MATERIALS ON THE WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION

1701 - 1714

The Emperors Cuirassiers and Dragoons 1701 - 1714

(Uniforms and standards of the Austrian cavalry)

Part 18

August Khn - Robert Hall Robert Hall 2001

The Emperors Cuirassiers and Dragoons The heavy cavalry or cuirassiers are strongly reminiscent of the heavy cavalry of the 30 Years War. Mounted on picked riding heavy horses that were difficult to find in wartime. The troopers were armoured, that is, wore breast- and back-plates. Regiments that had fought against the Turkish cavalry were also equipped with Kasketts, i.e. helmets with nose-, cheek- and lobster tail neck-plates and the Biberschwanz (Beavertail), a neck-protection. When the helmet was not worn, on marches, or in the course of the war and ever more rarely in battle with western European cavalry, an iron Hutkreuz (hat cross) was worn under the crown of the tricorn to protect the wearer against saber blows on the head. The cuirassier was armed with the Palasch, a long straight cavalry sword, two pistols and a carbine, a shorter musket than that borne by the infantry or dragoons. The name Karabiner came from the way it was carried, hanging on a bandoleer across the breast (Karabiner in German). During the War of the Spanish Succession the buff leather jacket was gradually exchanged for the pearl grey coat, with cuffs in the facing colour. Underneath was a long waistcoat or camisole. The saddlecloths, Schabracken, and holster covers, Schabrunken, were also regimental markings, being of cloth with various coloured edges. Dragoons were mounted on cheaper horses and did not have the protective armour. The longer flintlock marked them as mounted infantry although they were already used as cavalry. The coats, cut like those of the infantry, were not the typical pearl grey but of red, blue, yellow or green ground colour. The dragoon sword was worn attached to the waistbelt like that of the infantry. The flintlock hung from a strap or was attached to the saddle. The ammunition was not carried in a cartouche as for the cuirassiers but in a cartridge pouch hung over the shoulder like that of the infantry. Cuirassier regiments had trumpeters and kettledrummers, the dragoons had, besides the trumpeter, a drummer, which differed already in their headgear, and a coat which was usually in the facing colour, for the cuirassiers still decorated with Trompeterflgeln, false sleeves. Cuirassier musicians wore a fez-like cap with a plume, either taken from or inspired by Turkish booty. The dragoon musicians wore a cap with a stiff front shield. The kettledrums were draped with richly decorated cloths while the dragoons drums had to do without such decoration. Officers of both arms decorated their coats depending on rank and purse with more or less lace in the button colour, plumage on their hats and fringes on the saddlecloths. The black and gold sash worn around the waist was also a mark of the officer and they, as well as the higher non-commissioned ranks, did without the carbine or flintlock. The following regiments existed:

Cuirassier Regiments: Regiment Tessin No. raised disbanded/No. in 1914 Graf Caprara 1629/1 1629 1701 => Hessen-Darmstadt FML Hessen-Darmstadt 1629/1 1701 from Graf Caprara Roccavione 1682/4 1682 No. 25 de Ville 1682/5 1682 No. 27 Graf Steinville 1690/1 1690 1720 von Zanthe 1682/3 1683 No. 5 Lobkowitz 1704 1717 1682/3 Palffy-Erdly 1682/2 1682 No. 4 Frst von Hohenzollern-Hechingen 1685/1 1633(?) Commercy 1679/- 1682(?) No. 8 Leiningen-Westerburg 1636/1 1636 No. 9 Pfefferkorn 1706- 1636/1 Frst Montecuccoli 1701/1 1701 No. 10 Modena 1707- 1701/1 Anspach-Bayreuth 1702/1 1702 No. 11 Graf Cronsfeld 1682/1 1682 D. 9

Alt-Hannover 1672/2 1672 D. 2 Jung-Hannover 1663/1 1663 D. 7 La Tour Thurn und Taxis 1703- 1663/1 Viard 1711- 1663/1 Hessen-Darmstadt 1684/1 1684 D. 6 Glockelberg 1705- 1684/1 Caraffa 1706- 1684/1 Lothringen 1683/1 1683 Breuner 1705- 1683/1 Savoyen 1710- 1683/1 Graf Cusani 1657/1 1657 No. 24 Pfalz-Neuburg 1674/1 1674 Vaudemont 1682/5 1682 Martigny 1682/5 Visconti 1631/1 1631 Cordova (Spanish) 1708/4 1713 (taken over) D. 5 Morres (Spanish) 1708/5 1713 (taken over)

Dragoon Regiments: Name Tessin No. raised disbanded/No. in 1914 Graf Rabutin 1631/16 1640 Graf Lymburg-Styrum 1672/5 1672 Sinzendorf 1704- 1672/5 Vehlen Dragoons 1672/5 Prinz Eugen v. Savoyen 1682/6 1682 Graf Sodenau (Saurau?) (1682/7?) 1682 von Batte 1682/8 1682 von Herbeville 1683/2 1683 Jorge de Tollet 1683/2 1683 (double!) Colonna 1688/2 1683(?) Graf Fels 1705- 1688/2 Serenyi 1709- 1688/2 Wrttemberg 1710- 1688/2 Vaubonne 1688/3 1687 Lwenfeld 1688/1 1688 Altenhann 1688/1 (aka. Lwenburger or Schlick) 1688/1 Brandenburg-Bayreuth 1701/2 1701 Frst Schnborn 1710/1 1706 from Kurfrst von Mainz Bolbes (Spanish) Saint Amour 1682/7 1682 (see above) Trautmannsdorf 1682/7 Reisig 1682/7 Dietrichstein 1682/7 Hauben 1705/2 1705 Prinz Ferd. Max. von Bayern 1719 Anspach 1718

Uniforms

Cuirassier Regiments 1629/1 Caprara - man 1701: coat buff, cuffs, lining, breeches red, neckcloth white, buttons yellow,

saddlecloth red, border yellow piped light yellow. 1684/2 Roccavione - man: coat buff, cuffs, lining, waistcoat, breeches dark red, neckcloth white, buttons

white, saddlecloth red, border white piped red, from 1695 a letter R embroidered on it. Trumpeter: coat dark red, lace white, cap brown, with white/red plumes. 1682/5 de Ville - man: coat buff, cuffs, lining, neckcloth red, waistcoat, breeches buff, buttons white,

saddlecloth red, border striped white/blue piped red. 1690/1 Steinville - man: coat buff, cuffs, lining, breeches red, waistcoat buff, neckcloth white, buttons

yellow, saddlecloth red, border yellow, piped blue on the outside edge. 1682/3 Lobkowitz - man: coat buff, cuffs, lining, breeches red, neckcloth white, buttons yellow, saddlecloth

red, border yellow/blue diagonal stripes, piped blue on the outside edge, cloak red. Trumpeter: coat blue, lace yellow, cap dark brown, with white/blue plumes.

1682/2 Palffy - man: coat buff, cuffs, lining, breeches, waistcoat red, neckcloth white (sometimes black),

buttons white, saddlecloth red, border white with a red stripe in the middle and red piping on the outside. Cloak red.

Trumpeter: coat red, lace white, cap brown with white/blue plume, false sleeves red with silver borders.

Officer: broad silver lace on the coat seams, cuffs, and pockets, saddlecloth red with silver border, piped red on the outside and yellow on the inside.

Kettledrummer: coat blue, cuffs red, lace silver, false sleeves red with silver lace, black cap with silver lace and plume blue at top, white at bottom, drum banners red with black double-eagle, edges striped white/red/white/red/white all round.

1685/1 Hohenzollern-Hechingen - man: coat buff, cuffs, lining, waistcoat, breeches red, neckcloth white,

buttons yellow, saddlecloth red, border yellow, piped red and divided into triangles with blue and red stripes. (Before 1700 the cuffs were black.)

1679/- Commercy - man: coat and waistcoat buff, cuffs, lining, yellow, breeches and neckcloth red, buttons

yellow, saddlecloth red, border yellow piped red on the outside edge, holster covers red. with an all-yellow border.

1702 (Falkenstein): Trumpeter: coat yellow, lace dark red, cap brown, with white/yellow plumes. 1710: Coat pearl grey, cuffs, linings dark red, neckcloth white, breeches and waistcoat straw

colour, saddlecloth red, edge yellow with cipher JC in yellow under a crown in the corner. 1636/1 Leiningen-Westerburg - man: coat buff, cuffs, lining, breeches red, waistcoat buff, neckcloth white,

buttons?, saddlecloth red, border blue triangles on the inside, white on the outside, piped red. 1710: coat pearl grey, cuffs, lining orange, buttons white, breeches and waistcoat straw colour,

saddlecloth red, border white with black zigzag line, piped red. 1701/1 Montecuccoli - man: coat buff, cuffs, lining, blue, waistcoat, breeches buff, neckcloth white, buttons

white, saddlecloth blue, border white with blue triangles on the inside, piped red. 1710: coat pearl grey, buttons white, breeches and waistcoat straw colour, saddlecloth red, border

yellow with white middle stripe, piped white and in the corner JC and crown in yellow embroidery.

1682/1 Cronsfeld - man: coat buff, cuffs, lining green, waistcoat buff, breeches red, neckcloth white,

buttons white, saddlecloth red, border yellow, piped red. 1710: coat pearl grey

1711: coat pearl grey, cuffs, lining red, breeches buff, saddlecloth as in 1700 but with JC and crown embroidered yellow in the corner.

1672/2 Alt-Hannover - man: coat buff, cuffs, lining, waistcoat, breeches red, neckcloth white, buttons white,

saddlecloth red, border yellow, piped red and yellow middle stripe. Standard bandoleer: yellow, edged red with a red zigzag line in the middle. 1663/1 Jung-Hannover - man: coat buff, cuffs, lining, waistcoat, breeches red, neckcloth white, buttons

white, saddlecloth red, border yellow, piped red. 1710: coat pearl grey, waistcoat and breeches buff, saddlecloth as in 1700 but with but with JC and crown embroidered white in the corner.

Trumpeter: coat dark red, lace white, cap brown with white and red plumes. 1684/1 Hessen-Darmstadt - man: coat buff, cuffs, lining and waistcoat blue, breeches red, neckcloth red,

buttons white, saddlecloth red, border yellow, piped blue on the in- and outside. Trumpeter: coat light blue, cuffs, lining, waistcoat light blue, lace silver, cap black with light blue

plumes. Trumpet banner red with black double eagle. 1683/1 Breuner- man: coat buff, cuffs, lining and breeches red, waistcoat buff, neckcloth black, buttons

white, saddlecloth red, border yellow, piped red. Trumpeter: coat crimson blue, cuffs, lining, waistcoat red, lace white, cap brown with red and white

plumes. 1657/1 Cusani - man: coat buff, cuffs, lining and waistcoat dark red, breeches red, neckcloth red, buttons

yellow, saddlecloth red, border yellow, piped red. Trumpeter: coat dark red, lace yellow, cap brown with white and red plumes. 1674/1 Pfalz-Neuburg - man: coat buff, cuffs red with light blue edging, lining light blue, waistcoat and

breeches red, neckcloth black, buttons white. Trumpeter: coat, cuffs, lining, waistcoat and breeches light blue, lace golden, and cap brown with

silver lace and plumes light blue on top, white below. 1700: Saddlecloth and holster covers red border light blue piped yellow outside 1710: border white with blue zigzag edges, piped red.

1682/5 Vaudemont - man: coat buff, cuffs, lining, waistcoat and breeches red, neckcloth red, buttons white,

but hat border yellow! Saddlecloth red border white, blue zigzag inside, piped red outside, from 1701 red saddlebag. 1704: border on saddlecloth blue/white checkers.

Trumpeter: coat, cuffs, lining, red, lace white/blue, cap black with white/blue plumes. 1631/1 Visconti - man: coat buff, cuffs, lining, waistcoat, neckcloth and breeches red, buttons white.

Saddlecloth red border white with light blue ovals in the middle, piped yellow. 1704: coat pearl grey, buttons yellow, breeches and waistcoat straw colour, saddlecloth red, border

white with blue squares standing on corners, piped yellow, JC and crown embroidered yellow in corner.

Trumpeter: coat blue, lace white, cap brown with white/blue plumes. 1708/4 Cordova - man: coat and waistcoat pearl grey, cuffs and lining dark red, neckcloth white, breeches

buff, buttons yellow, saddlecloth red, C VI and crown embroidered yellow in corner.

1708/5 Morres - man: coat pearl grey, cuffs, lining and waistcoat dark red, neckcloth white, breeches buff, buttons yellow, Saddlecloth red, C VI and crown embroidered yellow in corner. Cloak pearl grey with blue collar.

General: Where not specifically mentioned the cloak behind the saddle was pearl grey with a red collar, whereby Pfalz-Neuburg and Modena had blue collars. The boots are always black, as is the cartridge pouch, other leather belts being buff. The cuirasses are either blackened or blank. Ones can be found decorated with brass rivets but this was not the rule. The same is true for the helmet.

Dragoon Regiments 1631/16 Rabutin - man: coat, waistcoat blue, cuffs, lining and aiguillette red, buttons white, neckcloth and

hat border white, breeches buff. Saddlecloth red border yellow, piped red/yellow. Officer coat red, cuffs and lining blue, silver lace.

1706: Officer coat blue, cuffs, lining red, silver lace. 1709: man: buttons yellow, hat border yellow. Saddlecloth yellow with blue/red piping on both sides. Officers lace and buttons gold.

1672/5 Styrum - man: coat red, cuffs and lining green, aiguillette white, buttons and hat border yellow,

neckcloth white, breeches and waistcoat buff. Saddlecloth red border yellow. Cloak pearl grey with green collar.

Trumpeter: coat green, cuffs, lining waistcoat red, lace yellow, cap black with gold lace and white plume.

1709: waistcoat red, cipher JC and crown in yellow on saddlecloth. 1682/6 E. v. Savoyen - man: coat red, cuffs and lining black, waistcoat red, breeches buff, buttons and hat

border yellow, neckcloth white. Saddlecloth red, border yellow. Grenadier: as man but with dark fur cap, red bag with yellow lace and tassel, breeches and

waistcoat buff. 1709: man: waistcoat buff, buttons brass, hat border golden. Crown and JC in yellow in corner of

saddlecloth. Drummer: coat black, cuffs, lining red, lace silver. Cap brown with red front shield, which had

golden lace, and a golden shield on it. The drum was decorated with black flames coming from the bottom and red flames from the top, the tires having red/black diagonal stripes.

1709: drummer: lace golden, 1682/7 Saurau - man: coat blue, cuffs, lining and waistcoat red, breeches blue, buttons white, neckcloth and

hat border white. Saddlecloth red, border yellow. 1682/8 Batt - man: coat blue, cuffs, lining, aiguillette and waistcoat red, breeches blue, buttons yellow,

neckcloth white, hat border yellow. Saddlecloth red, border blue, piped yellow on both sides. 1709: cuffs and linings blue, aiguillette white. Saddlecloth with yellow JC and crown. 1683/2 Herbeville - man: coat and waistcoat medium blue, cuffs and lining yellow, breeches buff, buttons

and hat border yellow, neckcloth white, aiguillette red. Saddlecloth red border yellow. 1709 as Jrger de Tollet: coat red, waistcoat red, cuffs and lining black, buttons and hat border

white, neckcloth white. Grenadier with silver lace on hat. Cloak white with black collar. Saddlecloth red with yellow border. Officers: as for men but with silver lace on coat and waistcoat. Saddlecloths had gold lace and JTO in gold under an open crown.

Trumpeter: coat light grey, cuffs and lining red, buttons and lace silver, swallows nests red with silver, cap brown with red front shield, edged silver and little silver arms on it. Drum bandoleer red with silver lace. Drum black (bottom) and red (top) flames. Tires red/white/black triangles. (NOTE: on the colour plate the uniforms before/after 1709 have been reversed!)

1688/2 Colonna - coat yellow, waistcoat black, cuffs and lining black, breeches buff, buttons yellow, hat

border white, neckcloth white. Saddlecloth red with yellow border. Grenadiers as above but fur caps with black bag, yellow tassel and lace. 1709: coat red, waistcoat red, aiguillette white, hat border yellow (grenadiers golden), grenadier

cap red bag with white tassel and border. Saddlecloth red with yellow border. 1688/3 de Vaubonne - man: coat blue, waistcoat blue, cuffs and lining red, buttons and hat border yellow,

neckcloth white, breeches buff. Saddlecloth red with yellow border. 1709: red aiguillette. Saddlecloth red with blue border piped blue on both sides, JC and crown in

yellow in the corner. Other sources give blue breeches after 1709. 1688/1 Lwenfeld - man: coat green, waistcoat red, cuffs and lining red, breeches red, buttons yellow, hat

border yellow, neckcloth white. Saddlecloth red with yellow border. Drummer: coat red, cuffs and lining green, cap brown, front shield green with gold lace also on the

top of the hat crown. 1709: coat red, waistcoat red, cuffs and lining green, breeches buff, aiguillette white. Saddlecloth

red with yellow border, JC and crown in yellow in the corner. 1709 drummer: coat green, cuffs and lining red, cap brown with red front shield and gold lace. 1701/2 Brandenburg-Bayreuth - man: coat blue, waistcoat blue, cuffs and lining red, breeches red, buttons

white, hat border white, neckcloth white. Saddlecloth red with yellow border, decorated with black Xs.

1713: coat dark blue, waistcoat dark blue, breeches buff, aiguillette red, buttons and hat border yellow. Saddlecloth red with yellow border, piped black on both sides, C VI and crown in yellow.

1710/1 Kurfrst von Mainz - man 1706: coat blue, waistcoat red, cuffs and lining red, breeches blue, buttons

white, hat border white, neckcloth white. Saddlecloth red with yellow border. Cloak white with red collar.

1709: coat red, waistcoat red, cuffs and lining blue, breeches straw colour, buttons and hat border white. Saddlecloth red with blue border, JC and crown in yellow. Cloak white with blue collar.

Drummer according to Kntel: coat blue, waistcoat red, cuffs and lining red, lace yellow, cap all blue with yellow lace, plumage yellow/white/red. Saddlecloth blue with yellow border. Drums yellow with double eagle, tires red/white stripes.

1708/8 Galbes - man: coat red, waistcoat straw colour, cuffs and lining red, yellow lace on edges of cuffs,

breeches straw colour, buttons yellow, cap brown with red front shield edged yellow (Spanish style), neckcloth white. Saddlecloth red with yellow border.

Drummer: coat yellow with golden lace and swallows nests, cuffs red with edging, lining red, waistcoat and breeches straw colour, buttons and lace golden, neckcloth white, aiguillette golden, cap brown, front shield yellow with red border. (Lace in drawing is incorrect.)

Grenadiers fur caps with yellow bags and a brass grenade at the front. Officers hats with gold lace and red plumage.

1682/7 Saint Amour - man: coat blue, waistcoat blue, cuffs and lining red, breeches straw colour, buttons

yellow, hat border yellow, neckcloth white, aiguillette yellow. Saddlecloth red with yellow border, JC and crown in yellow.

1705/2 Hauben - man: coat blue, waistcoat blue, cuffs and lining red, breeches straw colour, buttons yellow, hat border yellow, neckcloth white, aiguillette red. Saddlecloth red with white border, piped blue on both sides, JC and crown in yellow.

1719/- Pr. Ferdinand Max. v. Bayern - man: coat red, waistcoat red, cuffs and lining blue, breeches straw

colour, buttons white, hat border white, neckcloth white, aiguillette yellow. Saddlecloth red with white border, piped blue on both sides, CVI and crown in yellow.

1718/- Ansbach/Anspach - man: coat red, waistcoat red, cuffs and lining blue, breeches straw colour, buttons

yellow, hat border yellow, neckcloth white. Saddlecloth green with yellow border, C VI and crown in yellow.

General: The black boots of the dragoons were more lightly made than those of the cuirassiers. Gaiters were often worn instead, especially by the grenadiers. The sword had no basket, only a brass hand guard and ring. The waistbelt carried the bayonet sheath and the sword hung vertically. Grenadiers had an additional little cartridge pouch at the front for ammunition as well as the large grenade pouch hung over the shoulder. The cloaks were pearl grey with a red collar where not explicitly given. Belts were buff. Additional remarks: In the pilgrimage church of Maria-Loreto in Angerbach, Bavaria, there is a very carefully painted votive plate with an illustration of three Austrian cavalrymen. The year of the events on the plate was 1705 and in that year only the 400 men of the cuirassier regiment of Barthels was stationed in Bavaria. Therefore the painting can only refer to this regiment, which is not described in any list of the period. It can hardly represent the Bavarian remount commandos of the other regiments stationed there since these are known to have worn other uniforms. Amongst the standards in the Heeresgeschichtlichen Museum in Vienna there are several examples of those of the regiment of Bamberg. Peter-Philipp von Dernbach, Bishop of Bamberg (1672-1683) and Wrzburg (from 1675) made parts of this regiment available to the Emperor already in 1674. With a contract dated 24th October 1685 it passed into Imperial service under the name of its colonel, Johann-Eitel Freiherr Truchsess von Wetzhausen. Under this standard it fought in the army of Prince Eugene in 1697 at Zenta, 1704 in Bavaria, 1716 at Temesvr and 1717 at Belgrade. In 1775 the regiment was converted into dragoons and disbanded in 1801. (Note: These standard belonged to the regiment, which later became Hohenzollern-Hechingen. Their good condition would tend to indicate that they were taken out of service fairly early probably on entering Imperial service in 1685. R.H.) Based on the above it can only be the regiment of Barthels. Uniform (after the votive plate): coat pearl grey, cuffs and linings red, buttons yellow, hat border white, waistcoat and breeches buff. Saddlecloth red with yellow border. Boots black, belts buff. Since the men appear to be foraging or similar, they are not wearing cuirasses, but are mounted on dark brown horses, which would indicate cuirassiers. (The regiment of Barthels was raised in Bavaria in 1705 largely from elements of the disbanded Bavarian cavalry, and disbanded already in 1707.)

Organisation A regiment of cuirassiers consisted of about 1000 men and 800 horses, divided into 12 ordinre Kompanien. Under Carl VI in 1713 (not at the same time in all regiments) an elite unit of carabineers in the strength of a company of 94 men was added. The regiment was commanded by a colonel-owner or a colonel commander (angesetzter Oberst titularis ) named by the owner and confirmed by the Hofkriegsrat (Imperial War Council). He commanded the Leibeskadron. The others were commanded by the Oberstleutnant (lt.-

colonel), the Obristwachtmeister (major) and the ordinary squadrons by Rittmeister (captains). The company was an administrative unit consisting of:

1 Rittmeister captain 1 Leutnant Lieutenant 1 Kornett cornet as officer, 1 Wachtmeister sergeant 1 Fourier quartermaster 1 Feldscher surgeon/barber 1 Musterschreiber clerk 1 Trompeter trumpeter, 1 Sattler saddler 1 Schmied smith 1 Plattner armourer 3 Korporale corporals 60-70 Gefreite & Gemeine lance corporals and privates

The combat formation was the squadron, which was made up of two companies. Correspondingly the squadron would have carried two standards as shown in the formation diagram. The regiment of dragoons consisted of about 1700 men divided into 12 companies with an additional grenadier company added in 1713 to all regiments. In addition to a prima plana like that of the cuirassiers, the dragoon company had 4 corporals and 60-84 dragoons. The standard-bearer was titled Fhnrich (ensign, as for infantry), the captain was a Hauptmann, and the drummer took the place of the trumpeter. On foot the regiment formed into 3 ranks, the middle being the corps de bataille and both wings similarly, as for the infantry battalion. On riding forward to form up on foot the odd rows dragoons always formed up in three rows and each group of three dragoons was a row rode forward and dismounted. The horses were tied together with the reins within the ranks and platoons. The dragoons marched forward through the lanes between the horses and formed up as a platoon. The Obristwachtmeister and the adjutant (Wachtmeister-Leutnant) remained on horse.

Standards and Guidons Cuirassier Standards The Leibeskadron both in the cuirassiers and the dragoons carried a white standard (* see below R.H.) The standards of the cuirassiers were about 48cm square. Dragoon guidons were larger and swallow-tailed with a length of 252cm, 184cm in the cutout and a height of 157cm. The ground colour of the standards were: Regiment ground fringes embroidery Caprara light blue red silver Roccavione red none silver Lobkowitz red golden golden Palffy red silver silver Commercy yellow silver silver Ansbach-Bay. crimson black/silver silver Cronsfeld red none silver Alt-Hannover red black/gold silver Jung-Hannover yellow black/gold silver Caraffa light blue red gold Breuner crimson gold gold Cusani dark red gold gold Pfalz-Neuberg light blue silver silver

Martigny crimson silver golden Visconti blue none silver Bamberg white gold gold (* Notes on standards/guidons: the examples shown in the plates are taken after the Triomphes de Louis XIV as published by Belaubre or are drawn from existing examples in the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Vienna. Although several standards exist for some regiments, there is no evidence of any white standards that could belong to the colonels company. The example of Bamberg does not contradict this, since at that time it was not an Imperial regiment. As far as the dragoons are concerned, all evidence points to them having red guidons. There is no existing guidon or painting showing a guidon of another colour. There are no existing guidons or any illustrations of Imperial guidons in white. While the infantry did indeed have white colonels flags, it would appear that the cavalry only received these much later probably after the reign of Carl VI. -R.H.)

Example of a reconstruction of a cuirassier Leibstandarte (see note above). Ground white, fringes, embroidery and the halo of the Madonna and the eagles, the sceptre and the chain of the order all gold. Double eagle black with red/white/red breast shield. Madonna with blue cloak and red dress, sword silver with golden hilt. The claws and beaks of the eagle are also golden, as is the crown, lined blue.

Squadron standard of the cuirassier regiment Herzog v. Lothringen und Bar (1698-1705), GFWM Ferdinand Graf Breuner (1705-1710), FML Thomas E. Prinz von Savoyen (1710-1735). Cloth crimson, fringes, embroidery, sceptre golden. Base under the mortar green/golden. Mortar, sword, motto, grenade silver. Flames mixed red/gold, black eagle with red/white/red breast shield. Crown golden with blue lining. Motto NON INVITA CADAM in black. This standard was carried already in 1683 when the regiment belonged to Bernhard Freiherr von Coneberg und Dupigny.

Squadron standard of the cuirassier regiment Vaudemont (-1704 then Martigny). Ground crimson. Fringes, clouds, lightning trees and embroidery golden. Edging silver, as are the medallions around the crosses of Lorraine. The medallions are framed in gold. Thomas von Lothringen, Frst von Vaudemont (Thomas of

Lorraine, Prince of Vaudmont) was owner of the regiment from 1691 till 1704. On the other side is the double eagle.

Squadron standard of the cuirassier regiment Glckelsberg (-1693 then Caraffa, then Hessen-Darmstadt). Ground light blue, fringes, embroidery, pillars and base, crowns all golden. Motto white ribbon with the motto Qui legitime cera in black. (Belaubre completed the motto to QUI LEGITIME CERTAVERIT and below: CORONABITUR) On the other side the usual double eagle.

Squadron standard of the cuirassier regiment Caprara (-1701). Ground light blue with red fringes. The obverse with silver embroidery. Shield holder lions blue/gold, coat of arms red at the top, the half-lion growing out of the lower field is golden. The lower half is blue with six golden stars arranged 3/2/1. Over the shield an open crown and silver ribbon. The motto is no longer legible.

Standard of the cuirassier regiment Bamberg. Leibstandarte white ground and fringes white/golden, squadron standard red, and fringes red/golden. On the oval within a baroque cartouche the arms of the Prince Bishop Peter Philipp von Dernbach: quartered with a middle shield the fields outlined in gold; 1 and 4: a black lion on gold, overlaid with a silver band; 2: the Franconian three-pointed field of red and silver; 3: the golden lance of Wrzburg lying diagonally on a blue field and with a red/silver quartered flag. Around the cartouche is a golden laurel wreath, tied with ribbons at top and bottom. Above the motto CVM DEO PRO CAESARE ET PATRIA in gold. On the reverse the black Imperial double eagle on gold holding the sceptre and orb in its claws. Below the year of foundation, 1676 in golden letters. The description from the museum asserts under this flag the regiment fought at Zenta in 1697 and in Bavaria in 1704. (Unlikely, judging by the good condition of the standards.)

Standard of the cuirassier regiment Hallwyl (?) 1711. Reverse: red ground, fringes red/gold, silver cross on a red field, surrounded by silver clouds, beneath it a green meadow and above the motto on a silver ribbon IN HOC VINCES. Surrounded by silver/gold laurel branches. The obverse has a silver (!) double eagle with the Imperial crown and the cipher IAI (=Josephus Imperator Augustus) surrounded by the order of the Golden Fleece. Otherwise as for the reverse. Several other examples of the standards of this regiment still exist: 2nd example: Reverse an armoured arm carrying a lance and coming out of clouds. Above the motto on

silver TOLLE MORAS. 3rd example: Reverse a one-headed black eagle over the clouds flying towards the sun. Above the motto on

silver: SALUTI PUBLICAE. 4th example: Obverse with a black double eagle drawn in silver. Reverse a one-headed black eagle without

crown or accessories. Above the motto on silver IN HOSTES PARITER ET ............ (illegible). The cipher IAI (=Josephus Imperator Augustus) indicates the standards as belonging to the reign of Joseph I. Since the lance points contain the cipher of his brother and successor Carl VI (CVI) it may be assumed the standards were made during the lifetime of Joseph but were delivered and dedicated afterwards under Carl (after the 12th October 1711). This would indicate that they belong to a regiment that had a change of owner at this period. Two regiments fulfil this condition: Jung-Hannover and Hallwyl, whereby the latter is to be preferred since there is the following description for the standard of the other regiment: Standard of the cuirassier regiment of Jung-Hannover Yellow ground, on both sides the silver Imperial crown with flying ribbons, beneath it a silver I, in the corners silver laurel twigs, seam black/yellow and black/golden fringes. (Gilardone, Zf., 3. Jahrgang, page 235)

Cuirassier regiment Graf Leiningen-Westerburg, after 1706 Graf Pfefferkorn (illustration below), Leibstandarte white ground, obverse black double eagle with sword and sceptre, Imperial crown and red/white/red shield surrounded by the order of the Golden Fleece, silver embroidery, fringes red/blue/silver. Reverse a silver pelican with its young ones, on its breast a red (blood-) mark, the motto DVRATA LABORE EST on a silver ribbon. (Note: It is unclear where the white standard came from. I know only the one from the Triomphes which has a green ground colour. R.H.)

Dragoon Guidons

Squadron standard of the regiment Eugen Prinz von Savoyen: ground red, fringes red/golden, obverse initials CRI (Carolus Romanorum Imperator), corner flames and foliage golden, palm branches green/golden. Reverse the usual black double eagle with the order of the Golden Fleece. Embroidery as for the obverse. (drawings R. Hall.)

Illustration 2: Guidon of the regiment Lobkowitz (probably from around 1770), here to illustrate the arms of the family Lobkowitz with regard to the earlier regiment of that name. Sources and Literature:

1. Friedrich von Muelwerth-Gaertner. Beitrge zur Geschichte der sterreichischen Kavallerie, Wien 1882.

2. Ausstellungskatalog Prinz Eugen des Heeresgeschichtlichen Museums, Wien 1963

3. Dr. Hermann Meynert. Geschichte der k.k. sterreichischen Armee seit der Errichtung der stehenden Kriegsheere bis auf die neueste Zeit, 2 vols. Prag 1845.

4. Dr. Hermann Meynert. Geschichte der k.k. sterreichischen Armee, ihre Heranbildung und Organisation sowie Schicksale, Thaten und Feldzge 4 Bd., Wien 1852-54.

5. Richard Ottenfeld. Die sterreichische Armee 1700 1867 Wien 1895.

6. Herbert Kntel. Bildbeitrge zur Heereskunde und zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der militrischen Tracht, Hamburg 1936.

7. Richard Kntel. Uniformtafeln in Verlag max Babenzien, Rathenow und Verlag DiepenboickGrther, Nachdruck ab 1981, Berlin-Hamburg.

8. R. Kntel/Sieg. Handbuch fr Uniformkunde, Hamburg 1936, Nachdruck in Farbe (sptere Kolorierung) Stuttgart 1985.

9. Alphons von Wrede Geschichte der k. und k. Wehrmacht, 5 vols., Wien 1898-1905

10. Unser Heer, 300 Jahre sterreichische Soldatentum in Krieg und Frieden, Wien-Mnchen-Zrich 1963.

11. Rudolf Donath. Uniformen der kaiserlichen Armee unter Prinz Eugen (Manuskriptdruck), Simbach/Inn 1965-67.

12. Jean Belaubre. "Les Triomphes des Louis le Grand Paris, 1970.

13. Archivmaterialien der Albertina-Sammlung und des Heeresgeschichtlichen Museums Wien.

The Emperors Cuirassiers and DragoonsCuirassier RegimentsDragoon RegimentsUniformsCuirassier RegimentsCapraraRoccavionede VilleSteinvilleLobkowitzPalffyHohenzollern-HechingenCommercyLeiningen-WesterburgMontecuccoliGronsfeldAlt-HannoverJung-HannoverHessen-DarmstadtBreuner/SavoyenCusaniPfalz-NeuburgVaudemont/MartignyViscontiCordovaMorresCommercyBarthels

Dragoon RegimentsRabutinStyrum/SinzendorfE.v.SavoyenSodenauBatteHerbevilleJorge de TolletColonna/FelsVaubonneLwenfeld/AltenhannBrandenburg-BayreuthKurf.v. Mainz-SchnbornGalbesSaint AmourHaubenPr.Ferdinand Max v. BayernAnspach

OrganisationStandards and GuidonsCuirassier StandardsDragoon Guidons

Sources and LiteratureColour PlatesCuirassierCapraraLeiningen-WesterburgJung-HannoverHohenzollern-HechingenHessen-DarmstadtPfalz-NeubergVaudemont/MartignyBreuner/SavoyenMercyGronsfeldPalffyBarthelCommercyRoccavioneAlt-HannoverViscontiCusaniSteinvilleLobkowitzMontecuccoliCordovaMorresUhlefeldStandartenStandartenStandartenStandarten

DragoonsPr.E.v. SavoyenBatteBrandenburg-BayreuthStyrum/SinzendorfJrger de TolletSerenyiVaubonneLwenfeld/AlthannGalbesFelsAnsbachPr.Ferdinand v. BayernRabutinSaint AmourKurf.v. Mainz-Schnborn