographer, 1939, March. LC- USF33-012103-M1Mexican boy with goat, Crystal City, Texas 4) Nipomo, Calif. Migrant agricultural worker's family. Seven hungry children. Mother aged 32, Lange, Dorothea, Photographer, 1936, March. LC-USF34-9093-CNipomo, Calif. Migrant agricultural worker's family. Seven hungry children. Mother aged 32, 5) Painting the American insignia on airplane wings, Hollem, Howard R., photographer, 1942 August. LC-USW361-387Painting the American insignia on airplane wings 6) Bean fields, Seabrook Farm, Bridgeton, N.J., Collier, John, photographer, 1942 June. LC- USF35-555 (Images Courtesy Library of Congress)Bean fields, Seabrook Farm, Bridgeton, N.J. Slide 7 Concerns of My Youth The Dust Bowl Slide 8 Concerns of My Youth The Second World War 1) Tom Kobayashi, Landscape, Manzanar Relocation Center, California LC-DIG-ppprs-00245 DLCTom Kobayashi, Landscape, Manzanar Relocation Center, California 2) Entrance to Manzanar, Manzanar Relocation Center LC-DIG-ppprs-00286 DLCEntrance to Manzanar, Manzanar Relocation Center Slide 9 The 1945 TRINITY nuclear explosion. "I am become Death, the Destroyer of worlds.": One of the only color photographs of the "Trinity" explosion. Slide 10 On June 25, 1950 North Korean forces moved south in force. Using Soviet equipment and with huge reserves of manpower, their surprise attack was a crushing success.June 251950North Korean Slide 11 America from 1948 to about 1956, a time which became popularly known as the Second Red Scare. The term McCarthyism was coined to specifically describe the intense anti-Communist movement that existed in America from 1948 to about 195619481956Second Red ScareMcCarthyismcoinedanti-Communist19481956 Joseph McCarthy Slide 12 Sputnik 1Sputnik 1 was launched on October 4, 1957.October 41957 Slide 13 Concerns of Now and the Future Multinational Corporations Aging Populations Changing Structure of Societies Global Economy Petroleum Peak Global Warming