CULTURALPSYCHOLOGY

Title page

STEVEN J. HEINE

Culture andHuman Nature

Chapter 1

Norton Media Library

STEVEN J. HEINE

Building the argument Psychological processes are shaped by culture

Constraints and affordances of our biological self

Same across culture

Key question To what extent should ways of _____look

similar around world because of basic brain structure, and to what extent should they look different because of divergent experiences (culture)

Universal vs. culturally variable psychologies.

What is culture? Can we define it?

Shweder’s definition “Culture is a reality lit up by morally enforceable

conceptual scheme composed of values (desirable goals) and causal beliefs (including ideas about means-ends connections) that is exemplified or instantiated in practice”

Culture serves as a flexible learning system that transforms basic biological capacities into meaningful thoughts and behaviours shared by members of the cultural group (Shweder, 1995).

Cultural membership does not determine individual response

Within cultures there is extreme variability

Is culture uniquely human? http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=uhacaxJ240Q

What is uniquely human? Imitation of prestige

2 capacities: Ability to consider the perspective of others Ability to communicate with language

Theory of mindPeople understand that others have minds that are

different from their own and others have intentions that are different from their own

When do we develop theory of mind?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YiT7HFj2gv4

Emulative learning: interested in what the model is doing, not what it is intended to do.

Imitative learning: the learner internalizes the model’s goals and behavioral strategies

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.2

Big brains allow for cultural learning Encephalization quotient: ratio of the brain

weight to that of a comparable animal with same body size:

4.6 (chimps 2.5) 16% of our basal metabolism

Three hypotheses1. Fruit

2. Extractive food source

3. Social world

Social brain hypothesis The socialness of humans involved complex

power struggles, relationships, nepotism, reciprocity.

The primates most successful at navigating the intricate web of social relationships more likely to attract mates, secure resources, and protect themselves.

Some evidence Neocortex ratio through fMRI

Looked at all species to test these three theories

Fig. 1.3 top

Fig. 1.3 bottom

Social complexity and group size Child rearing 50,000 years ago we began to walk upright. Our pelvis’ changed to do this. Our babies needed to be born more altricial

(vulnerable) With upright walking, we began hunting in groups

and living with larger clans. Social relatedness needed to care for very altricial

young.

150 Dunbar (1993) used that data to plot and predict

average human group size based on neocortex size. 147.8

Surveyed ethnographic data and found historically we lived in overnight camps of 35-40, tribes of 1,500-2,000 and clans of 148.

150 is average number people produced from 4 generations of offspring. (what we might create in our lives)

Peer pressure and 150 Hutterites in south Dakota divide

communities when they reach 150

Gor-Tex builds a new plant when employment reaches 150

Institutionalized structure needed for groups larger than this.

Is the mind independent from or intertwined with culture What do you think?

Doctrine of original multiplicity

Original multiplicity The unity of human beings is not to be found

in that which makes us common and all the same, but rather in a universal original multiplicity, which makes each of us so variegated that others become accessible and imaginable to us through some aspect of our own complex self. (Shweder 1991)

http://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play?p=martin+luther+king+jr.+i+have+a+dream+speech&n=21&ei=utf-8&js=1&fr=yfp-t-501&fr2=tab-web&tnr=20&vid=000167086979

Four famous papers Harry Triandis (1989) cultural dimensions of the self

concept that can be observed cross culturally Jerome Bruner (1990) psychology can only be

understood from the meaning we derive from our worlds

Rick Shweder (1990) mind and culture are intertwined

Markus and Kitayama (1991) psychological processes like emotions can be viewed cross culturally through self concept.