Cultivating Design Through Environmental Ethics

Ilana Judah, Int’l Assoc. AIA, OAQ, LEED AP

Director of Sustainability, FXFOWLE

March 22 2011

The Role of Architecture and Design

“I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the es-sential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not,

when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.”

“My cabin in Cap-Martin is even smaller than my luxury [ship] cabin.” “I have a castle on the Riviera,measuring 3.66 by 3.66 meters. It’s ex-

travagantly comfortable and generous.”

Footprint and BoundaryIt’s not so simple anymore...

Redefining dwelling

Redefining dwelling

Utilitas, Firmitas, Venustas, Sustenare

Creating architecture and a better planet

Architecture as advocacy

Framing Environmental Concerns through Architecture

Utilitas - Ability to function well and efficiently

Single Family Residence: 44,000 lbs CO2

2 Cars: 22,000 lbs CO2

Multi-family Residence: 17,000 lbs CO2

NYC Subway: 7 lbs CO2

2008 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Proportional by Country

Sources: SASI Group (University of Sheffield) and Mark Newman (University of Michigan)

Million metric tons of CO2 emitted in 2008:United States 5,833 (19%)China 6,534 (22%)Europe 4,662 (15%) India 1,612 (15.5%)Other 11,936 (28.5%)World Total 30,577

Metric tons of CO2 emitted per capita in 2008:United States 19.2 China 4.9 Europe 7.8 India 1.8 World Average 4.5

World Population vs. World GDP

Source: The World Bank Group

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World 2030 Prediction—Energy Mix

Source: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development

60% Increase in Energy Consumption

2008 2030

Oil34%

Oil35%

Renewables14%

Renewables14%

Coal22%

Coal23%

Gas25%

Gas21%

Nuclear5%

Nuclear7%

Firmitas - Ability to endure and withstand

Credit: NASA/USGS, www..ocregister.com

Venustas - Delight, Beauty and Joy

Translating Environmental Values into Design

Process, Research and Analysis

Integrated Design

Environmental Impact Studies

Environmental Performance Modelling

AIA: INNOVATIVE CURTAIN WALL DESIGN EXHIBIT 5 © 2010 FXFOWLE ARCHITECTS, LLP

1. High-performance HIT Photovoltaic Module

2. Recycled HPDE Planter Box with Growing Medium, Drainage Layer, Mesh Stabilizer

3. Water-jet Milled Aluminum Bracket-truss, Powder Coated

4. Hanger Rod and Hasp Assembly, Stainless Steel

5. Triple Insulated Glazed Unit with Low-E Coating

6. Automated Exterior Venetian Blind System, Perforated Stainless Steel

7. Raised Floor

8. Displacement Ventilation Diffuser

9. Gypsum Board Soffit

10. High Efficiency LED Lighting , tied to Daylight Dimming System

11. Lay-in Acoustic Ceiling

12. Corrugated Aluminum Spandrel Panel, Powder Coated

13. Spandrel Insulation

14. Continuous Firestopping

15. Structural Slab

EXPLODED AXONEMETRIC

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Environmental Performance ModellingAIA: INNOVATIVE CURTAIN WALL DESIGN EXHIBIT 9 © 2010 FXFOWLE ARCHITECTS, LLP

ECOTECT CURTAIN WALL STUDY

Summer Solstice - 100% Solar ShadingSummer Solstice - 50% Solar ShadingSummer Solstice - No Solar ShadingSummer Solstice - Base Case

Environmental Performance Modelling

Environmental Mapping

3. Intangible factors for the location of companiesIn addition to the known factors for the location of companies, other factors known as intangibles have recently become veryimportant in tipping the balance towards setting up a new business in a given area.

The quality of life, the existence of a favourable environment for attracting professionals from all over the world and a goodscience-company-funding connection are basic intangible factors for the creation and introduction of new companies.

Also, contrary to what was previously thought, it is now known that emerging business are concentrated even more than tra-ditional ones. This is due to that the essential element of knowledge, whose transmission is performed by persons more thanby technology, though the latter helps. Persons seek compact areas (the 22@ district could be an ideal area) with high qua-lity of life and cultural attractions that are dynamic and generate creativity, where they can develop and obtain benefits fromthe application of their knowledge.

The proposals for improving the public space with the proposal of superblocks increase the urban quality of Barcelona andsignificantly reduce the most dissuasive factors of living in Barcelona, which are linked to the current model of mobility.

The 22@ district and other areas of new centrality may be ideal for creating networks for exchange of information and kno-wledge, and for connecting research, companies and funding. Work is already being done to reduce the current deficits.However, the importance of certain emerging sectors (telecommunications, environment, audio-visual, biotechnology, aero-nautics) must be increased, as must investment in R&D and infrastructures of international telecommunications and rail andair transport.

4. FundingThe companies that use venture capital funding tend to leadthe growth in turnover, research and employment in their res-pective sectors.

The differences in the financial system—especially the capa-city to fund venture capital projects—determine the develop-ment of innovation and the activities of emerging sectors suchas ICTs. The traditional instruments for funding investmentsmust be complemented by new ones such as venture capital,the technology securities market or stock-options (which attractand retain professionals in innovative companies).

In addition to initiatives such as Barcelona Emprèn andCatalana d’Iniciatives, others must be added and adjustmentsmust be made to the Spanish legislation and taxation, whichare excessively restrictive with regard to the entrance of capi-tal and other financial instruments of high risk and a longperiod of return.

Also, a network of experts should be set up to assess andaward a guarantee of technical and scientific quality and/orviability to the projects that are presented.

Scenario of maximum diversity planned for the 22@ district Source: Drawn up by the author for 22@ SA

BIODIVERSITY AND THE GREEN NETWORK IN THE URBAN AREA

Basic road network

Boundary of Collserola Park

Linear axes and digitations

Open construction

Marshland

Proposal of green roofs

Current and future urban parks, riversidespaces and artificial reefs

Other types of vegetation

Forest environment

Farmland

Maquis and brushwood

Meadows

Vacant and bare

Environmental Mapping

THE FUTURE ENERGY MODEL (tendency)

THE CURRENT ENERGY MODEL

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a. Reuse and recycling programmes. A list of industriesthat can use treated water must be drawn up and a sepa-rate network must be created to supply them. The FreeZone, the Bon Pastor industrial estate and the industrialarea of Badalona-Saint Adrià are candidates for this.

The list would be extended to companies that can recyclewater (by using it in the same application).

Before building desalination plants, one must study theadvisability of building sophisticated tertiary systems thattreated water to be used for a wide range of purposes (agri-culture, industry, etc.) and the advisability of building large-scale separate networks (and pumping water uphill).

The development of new or remodelled urban fabrics suchas Trinitat Nova, Sagrera, Bon Pastor, Vall d'Hebron andthe 22@ district should include a separate network for theuse of replacement water.

In order to reduce the effects of salination caused by theuse of treated water, one must develop a system of rain-water collection from the south face of Collserola before itenters the sewage system. The mixture of the two waterswould lead to a substantial increase in the water resourcesfor the city of Barcelona and other nearby municipalities.

The advisability of building several reservoirs along the slo-pes of Collserola for irrigating the buffer gardens proposedabove and part of the green roof included in the proposalmust be studied.

b. The use of the Besòs aquifer and the urban ground-water. Firstly, a programme of preservation from chemicalpollution must be implemented in zones with groundwaterreserves, and a programme for the recovery of aquifers thatare currently little or very polluted must be developed.

In the areas that do not yet have a sewage network, aninfrastructure programme must be developed in order toavoid groundwater pollution.

The Besòs aquifer and the facilities of the waters ofMontcada must be used again (replacing the water of thedrinking water network) for various uses. The initial eleva-tion would allow the water to be channelled by gravity sosupply a large area of Barcelona. The combination of waterextracted from the Besòs aquifer and urban groundwatershould make it possible to supply a large part of theindustry, the municipal services, and the areas of Barcelonathat are being remodelled (22@, Sagrera, Bon Pastor, Valld'Hebron and Trinitat Nova).

c. Other replacement programmes will be studied: domes-tic waste water, brackish water, etc.

5. MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES The current structure of water management is not adapted to replacement water, though it is a strategic need for a policy ofconservation and management of the water demand. With this objective it is proposed to create, under the auspices of theMetropolitan Hydraulic Services and Waste Treatment Authority (MHSWTA), a joint-stock company to manage the new waterculture.

The company would have a “water bank” supplied with treated water, groundwater and rainwater. The clients of the companyare the public sector, industry and the urban fabrics undergoing profound restructuring.

4. REPLACEMENT PROGRAMMES

* In both diagrams, the thickness of the arrows is propor-tional to the flow of energy and pollution.

ENERGYThe plans and programmes that have been approved at avariety of levels affect mainly some aspects of energy mana-gement. However, they take a sectoral approach, failing todeal systematically with the management of companies andtherefore failing to modify the reality of energy generation,distribution and consumption.

The concern about the systems focuses mainly on climatechange. The initiatives for reducing the emission of green-house gases concentrate on the energy cycle rather than onthe aspects that could lead to a new metabolic regime basedon a reduction in the disturbance of systems, i.e. on entropyand the consumption of mainly renewable energies.

The change in the metabolic regime, and therefore thereduction in the disturbance of systems-including the atmos-pheric system-can only come about through a change inenergy culture, which involves profound changes in the waywe understand regional planning, urbanism, architecture,industry, water management, waste, mobility... i.e. every-thing related to the use of energy, i.e. everything.

HEAT ISLAND

ISLA DE CALOR

SYSTEM: DIFFUSE CITY

SYSTEM: CITY

HEATTREATMENT

BIOCOMBUS-TION

HEATTREATMENT

BIOCOMBUS-TION

biomass

biomass

mobility

mobility housing and tertiary

efficient and compatibleproduction activity

services

services

energy

coal

oil

refinery

refinery

energy

energy

coal

oil

single-family dwellingsproduction

activity

POLLUTION

HEAT ISLAND

DIFFUSE URBAN DEVELOPMENT MODELINEFFICIENT IN CONSUMPTION OF RESOURCES

COMPACT CITY MODELTECHNOLOGICALLY EFFICIENT

ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENT

The lack of a conservation and management policy to deal with the demand for water and include it in the general planning poli-cies leads to the urgent need to convey water from other basins or to desalinate seawater. This is a reckless measure that hasserious ecological, economic and/or social impacts. The decision to convey water from the Rhone would also involve an additio-nal risk, because it first goes past five nuclear power plants, one of which reprocesses plutonium. A leak would at least ruin thechannelling and therefore the investment. It does not seem very wise to adopt such solutions, or to continue with the policy ofwasting such a strategic resource.

The strategy that must be adopted is therefore related to the programmes of conservation and management of demand that takeinto account at all times the role of water and the fact that it is a scarce resource. After the application of the proposals for con-servation and management of the demand for water, some of which are presented here, one must ensure the supply of water toall the municipalities of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona. The supply sources (desalination and/or conveyance) would only beincreased when it has been demonstrated that the initiatives of conservation are insufficient.

The three thirds ruleThe general rule of dividing water into three thirds, a third forthe earth's ecosystems, a third for the marine ecosystems anda third for human activities, should guide the programmes ofconservation and management of demand.

The third that in theory corresponds to us should guide ourmanagement of water.

Retaining the water in the basinReducing the current speed of the water on its journey to thesea is strategic. In order to achieve this, one must maintainthe current areas of forest and farmland and extend them,especially with riverside woods. Farmland and open spaceswith a gentle slope should be maintained, and if necessaryextended, and impermeabilisation and other uses should beprevented in areas of infiltration and recharging.

Furthermore, urban growth must be limited in the MAB to theproposed areas of compaction, avoiding the increasing imper-meabilisation caused by the current tendency to produce citythrough buildings and infrastructures.

Saving waterIn general, farming is the activity that consumes most water,though in the central basins it is a limited resource. The flowsconsumed currently can be reduced significantly by using effi-cient irrigation techniques.

With the same idea of efficiency, one must act in the fieldsof industry and public services. The margin for applying effi-ciency policies is still wide in both cases, though a substan-tial improvement has been seen since the introduction of thetreatment tax.

The current gardens that consume large amounts of water andinorganic fertilisers must be replaced by “xerophytic” gardenscontaining plants that consume little water and compost.Moreover, the current irrigation systems must be replaced bymore efficient nocturnal systems. These ideas should be exten-ded to golf courses, which should replace the current type ofturf with one that is adapted to our country. Also, the cons-truction of new golf courses must be halted until they are con-sidered feasible according to the new culture of water use.

The use of water for swimming pools must be regulated, whichmeans first regulating the use of water from the aquifers. Thecurrent lack of effective regulation means that the level of theaquifers falls significantly during the driest seasons: late springand summer.

Other measures of water saving, such as those in domestic faci-lities, are discussed below.

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* En ambos esquemas, el tamaño de las flechas y lostubos es proporcional al flujo de H20.

The aim of water conservation programmes is to reduce the demand for water, improve the efficiency of use and avoid the dete-rioration of water resources. Managing the demand means obtaining the greatest possible volume of water services with thesame amount of water.

CONSERVING AND MANAGING THEDEMAND FOR WATER IN THE CENTRALBASINS OF CATALONIA

7 . La tendencia actual de ocupación y artificialización del territoriohace que aumente sin parar la velocidad de lluvia caída en cual-quier punto de la cuenca hasta que llega al mar, haciendo quedisminuya la recarga de acuíferos y la dotación de H2O para losecosistemas terrestres.

EVAPOTRANSP.

TERTIARYSAVINGRAINWATER

SAVINGNON-DRINKINGRAINWATER

PURIFICATION PLANT

NON-DRINKING WATER NETWORK

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THE WATER CYCLEWater is probably the most limiting factor of the develop-ment of Catalonia and the semi-arid regions of Spain. It istherefore a strategic liquid for Barcelona. The policiesapplied so far by local, regional and national governmentshave not been based on the limitation of water use.

They have continued to treat urban development, industry,farming, tourism, etc., as if water were not a scarce resour-ce and Spain had a surplus of it. This is particularly thecase in the regional planning policies set up thirty yearsago, which promote and encourage the spread of single-family dwellings with swimming pools and gardens withlawns and water-hungry plants; in the tourism and eco-nomic promotion policies that foster the proliferation ofgolf courses with Scottish turf; in the intensive farming poli-cies that have ruined and continue to ruin the aquifers ofentire counties; and in the water policies (water conve-yance, channelling...) that spoil the fishing in large areasof the territory and increase7 the speed of rainwater runofftowards the sea.

* In both diagrams, the size of the arrows and the tubesis proportional to the water flow

7 . The current tendency of occupation and artificialisation of theterritory progressively increases the rate of rainfall runoff from anypoint of the basin to the sea, reducing the recharging of aquifersand the provision of water for the earth's ecosystems.

SLUDGE

GROUNDWATER

SYSTEM: CITY SYSTEM: CITY

LOSSES

SEWERS

GROUNDWATER

LOSSES

SEWERS

wells wells

EVAPOTRANSP.

CONSUMPTIVE USEINCORPORATIONIN THE PRODUCT

DWELLING TERTIARY

H2O

REUSED

DRINKING WATER NETWORK

DRINKING WATER NETWORK

BASIN EXTERNALBASINS

PURIFICATION PLANT

H2 O

FR

OM

WW

TP

SLUDGE

CONSUMPTIVE USEINCORPORATIONIN THE PRODUCT

ENVIRONMENT: HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN ENVIRONMENT: HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN

URBAN MANAGEMENT OF WATER. THE CURRENT MODEL URBAN MANAGEMENT OF WATER. THE FUTURE MODEL

SAVINGNON-DRINKINGRAINWATER

WASTEWATER

TREATMENT PLANT

WASTEWATER

TREATMENT PLANT

H2 O

FR

OM

WW

TP

COMPROVARTEXTS

BEN SITUATSEN GRÀFICS

Analysis of Resources and Materials

Balancing Tradition and Innovation

Ecotopias??

City Regenerative: Connect/Extend/WeaveSustainable Planning Competition

City Regenerative: Connect/Extend/Weave

495 acre/ 200 hectare development in ·Copenhagen40,000 residents, 40,000 jobs, 40,000 bicycles ·50 year masterplan ·Net-positive, carbon-neutral development ·370 new acres of habitat created ·Wetland water treatment ·57% open space ·90% rainwater collection ·60% potable water reduction ·District energy, water treatment and waste ·recycling systems

Onsite PrefabricatedConstruction

Rainwater CollectionGreywater Treatment

Compact DevelopmentLand Preservation

District Sea WaterThermal Exchange

Vertical Farms

Habitat Creation

Mass Transit

Wind Turbine Energy

City Regenerative: Connect/Extend/WeaveSustainable Design Strategies

Bicycle Circulation Water Circulation Vehicle CirculationNodes & Neighborhoods Open Spaces Building Program

Urban Networks

Water Systems

Rainwater is first filtered through the building green roofs. It is then pumped to the green tower and undergoes primary and secondary treatment in the DeWaTS (Decentralized Water Treatment Site) before being piped to landscape filtration ponds. There the water undergoes tertiary treatment. This filtered water is then pumped back out for use as treated greywater, with excess water being used for horticulture and agriculture use.

Typical(m3/day) (m3/day) (m3/day)

Efficiency Savings

Showers & Baths 2048 670 1378Bathroom Sinks 188 402 210Kitchen Sinks 423Dishwasher 0 40 -40Other Potable 22 22 0Toilets 2082 790 1292Cleaning 176 176 0Laundry 717 273 444Site Irrigation 0 0 0Cooling 0 0 0

Water Use Types

Build

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Outd

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Pota

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Non

-Pot

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90% of rainfall collected60% potable water reductions

Each low and mid-rise building has 1 or 2 corresponding filtration ponds. Taller towers have larger filtration pools. The larger system allows for containment of stormwater surges. Tertiary stormwater filtration circles through small pools in interior courtyards.

Gardens, lawns, and walkways are raised above the grade of the water filtration in order to provide for dry occupiable space. Filtration ponds are filled with vegetation. Water is alter-nately visable at the surface or obscured by plants.

The linkage system is a combination of porous and permeable paving, water channels, and lush vegetation. Many of the links align with circula-tion, allowing for daily pedestrian interaction with the water system.

The Water Cycle Block and Building Water Cycles Filtration Ponds Daily Water Demand

Canal Towers

Sea Water In

Cooling Water Return

Cooling Water Supply

Heating Water Return

Heating Water Supply

Sea Water In Heat

Pump

Heat Exchanger

Heat Exchanger

Heat Exchanger

Heat Exchanger

Heat Pump

Sea Water Out

Sea Water Out

FARMERS MARKET

SYS EXHAUSTSYS INTAKE

LOCAL HEATING (OUT)

BLACKWATER IN

PRESSURIZED-TREATED WATER OUT

GREYWATER IN WATER TREATMENT PLANT

WASTE/RECYCLING COLLECTION POINT

FOOD DISTRIBUTION PIER

DISTRICT SEA WATERHEATING/ COOLING PLANT

Vertical Community Farms Water Storage Sea Water Cooling/District Heating

Heating Mode

Cooling Mode

Intensive local agriculture can be

farmed by the community within the

vertical greenhouses of the towers.

High floor to ceiling distances will

provide total solar penetration into

the spaces, allowing for continuous

year-round cultivation of local foods,

crops and livestock. Potable water

for irrigation will come from the

treatment plant below and wetlands

within the neighborhoods. Excess

water drained from the gardens will

be further filtered by the plants. The

foods and products grown within can

be sold below at the farmer’s market

deck on the bridge, and distributed

further outside the community on

barges at the food distribution pier.

Treated water from the wetlands and

treatment plant will be stored in the

top of the towers to produce a grav-

ity pressurized hydraulic system to

pump water into the neighborhoods

without electricity. The water will

be pulled up to the storage tanks on

power from on site turbine energy.

The wind turbines stretching be-

tween the towers will capture higher

velocity winds from the vortex effect

created by the form of the towers.

District plants sitting within the canal will provide heating and

cooling water to the Nordhavnen project by using sea water for

heat rejection. Heat pumps will be used to extract or reject heat

to the sea water depending on the conditioning needs of the

district buildings.

By utilizing heat pumps to produce district heating and cooling

water, the Nordhavnen development will eliminate the need for

burning fossil fuels for building conditioning.

Integrating Sustainability in the Academic Context

The Sustainable Interface

Cornell University School of ArchitectureFXFOWLE Principal’s Design Review

THE SUSTAINABLE INTERFACE - POETIC AND PRAGMATIC DYNAMICS OF THE APERTURE

The Sustainable Interface

Course project - Overview of Warren Hall auditorium

The Sustainable Interface

Setting Environmental Design Goals

Energy TargetsBuro Happ old Consulti ng Engine ers

Defining the Goals of Environmental Design

“That condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the internal environment”

– Acoustics NC 35

– Lighting 35 Foot Candles– Ventilation 15 cfm/person– Heat / Cool 72°F ± 4°F – Humidity 50% RH ± 15%RH

The Sustainable Interface

Patient room only)

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pane second.aps)

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.aps)

pane second.aps)

Triple pane glazing loses less heat later during the day, thereby resulting in higher surface temperate in summer

Lower U value of triple pane glazing keeps the surface temperature higher in summer, thereby resulting in better comfort

Shading analysis from roof

Sun Path Diagrams

100.0% 100.0%

103.3%

93.0%

86.0%

88.0%

90.0%

92.0%

94.0%

96.0%

98.0%

100.0%

102.0%

104.0%

106.0%

Boiler Energy Chiller Energy

external shading in gym andmultipurpose space

Environmental Analysis

The Sustainable Interface

Assignments & Course Project

Quantitative Thermal -

Using Ecotect undertake weather analysis, establish comfort criteria, baseline

thermal criteria, and design thermal criteria. Test design options for auditorium.

HOURS

LEGEND

Cloud Cover

Relative Humidity

SummerMid-Day WInds

AutumnMid-Day WInds

SpringMid-Day WInds

TemperatureComfort: Thermal Neutrality

MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES - Ithaca, NY

Ithaca, NYWeather Analysis

07

08

09

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1 11 21 3

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Solar Geometry

JUNE 21MARCH 21

SEPTEMBER 21

DECEMBER 2124.1

48.571.2

MAY 21

JANUARY 25

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Fall Equinox

Spring Equinox

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

January 21 10am-4pm February 21 10am-4pm March 21 10am-4pm April 21 10am-4pm

May 21 10am-4pm June 21 10am-4pm July 21 10am-4pm August 21 10am-4pm

September 21 10am-4pm October 21 10am-4pm November 21 10am-4pm December 21 10am-4pmm

Skylight Variation Testing

Lux

600+

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1 21

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1

Daylighting ModelLouver System

The daylighting model was used on November 27, but model the lighting conditions associated with the Equinox (Sept/Mar. 21). The model was tilted 19 degrees in order to simulate the Equinox. The time span of the photography range from 12:00pm - 12:45pm. The model utilizes a variety of different louver systems as well as the fritted glazing units. The Roof portion of the model had a track system that allowed the louvers to be interchangeable. This allowed for quick and simple changes in the louvers and another variation with the aperture opening: sloped or straight walled.

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LUX

Curved Louvers White Louvers Reflective Louvers

ScreenEntry

Daylight Model Testing

Louvered Lighting Conditions

Existing Lighting Conditions

9:30AM 12:30PM 3:30PM

9:30AM 12:30PM 3:30PM

Deep Active Learning

3 minute daily showersCold water clothes wash, air dried

60-degree rooms - supplemented with Bio-fuelPersonal goals: buying no new clothes, eating no meat, not driving a car

Dickinson CollegeTreehouse- The Center for Sustainable Living

< 20 kWh/day in warm months < 35 kWh in winter = <1 kWh/ resident

Average daily electricity residential consumption in US = 30 kWh.