CST Terrorist Incidents 1968 - 2010

8/9/2019 CST Terrorist Incidents 1968 - 2010

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Terrorist Incidentsagainst Jewish Communitiesand Israeli Citizens Abroad1968Ð2010


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ContentsExecutive summary 3Terrorist Incidents Against Jewish Communitiesand Israeli Citizens Abroad, 1968Ð2010Introduction 5Terrorism and antisemitism 5Islamist antisemitism 6Salafi Jihadi terrorism against Jewish communities 11Iranian-inspired terror 13Palestinian and leftist terrorism 13Anti-Jewish terrorism from the far right 15Cooperation across extremes 17Changing patterns 18Home-grown radicalisation and diversifying threats 20Future trends 21Basis of the Chronology 23Notes 26Abbreviations 29Chronology of Terrorist Attacks and Plots 30Country and Incident Totals 55Modus Operandi and Incident Totals 59Target and Incident Totals 62Year and Incident Totals 66Year and Casualties Totals 74Attacks by Organisation and Country 77Attacks by Organisation and Target 79Attacks by Organisation and Year 80Attacks by Organisation and Modus Operandi 81Organisation and Incident Totals 82Terrorist Incidents 1968Ð2010 / 2


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Executive summaryDuring the 43 years since 1968, theyear when Palestinian terror groupsbegan to attack Jewish and Israelitargets outside the Middle East, some427 recorded attacks and foiled oraborted plots are known to havetaken place.These 427 actual and foiled terroristattacks have included plots byPalestinian nationalists, neo-Nazis,radical leftists and, most recently,both Shiite and Sunni Islamists.The early 1980s saw the highestnumber of attacks, which coincidedwith the largest number of terroristattacks against all other targets, inEurope and Latin America. This wasthe era of revolutionary Marxist-Leninist terror groups that evolved outof the post-1968 New Left movement,which received help from Soviet Blocstates and which forged ideologicaland tactical alliances with Palestinianterror groups.The collapse of the Soviet Bloc andthe signing of the Oslo Accords ledto a dramatic reduction in terrorismagainst Jewish and Israeli targetsoutside Israel in the second half ofthe 1990s. However, the first decadeof the twenty-first century saw thegrowth of global jihadi and neo-Naziterrorism, replacing old sourcesof terrorism with new ones.There were actual and foiled terroristattacks on Jews and Israelis abroadin a total of 57 countries outsideIsrael. The countries with thehighest number of attacks wereFrance (51 attacks); the UnitedStates (34 attacks); Italy (33 attacks),Argentina and Germany (29 attacksin each).Since 2000, the countries with thehighest number of attacks, bothsuccessful and foiled, have been theUnited States (eight attacks), Morocco(five attacks), the United Kingdom (fiveattacks) and Germany (four attacks).Jewish communities were the target of250 attacks or foiled attacks, whereasIsrael-linked institutions and individualswere the target in 189 cases. Of the250 attacks on Jewish communities,Jewish community buildings,organisations and events were the mostfrequently attacked (96 incidents).Synagogues were the targets of 88actual and attempted terrorist attacks,while Jewish schools were targets on16 occasions.The organisations responsible forthe largest numbers of attacks, bothsuccessful and foiled, during the periodcovered by the report are the PalestineLiberation Organisation (PLO) and itsvarious affiliates, with 35 attacks;the Popular Front for the Liberationof Palestine (PFLP), with 31 attacks;Abu NidalÕs Fatah Revolutionary Council(FRC, 24 attacks); Al-Qaeda and itsaffiliates (19 attacks); and Hizbollah(14 attacks).A total of 208 incidents involvedbombings and employed improvisedexplosive devices of all kinds;76 incidents involved shootings;while 27 incidents involved letter orparcel bombs. These are the normalmodus operandi of sub-state actors.Twelve attacks involved vehicle-bornebombs and seven plots involvedsuicide bombers. In 80 cases, attackswere interdicted by the authorities,aborted or otherwise foiled duringthe planning stages.3 / Terrorist Incidents 1968Ð2010


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The early years of the period coveredin this report were characterised byshootings and the use of improvisedexplosive devices delivered tobuildings as letter or parcel bombs;the intermediate years by car bombs;and the latter years by suicidebombings. This reflects the changefrom far-left and far-right terrorism,through secular Palestinian terrorism,to global jihad movement terrorism.A new terrorist method, which emergedwith the 2008 Mumbai attacks, wasthat of multiple-site armed attacks bysmall groups, known as ÔswarmingÕ.Information subsequently made publicsuggests that the global jihadmovement is increasingly inclined toadopt this strategy, which relies onself-radicalised small groups who maynot have undergone extensive trainingby Al-Qaeda and its affiliates.Far-right, Ôlone wolfÕ activists areincreasingly resorting to terrorism inEurope and the USA under the influenceof the leaderless resistance model.Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Bulletin, 1983


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Terrorist Incidents against Jewish CommunitiesIntroductionThe phenomenon of terrorism againstJewish communities and Israelitargets abroad represents the mostviolent aspect of contemporaryantisemitism, and the greatestphysical danger to diaspora Jewishcommunities. It demonstrates howthe rational calculations of politicalviolence and the irrational fantasiesof extreme ideologies can combineto threaten the lives of ordinary Jewsand others all over the world. Itexplains in the starkest terms whyJewish communities require securityat their synagogues, schools andcommunity buildings.When the first edition of this reportwas published in 2003, it was the firsttime that the history of post-1967anti-Jewish terrorism had been collatedcomprehensively. It showed thatJewish communities andIsraeli-linked targets outside Israelhave been attacked by violentextremists from diverse backgrounds:neo-Nazis, Marxist-Leninists,anarchists, Palestinian and other Arabnationalists, Khomeinite revolutionariesand radical Sunni Islamists. In theintervening seven years since thischronology was first published, thispicture has come to be dominated bythe new wave of terrorism perpetratedby Salafi Jihadists linked to, orsupportive of, Al-Qaeda. These arereferred to collectively as the globaljihad movement, which targets Jewsas part of wider terrorist campaignsin Western and Muslim countries.The report also demonstrates thatmany terrorists do not make a cleardistinction between Jewish and Israelitargets outside Israel, either in theirideology, their propaganda or Ð mostimportantly Ð in their targeting. Forthis reason, both types of target areincluded in the Chronology of TerroristAttacks and Plots, which forms themain body of this publication.Terrorism and antisemitismMany terrorist groups that target Jewsare rooted in political ideologies thatincorporate antisemitism into theirworld view. Neo-Nazi groups, forexample, adhere to the view thatJews are racially inferior and conspireto destroy the white race. Islamistterrorists of both Shia and Sunnivarieties believe that Jews are morallyinferior and conspire to undermineand destroy Islam. Leftist terroristgroups that have targeted Jews haveoften conflated antisemitism with theiranti-American and anti-capitalistviewpoints. The belief in a Jewish orZionist conspiracy is common to theideologies that drive most terroristgroups that target Jews and Israel.The idea that Jews, Zionism or Israelare preventing the creation of a new,better world for all is also commonacross different extremist ideologies.This ideological antisemitism, with itsconspiratorial and millennial fantasies,combines with real-world grievancessuch as the Israel/Palestine conflict,to create a specific threat to Jewsand their communities from terroristgroups of different hues. For manyextremists, Israel and Jews are closelylinked in a symbiotic and mutuallysupportive relationship. They believethat attacking Jewish communities,which are sometimes considered softtargets, may undermine IsraelÕsnational resolve. In addition, Jews areperceived as a particular enemy, asopposed to a general opponent suchas the West or global capitalism. Jews5 / Terrorist Incidents 1968Ð2010


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and Israeli Citizens Abroad, 1968Ð2010are not the primary target for manyterrorists; these are currently the USAand states with military forces in Iraqand Afghanistan. The extent to whichterrorists consider Jews to be aprimary target may depend in parton how much traditional antisemitictropes dominate their world view.Terrorist threats to Jews in thetwenty-first century come in the mainfrom three directions: the global jihadmovement (i.e., Al-Qaeda and itsaffiliates and followers); Iran and itssurrogates; and neo-Nazis and whitesupremacists. Far-left and anarchistgroups carried out many terroristattacks against Jewish communitiesin the 1970s and 1980s. Althoughsome residual groups of this typeremain in Germany, Italy, Greeceand Latin America, there is now lessfinancial backing or training availablefor them than there was from theSoviet Bloc before its implosion.Consequently, the terror threat fromthis quarter is currently low.The decline in the leftist terrorismthat wracked Europe in the 1970sand 1980s, and the more recentgrowth of Salafi Jihadist terroristattacks, reflects a wider shift fromstate-backed terrorism to autonomousterrorist groups and networks. Thishas had a degrading impact on theirability to successfully execute terroristattacks, as evidenced by the relativelyhigh proportion of plots by Al-Qaedaand unaffiliated global jihadists thatwere intercepted before they couldreach fruition.In assessing the ongoing threat toJewish communities, it should benoted that British, American, Israeliand other security services havesometimes publicised their interdictionof terrorist plots against Jewish andIsraeli targets. Jewish communitiescontinue to receive discreet warningsto enhance security at communalbuildings, and in some countries theyreceive extra Police protection.Islamist antisemitismIn several recently foiled plots,Al-Qaeda and its affiliates in theglobal jihad movement planned toattack Jewish institutions andindividuals. Elements of their nowwidespread ideology manifest acontemporary version of the Protocolsof the Learned Elders of Zion, thetzarist-era forgery that provided therationale and underpinning fortwentieth-century antisemitism andthe Holocaust, and which now propelsjihadi terrorists to attack Jews.This forgery and its modern variantsare now widely available throughoutthe Muslim world, and it is referred todirectly or indirectly in some of thebasic documents of Al-Qaeda, Hamasand others.1The core ideological statement ofHamas, its charter, contains manyanti-Jewish themes and comments,among which Article 32 states:Òthe Zionist plan has no limits, andafter Palestine they want to expand[their territory] from the Nile to theEuphrates, and when they finishdevouring one area, they hunger forfurther expansion and so on,indefinitely. The plan is expoundedin the Protocols of the Elders of Zion,and their present behaviour is thebest proof for what we are sayingÓ.2Terrorist Incidents 1968-2010 / 6


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Picture stills from a Hamas video, February 2006Antisemitism appears to be growingin the Muslim world, as a consequenceof the Islamist influence on traditionalMuslim views of Jews as protectedbut subservient to Islam, as the PewResearch Center established in its 2009survey of attitudes in 25 countries.It found, for example, that 98 per centof Lebanese, 97 per cent of Jordaniansand 95 per cent of Egyptians holdunfavourable views of Jews. Thecoming to power of an Islamistgovernment in Turkey may have beena reason for the jump from 32 per centin 2004 to 73 per cent in 2009.Unsurprisingly, a recent large-scale pollin Muslim countries normally describedas moderate indicated that there waswidespread support for Palestinianterrorism and little empathy for Jewishsuffering during the Holocaust.3Antagonistic references to Israelisare therefore very often couched inanti-Jewish terms, thereby promotingthe Israel/Palestine conflict to thelevel of religious conflict, rather thana territorial dispute.Radical Muslim religious leaders,whether Palestinian or not, oftenframe their arguments in this way.For example, the Supreme Guideof the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan,Sheikh Himam SaÕid, stated in anaddress to Palestinians in Hebron that,Ò...you are now waging a war againstthe Jews. You are well versed in this.We saw how, on a day in 1929, youslaughtered the Jews in Hebron.Today, slaughter them in the landof Hebron. Kill them in Palestine.Ó4Anti-Jewish references are nowcommonplace in Islamist, andparticularly Salafi Jihadi, texts andother publications. Among the manyrecent examples in Europe, it is worthnoting that the Al-Qaeda terroristAndrew Rowe, who was arrested bythe French authorities as he wasreturning to the UK in October 2003,was said by prosecuting counsel at his2005 trial in London, to have beencarrying audio cassettes of militantsermons about the obligation to wagejihad against Òunjust Christians andaggressive JewsÓ and demandingthat Muslim lands be liberated fromÒthe sons of the monkeys and pigsÓ,a derogatory reference to Jews.5In 1999, Abu Qatada, said to have7 / Terrorist Incidents 1968Ð2010


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been the senior Al-Qaeda representativein the UK, gave a blessing for thekilling of Jews in a mosque address,according to evidence cited by theSpecial Immigration AppealCommission in March 2004 when itturned down his appeal to be freedfrom detention.6Hassan al Banna, the founder of theMuslim Brotherhood, Abul al a Mawdudi,the founder of the Jamaat e Islamiand Sayid Qutb, the post-SecondWorld War ideologue of theBrotherhood, all believed in a Jewishconspiracy to dominate the world.In QutbÕs exposition of radical politicalIslam, Milestones, he formulated anideology of Islamism and its violentjihadi derivative.7 For Qutb,contemporary Islam had lapsedinto a state of darkness (jahiliyah)that could only be overthrown byviolence. According to his programme,non-Islamic religions, particularly theJews Ð for whom he reservedparticular opprobrium Ð would berequired to accept Islamic dominance.In his later study, Our Struggle Withthe Jews, Qutb went further, statingthat the struggle between Islam andJudaism must continue because Jewswould only be satisfied with thedestruction of Islam. Therefore,Muslims must fight against Jewishtreachery, and subjugate the Jews:ÒThe Jews have confronted Islam withenmity from the moment the Islamicstate was established in MedinaÉtheMuslim community continues to sufferthe same Jewish machinations anddouble dealing which discomforted theearly MuslimsÉThis is a war which hasnot been extinguishedÉfor close onfourteen centuries its blaze has ragedin all the corners of the earthand continues to this moment.Ó8The underlying antisemitic sentimentsare echoed by QutbÕs successors inAl-Qaeda and the global jihadmovement. The latterÕs foremostideologue, Abu MusÕab al-Suri, wrotein the Global Islamic Call that amongthe most important targets were:Ò..... all kinds of Zionist or Americandelegations, responsible for normalizationof relations with Israel andthat the important targets in Americaand Western countries included mediapersonalities and media centres thatare leading the war against theMuslims and justifying the attackson them, coming from the Zionistsand Zionist-friendly Crusader mediainstitutionsÓ.9In the same document, he also wrotethat, although jihadis should notattack places of worship, they shouldattack Òplaces where Jews aregathered, their leading personalitiesand institutions in Europe.Ó10Ayman al Zawahiri, the Al-Qaedadeputy leader, has published severalcalls to attack Jews, in addition toIsraelis. In his book, Knights underthe ProphetÕs Banner, published in theLondon-based mainstream newspaperal-Sharq al-Awsat in December 2001,he wrote:ÒTracking down the Americans andthe Jews is not impossible. Killingthem with a single bullet, a stab, ora device made up of a popular mix ofexplosives or hitting them with an ironrod is not impossible. Burning downtheir property with Molotov Cocktailsis not difficult. With the availableTerrorist Incidents 1968-2010 / 8


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means, small groups could proveto be a frightening horror for theAmericans and the Jews.Ó11In April 2008 he endorsed Òeveryoperation against Jewish interestsÓand promised to Òstrive as muchas we can to deal blows to the Jewsinside Israel and outside itÓ.12 He alsocalled specifically for attacks on Jewsoutside Israel:ÒToday there is no room for he whosays that we should only fight theJews in PalestineÉLet us strike theirinterests everywhere, just like theygathered against us fromeverywhere.Ó13Shortly thereafter he released avideotape in which he respondedto a question why Al-Qaeda avoidedattacking Israel:ÒDoes the person asking the questionnot know that Al-Qaeda struck theJews in Djerba, Tunisia and Israelitourists in their hotel in Mombasa.We promise our Muslim brothers thatwe will do our best to strike the Jewsboth inside and outside Israel, andwith the help of Allah, we willsucceed.ÓIn the same video he went on to callon mujahideen to Òattack Crusaderand Jewish interests everywhere.Ó14During the conflict between Israel andHamas in Gaza and southern Israelin December 2008 and January 2009,Zawahiri called on Muslimseverywhere to Òfight against theZionist-Christian campaign, and strikeits interests wherever you encounterthemÉ [and] so thwart the efforts ofthese traitors by striking the interestsof the enemies of Islam Ð namely, theChristians and the Jews - whereverand by whatever means you can.Ó15The leading theological influenceon the contemporary MuslimBrotherhood, and on Hamas followingthe assassination of Sheikh AhmedYassin, is Sheikh Yusuf al Qaradawi.Despite his stated objection to theindiscriminate violent jihad practisedby Al-Qaeda and its affiliates,he frequently makes antisemiticstatements. His messages influencePalestinian Islamists and theirsupporters worldwide. In his 2007Fatawa on Palestine he wrote:Ò[We] believe that the battle betweenus and the Jews is coming. Such abattle is not driven by nationalisticcauses or patriotic belonging: it israther driven by religious incentives.The battle is not going to happenbetween Arabs and Zionists, orbetween Jews and Palestinians,or between Jews and anybody else.It is between Muslims and Jews as isclearly stated in the hadith. This battlewill occur between the collective bodyof Muslims and the collective body ofJews, i.e., all Muslims and Jews.Ó16In an antisemitic broadcast madeon Al Jazeera television during the2008Ð2009 war in Gaza, he stated:ÒOh Allah, take your enemies, theenemies of Islam. Oh Allah. takethe Jews, the treacherous aggressors.Oh Allah, take this profligate, cunning,arrogant band of people. Oh Allah,they have spread much tyrannyand corruption in the land. Pour yourwrath upon them. Oh our God. Liein wait for themÉOh Allah take thisoppressive, Jewish, Zionist band of9 / Terrorist Incidents 1968Ð2010


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people. Oh Allah do not spare a single Toma and his servant.Ó19one of them. Oh Allah, count their About The Protocols, he wrote that,numbers, and kill them, down tothe very last one.Ó17 ÒThe leaders of the Jews held 23conferences between 1897 and 1951ÉAntisemitism in Muslim countries, there they decided on their secrethowever, is by no means confined plan to enslave the entire world underto political Islamists. The late the crown of a king descendent fromDr Muhammad Sayyad Tantawi, David, may he rest in peace.Ó20sheikh of the prestigious seat oflearning at Al Azhar, wrote his 1969doctoral dissertation on what he calledthe roots of violence in Jewishcivilisation from the arrival of the Jewsin Egypt to their departure. Extractsserialised in recent editions of theEgyptian daily Al Masri Al Yawmcharacterised Jews as selfish andarrogant liars, quick to adopt crimeand aggression, who are to beexcluded from GodÕs mercy. Accordingto these serialisations, Tantawiendorsed two of the central themesof historic antisemitism, the bloodlibel and The Protocols:Ò[TantawiÕs] study examinesan assortment of murders andassassinations that were recorded bythe [Roman] historian Cassius [Dio]in the 78th volume [of his works],the most egregious of which is thatÔthe Jews in the second century ADmassacred the Romans and Greeks,ate their flesh, skinned them, splitmany of their bodies in two fromthe head down, and cast many ofthem to predatory beasts, to theextent that the number of deadreached 220,000.Ó18Ò[TantawiÕs] study states that themost notorious of these crimes [theuse of GentilesÕ blood for bakingmatzoh] was what occurred in 1840[in Damascus], when it was proventhat [the Jews] murdered FatherTerrorist Incidents 1968-2010 / 10


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Salafi Jihadi terrorismagainst Jewish communitiesUnsurprisingly, given the incitementagainst Jews in their public discourse,Al-Qaeda and its affiliates andsupporters in the global jihadmovement seek to attack Jewishtargets. Jews are not always theirprimary targets, but they areimportant secondary objectives.Attacking them fulfils a basic elementin the Salafi Jihadi strategy.The cross-examination of Al-QaedaÕsoperations chief, Khalid SheikhMohammed, published in March 2007,revealed that attacks on Jews featuredvery high on the organisationÕs list ofpriorities. In listing Al-QaedaÕssuccessful and unsuccessful attacks,he noted that he was responsible forefforts to attack Israeli targets inAustralia, Azerbaijan, India, Kenyaand the Philippines and Israeli flightsinto and out of Bangkok andMombasa, and he provided financialsupport for others to attack Jewishtargets in America, Turkey and theUnited Kingdom. He justified theseattacks on the basis that, while killingChristians and Jews is forbidden bythe Koran, Al-Qaeda had made anexception because of the invasionof Iraq. In a separate interrogation,Mohammed stated that Al-Qaedadiscussed bombing a US location witha large Jewish population, but thatno specific targets were agreed.21Recent investigations note that aFebruary 2002 meeting in Istanbulbetween leaders of the MoroccanIslamist Combatant Group, LibyanIslamic Fighting Group (which hassince renounced terrorism), Tunisianjihadists and others almost certainlyled to the plans for the Madridbombing of 2004, the 2002 attacksin Djerba and Casablanca, and thesecond attack in Casablanca a yearlater in 2003. It is now known thatthe participants agreed that jihadshould not be limited to the immediateconflict zones, but should be carriedinto the countries from which membersof these groups originated, or in whichthey were residing. Additionalinformation suggests the agreementto do so also reached into east Asia.While the primary reason for theagreement was the desire to force theUSA and its allies out of Iraq (and thiswas spelled out in Bin LadenÕs October2003 audio message on Al Jazeera inwhich he threatened Spain, the USAand five other countries), a secondobjective was clearly the wish toattack Jewish targets.22Training instructions posted to aninternet forum in 2008 warned SalafiJihadis not to attack religious figures,but prioritised targets as follows:Jews, but Jews from Israel and theUSA took priority over British andFrench Jews; Christians; apostates.23The reality, however, is thatsynagogues in the Middle East andNorth Africa and elsewhere have oftenbeen priority targets, as the April2002 Djerba and November 2003Istanbul bombings indicate.A new threat has arisen with theinternationalisation of Lashkar-e-Toiba(LeT), which has sought cover underits parent organisation Jamaat ud Dawasince its 2008 banning by the Pakistanigovernment. It remains independent ofAl-Qaeda, but aspires to a role beyondthat of liberating Kashmir. The assaulton the Mumbai Chabad-LubavitchCentre at Nariman House in 2008 wasfollowed by at least one, and possibly11 / Terrorist Incidents 1968Ð2010


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two more attempted assaults on Jewishtargets in India, by people who hadcurrent or previous connections to LeT.On 17 February 2010, 17 persons diedin an attack on the German Bakery, apopular meeting place in Pune (Poona).The Chief Minister of Maharashtra latertold members of the LegislativeAssembly that the attack had originallybeen planned against the local Chabadcentre, but the terrorists were deterredby increased security around thebuilding.24 On 13 March 2010, Policeand army units surrounded theParadesi Synagogue in Cochin Kerala,the oldest synagogue in India, aftera terrorist alert by the Home Ministry,thereby forestalling a further expectedattack.25Ajmal Kasab, the sole survivingmember of the terrorist group thatattacked in Mumbai, revealed that theassault was planned and carried out byLeT, and that reconnaissance for it hadbeen carried out by David ColemanHeadley, a Pakistani-born Americancitizen, who had scouted other Jewishand Israeli targets in India and whoalso carried out surveillance on targetsin Denmark, including Jewishinstitutions. What also emergedwas evidence that some Pakistanigovernment intelligence officers wereinvolved in the Mumbai attacks. Theywould have provided the capacitiesand the international reach of agovernment institution, which a localterrorist group would have lacked.Headley confirmed this in his owninterrogations by the US authorities.26Anti-Jewish rhetoric has also beenemployed by the Pakistani Taliban, aseparate entity to the Afghan Taliban,while threatening in July 2010 toattack India. Their spokesman addedthat, ÒFor us, whether they are Hindusor Jews, they all are the same. Soon,we will teach India a lesson. IndiaÕsdefeat at the hands of the Mujahideenis written in our religious books.Ó27Terrorist Incidents 1968-2010 / 12


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Iranian-inspired terrorTerror attacks are not limited toAl-Qaeda-linked Sunni Islamists.Terrorism by Iran and its surrogatespredates Al-Qaeda by a decade andstill poses a threat. The late AyatollahRuholla Khomeini and his successors,especially current Iranian PresidentMahmoud Ahmadinejad, have repeatedlythreatened Israel with destruction.Although Khomeini criticised Jews, theIslamic regime has mostly not terrorisedits own Jewish population, notwithstandingperiodic outbursts of repression.During the 1980s and 1990s, however,Iran and Hizbollah repeatedly carried outterrorist attacks against Jewish or Israelitargets outside Israel. They included:the bombings of Jewish communalinstitutions in Paris in September 1986by Lebanese Shiites under Hizbollahcontrol; a failed car bombing against aJewish community building in Bucharestin 1992, later discovered to have beencarried out by Hizbollah; a (failed)ambush against Turkish Jewish leaderJacques Kimche in January 1993 by theIran-linked Persevering Workers of Islamgroup; the truck bomb attack againstthe Buenos Aires Asociacin MutualIsraelita Argentina (AMIA) headquartersin July 1994, now known to have beenordered by Iranian government leaders,which killed 85 people; and theexpulsion of the Iranian-born head of theShiite community in Malmo, Sweden inDecember 1994 for gathering operationalintelligence against the local Jewishcommunity.28Following the 2006 war between Israeland Hizbollah in Lebanon, calls toattack Jews were made in someIranian media outlets. For example:ÒIsnÕt it true that many sensitivecentres of the Zionists, Americans andsome pro-Israel European countriesare in the hands of Muslims. IsnÕt ittrue that there is easy access to manyZionists in different parts of the world?Therefore which human and legal rulecan prevent an attack against suchcentres and individuals?...WhyshouldnÕt Muslim nations attack thesupporters of the Zionists in nooksand corners of the world?Ó29During the 1980s and 1990s, Iranused terrorism abroad, against Jewishand also Iranian opposition elements,as a tool of foreign policy. There is adanger that if the current diplomaticconflict between Iran, Israel and theWest escalates, and possibly evenencompasses military conflict, Iranwill once again turn to terror againstJewish communities.When Hizbollah operations directorImad Mughniyeh, who frequentlyoperated on behalf of Iran, was killedby a car bomb in Syria in February2008, Hizbollah threatened revenge.Yet, the nature of the threatsuggested that Hizbollah would notlimit itself to attacking Israel, as thenHizbollah MP Ismail Sukeyir put it:ÒHizbollah has the right to retaliateanywhere in the world and in anyway it sees fit.Ó30Palestinian and leftistterrorismThis report does not include Palestinianterrorism inside Israel (except where itreflects a terrorist capacity outside theIsrael/Palestine theatre), butnonetheless the early part of thechronology, from the late 1960sthrough to the late 1980s, isdominated by the activities of secularPalestinian terrorist groups. A plethora13 / Terrorist Incidents 1968Ð2010


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of both nationalist and Marxist-Leninistorganisations waged campaigns ofterror against Jewish and Israeli targetsacross Europe, Latin America andelsewhere. The chronology traces therise and fall of the terrorist campaignsof different Palestinian factions: 1972and 1973 are marked by a series ofattacks in the name of Fatah BlackSeptember, while by 1974/75 thePopular Front for the Liberation ofPalestine was the most activePalestinian terrorist group in Europe.The international activities of thesegroups declined markedly in theaftermath of the 1991 MadridConference and the 1993 OsloAccords, following which theyrenounced terrorism beyond theIsraeli theatre. In the aftermath ofthe 2008/09 Gaza conflict and theIsraeli interception of ÔaidÕ convoys,demonstrations and vandalismattacks on Jewish targets in Europeconstituted a harder response thanhitherto seen. There is a possibilitythat this escalating reaction may yetmove from direct action to terroristattacks, rather than the streetviolence against people and propertyseen so far, as it did for the far left inthe 1960s and 1970s.Palestinian terrorism in Europe in the1970s was often conducted with helpfrom local far-left terrorist organisations.The best known of these attacks wasthe June 1976 hijacking of an Air Franceflight by the Popular Front for theLiberation of Palestine and the Red(Army FactionÕs Revolutionary Cellsaka the Baader-Meinhof Gang), inwhich Jewish and Israeli passengerswere separated from the others andheld hostage at Entebbe airport untiltheir rescue by an Israeli commandooperation. But between 1979 and 1989,over 20 terrorist attacks wereperpetrated by far-left groups acting ontheir own, in France, Greece, Portugaland Latin America.31 These attackswere carried out in pursuit of thegroupsÕ own political goals, or at thebehest of Palestinian groups with whomthey cooperated. Since the end of the1980s, terror against Jews by far-leftgroups has declined, with the collapseof their Soviet Bloc patrons.Palestinian groups still periodicallythreaten terrorism overseas, even iftheir capacity to deliver on their threatsis in doubt. For example, in April 2006,it was reported that the Al AqsaMartyrsÕ Brigade (a branch of Fatah)and Palestinian Islamic Jihad threatenedJews beyond the Middle East in orderto force the release of Palestinianterrorists held in Israeli jails.The Al Aqsa MartyrsÕ Brigade stated:ÒThis is an open call to all our fightersin the homeland to focus onkidnapping Israeli soldiers and civiliansinside our occupied land. And if theenemy does not release our prisoners,then Zionists outside Palestine will bean easy target for our fighters.Ó32A Hamas infrastructure capable ofsupporting terrorism in North Americabecame apparent after the convictionsof Mohammed Salah, AbdelhaleemAshqar and Ismail Elbarasse followingtheir arrests in August 2004 Ð the firsttwo for providing material support toHamas, the latter for videotaping abridge structure in Maryland. Shortlythereafter, Jamal Aqal was convictedby an Israeli court for receivingHamas weapons and explosivestraining in preparation of terroristattacks in New York and Canada.33Terrorist Incidents 1968-2010 / 14


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Anti-Jewish terrorismfrom the far rightThe antisemitism of the far right doesnot need explanation; anti-Jewishterrorism perpetrated by neo-Naziand white supremacist groups in thepost-1945 era remains a continuingthreat. These attacks tend to focusalmost exclusively on Jewish targetsrather than Israeli ones.In the aftermath of the Second WorldWar, the antisemitic ideologies of thefar right naturally drew on theexample of Nazi Germany, but weremodified to accommodate the politicalrealities of the age. Among those whoadvocated violence against Jews,Francis Parker Yockey was importantfor defining and promoting atransatlantic and trans-Europeanalliance. His failure to persuade severaldisparate elements to work togetherwithin the European Liberation Front,which he founded in 1949 afterbreaking away from British far rightleader Sir Oswald Mosley, led to hisrelocation to Egypt, where he workedwith former Nazi Major General OttoErnst Remer, former SS Colonel OttoSkorzeny and Haj Amin Al Husseini,all then living there in exile.34A generation later in the early 1960s,the former Belgian Nazi collaborator,Jean Francois Thiriart, established theJeune Europe movement with therealisation that the trappings of Nazismhad to be abandoned if young peoplewere to be attracted. He alsoadvocated a wider Europeancollaboration, from the Atlantic to theUrals, excluding America. Like Yockey,he urged the militarisation of the whitestruggle against communism andnon-European migration into Europe.35As with Povl Riss Kudsen, thecontemporary leader of the WorldUnion of National Socialists, he adoptedelements of leftist thinking into hisevolving ideology, and supported thePalestinian cause against Israel.36Page from Combat 18 (violent neo-Nazi group) publication


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During the 1970s, a violent far-rightvanguard emerged from the GermanNational Democratic Party (NationaleDemocratische Partei), and spawnedthe Action Front of National Activists(Aktionsfront Nationaler Aktivisten)and later the New Front Group(Gruppe die Neue Front). Theirterrorist actions, including an armedassault on a NATO establishmentin 1978, led to the imprisonmentof leader Michael Kuhnen in 1979,and the suppression of the groups.37Between 1968 and 2004, far-rightviolence resulted in over 30 terroristattacks against Jews worldwide. Theseranged from Molotov cocktail attacksto the substantial September 2003plot by the German neo-NaziKameradenshaft Ð Sd group.The latter plot involved bombingthe opening ceremony of the rebuiltMunich Synagogue, which, had itcome to fruition, would have ledto the deaths of Jewish communityleaders and of the German FederalPresident Johannes Rau.38Far-right terrorism does not appearon the surface to be planned orcoordinated at either a national orinternational level. Rather, it is oftenthe consequence of a small minorityacting out their extreme ideology.However, a 2007 analysis by Europolnoted that:ÒAlthough violent acts perpetuated byright-wing extremists and terroristsmay appear sporadic and situational,right-wing extremist activities areorganised and transnational.Ó39The inspiration for many is almostcertainly the philosophy of ÔleaderlessresistanceÕ, as popularised by theAmerican neo-Nazi Louis Beam,and the messages contained in theAmerican novels of National Alliancefounder William Pierce, The TurnerDiaries and Hunter. The former depictsa violent revolution in the USA thatleads to the overthrow of the federalgovernment and the exterminationof all Jews and non-whites; the latterdescribes a campaign of targetedassassinations of couples ininter racial marriages and civilrights activists carried out by aVietnam War veteran who getsdrawn into a white nationalist groupplanning insurrection.40The Turner Diaries was a formativeinfluence on David Copeland, theLondon Nail Bomber, a formermember of both the British NationalParty and the more extreme NationalSocialist Movement, who wasimprisoned for life after a bombingcampaign in London in 1999, whichkilled three and injured over 200.The Police investigation into his threebombings, which targeted minoritycommunities in the capital, showedthat he also considered bombinga Jewish target.41One trans-European group is theRacial Volunteer Force (RVF), whichemerged out of the British Combat18, with branches in the UK,Germany, Belgium and theNetherlands. It describes itself asan Òinternational militant Pro WhiteOrganisationÓ, hints at violence andwarns potential members to thinkhard before joining. The Dutchsecurity service identified the ForceÕsmembers as Òstrongly ideologicallydeveloped and capable of playingan important role in furtheringand cementing contacts.Ó42Terrorist Incidents 1968-2010 / 16


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Preparing for terrorism is an elementin the strategies of all these groups,although it does not necessarilyindicate a readiness to act. DuringApril and July 2005, the Germanauthorities confiscated large cachesof arms and explosives in raids onneo-NazisÕ homes, although thesecurity service commented that theintention appeared to have been topossess the arms rather than usethem immediately.43 A 2008 Europolreport noted an increasing numberof far-right terror plots in the UnitedKingdom by individuals classifiedas Òlone wolvesÓ, who shareÒan ideological or philosophicalidentification with an extremist group,but do not communicate with thegroup they identify with.Ó44These concerns have since been borneout by a succession of terrorismconvictions of British neo-Nazis. Theseinclude Ian and Nicky Davison, thefounders of the Aryan Strike Force,who manufactured ricin poison andpipe bombs, and were described incourt as ÒNazi zealots who believedin white supremacy and revered AdolfHitler. They hated minority ethnicgroups, be they Black, Asian, Muslimor JewishÉIt is clear that they wantedto take violent, direct actionÓ; TrevorHannington and Michael Heaton, alsoAryan Strike Force members, whowere found guilty on terrorismcharges and whose websitethreatened to Ókill Jews and burndown a synagogue todayÓ; and MartinGilleard, a member of severalneo-Nazi groups, who was foundguilty of preparing an act of terror,and described in court as Òactivelyplanning to commit terrorist actsagainst people and communitieshe hatedÓ, including Jews.45Within Europe at least, the primarytargets for far-right terror in recentyears have been Muslims rather thanJews. This correlates to a widerchange in the agenda of the Europeanfar-right, both violent and non-violent,from antisemitism to Islamophobia,although openly neo-Nazi groups stillexpress and promote antisemitism.Muslims are now the primary victimsof political agitation by racist groups inEurope. This is partly because they aremore easily identifiable targets, andpartly because Muslim migration andintegration are the focus of mountingpublic debate across Europe.Cooperation across extremesHistorically, links between differentterrorist movements have existed,though it is more accurate to vieweach as discrete rather than engagedin formal alliances. These connectionsshould not be ignored, however, asthey continue to be renewed andreplicated. Violent extremists of thefar right have sometimes sought tomake common cause with others, orhave been recruited by others, in theirplans to attack Jewish communities.Fortunately, their capabilities haveseldom matched their intentions.The close collaboration in the 1940sbetween the Mufti of Jerusalem, HajAmin al Husseini, and HitlerÕs ThirdReich was mirrored, at least in smallmeasure, by the training offered toboth neo-Nazis and anarcho-syndicalistterror groups in Palestinian camps inLebanon during the 1970s.46 Membersof both the German neo-NaziWehrsportgruppe Hoffmann and theleftist Red Army Faction were trainedby Al Fatah; Italian neo-Nazis wereinvited to Iran for training after theIslamic Revolution; and members ofthe Red Army Faction and the Popular17 / Terrorist Incidents 1968Ð2010


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Front for the Liberation of Palestinecooperated in the 1976 Air Francehijacking that ended at Entebbe.47These examples show how extremistsfrom seemingly opposite ends of thepolitical spectrum, but with a commonand unifying hatred of Israel, Zionismand Jews, cooperate in joint actions.If terrorism is the consequence ofradicalisation processes, then it is alsoimportant to note the Ôconveyor beltÕprocess that can lead radicalisedpeople to extremism, and potentiallyon to becoming terrorists. It istherefore necessary that any effortsto identify the sources and directionof future terrorist threats shouldincorporate an analysis of currentlynon-violent, but extremist, movementsand activities, particularly if theydisplay evidence of an ideologicalor rhetorical move towards violence.Cooperation across differentpolitical extremes is more common innon-violent activities. A lasting legacyof the post-1968 era of far-leftactivism has been continuing internationalliaison between groups, andan antisemitism that transcendscontinents, although it may nowbe channelled into anti-Zionismand anti-Israel activity. This is mostcommonly found between far-leftgroups and Islamists, in what hasbeen widely characterised as the Ôleft-Islamist allianceÕ or the Ôred-greenallianceÕ. Less well known, and fewerin number, are the examples of farrightgroups that attempt to link upwith Arab nationalists and Islamists,and have taken part in pro-Palestiniandemonstrations. For example,the Dutch Anti-Zionist Movement(Antizionistische Beweging),a neo-Nazi group, participatedin pro-Palestinian marches and haspublished names and addresses ofJewish institutions, together with acall to members to Òdeal with themÓ,on its Werewolf internet page.48The Dutch far right Dutch Peoples-Union (NVU) and RVF organised ananti-Israel demonstration in July 2005,jointly protesting against the assassinationof Hizbollah military chief ImadMughnieh in March 2008. The NationaleVolksfront (NVF) leader, Etie Homan,participated in the NetherlandsÕ Al Qudsdemonstration, an annualdemonstration and rally around theworld originally established by the lateAyatollah Khomeini to protest againstIsraelÕs control of Jerusalem and to callfor the ÔliberationÕ of Palestine.49Changing patternsThe fluctuating intensity of terrorismagainst Jewish and Israeli targets aroundthe world reflects grand movementsin global politics, tactical shifts in theIsrael/Palestine conflict anddevelopments in new extremistideologies. Conflict can sometimes actas a Ôtrigger eventÕ for terrorism: thehighest number of attacks in a singleyear was recorded in 1982, whichcoincided with IsraelÕs invasion ofLebanon and the Christian Falangistmassacres of Palestinians in Sabra andChatila, for which Israel was indirectlyblamed. Similarly, high numbersof attacks in 1980 and 1985 wereresponses, in part, to the Israeliinterception of Fatah and Force 17 shipsoff the northern coast of Israel andIsraelÕs bombing of the PLO headquartersin Tunis.50 Terrorism can also generateits own momentum: the assault by BlackSeptember on the Munich Olympics,resulting in the deaths of 11 Israeliathletes, was the first of 40 attacksTerrorist Incidents 1968-2010 / 18


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Front page of LÕevenement, 8 September 1995, the day after a car bomb exploded outside a Jewish school in Lyonsin just 18 months. Yet peace can also actas a trigger for terrorism: an increase inattacks in 1994 reflected efforts to derailthe Oslo Accords between Israel and thePLO, and a peace treaty signed by Israeland Jordan.As noted above, one consequence of the1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, theMadrid peace conference in the sameyear and the 1993 Oslo Accords wasa reduction in terrorist attacks byPalestinian groups and their sympathisersagainst Jewish communities and Israeliinstitutions abroad, in the second half ofthe 1990s. However, these were followedby attacks by the global jihad movementin the first decade of the twenty-firstcentury, thereby replacing one threatwith another one.The most devastating terrorist acts inrecent years have been by means ofcar bombs or bombs delivered in bagsor belts and triggered remotely (e.g.,by telephone signal), or by suicidebombers. This compares with the useof firearms and letter bombs duringthe 1960s and 1970s. However,Western scrutiny over the sale ofdomestic chemicals, such as acetoneand peroxide, which are coreconstituents of home-made explosives,may herald a new trajectory: that ofmultiple-site armed attacks usingfirearms, perhaps purchased throughcriminal associations. The 2008assault on Mumbai was the first suchattack; as this report went to press,media reports suggested thatAl-Qaeda was looking to replicate thatattack in European cities. Militarystrategists, such as David Ronfeldt andJohn Arquilla, have been warning forsome years that sub-state violentgroups would adopt the tactic ofÔswarmingÕ, aided by the communicationsrevolution, in order to defeatlarger military or security forces.51Another trend which became apparentin the 1990s was the shift in countriestargeted by terrorists. During the1970s and 1980s, Germany, Italy and,above all, France were the primarytargets in Europe. In Latin America,it was Argentina. These countries wereconfronted by indigenous terroristthreats from radical leftist groups, aswell as from Palestinian secular groups,led by the PLO and Abu NidalÕs FatahRevolutionary Council (FRC). At that19 / Terrorist Incidents 1968Ð2010


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time, according to Dennis Pluchinsky,Europe in particular offered: amanpower pool that facilitated thebuilding and maintenance of a logisticalinfrastructure; geographic proximity tothe Middle East and the former SovietUnion, which assisted in training; easycross-border movement; attractive andunprotected targets; guaranteedpublicity; and a substitute battlegroundfor Palestinian groups.52 In the twentyfirstcentury, primary targets forAl-Qaeda in particular have becomecountries with troops in Iraq andAfghanistan, or Denmark and thosecountries where the press has publishedcartoons of Mohammed. The growth inneo-Nazi terrorism has seen the UnitedStates, the United Kingdom andGermany become significant arenas foranti-Jewish terrorist efforts, as well asthe Salafi Jihadi terrorism that has struckJewish communities in Muslim countriessuch as Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey.The 1980s witnessed the highestnumber of terrorist attacks against alltypes of targets.53 However, the largenumber of Jewish targets was alsoa consequence of statesÕ failure torecognise that Jews and Israelis abroadwere particular targets and thereforerequired additional protection. Stateshad yet to learn how to confrontterrorism without compromisingdemocratic institutions, and theirunpreparedness and willingness toaccede to terroristsÕ demands addedto the terroristsÕ confidence.Towards the end of the 1980s,however, Western resolve began toassert itself, and retaliatory measuresall contributed to a severe reductionin anti-Jewish terror for almost adecade. Examples of this retaliationinclude the US bombing of Libya foraiding Palestinian and leftist terrorists;the cut in diplomatic ties by Europeanstates with Syria for its involvementin Nizar HindawiÕs 1986 plot tosmuggle a bomb onto an El Al flightout of London; and the convictionsof leftist terror group members.Home-grown radicalisationand diversifying threatsAuthoritative reports now note thecontinuous degrading of Al-QaedaÕscore operational capability, particularlyin Pakistan where its leadershipresides. Yet the same reports note thecomparatively large numbers of British,European and American citizenstravelling to Afghanistan, Pakistan,Yemen and Somalia for militarytraining, who then return home skilledand inspired to carry out attacks.54The quantity of plots against the Westhas shown no signs of diminution,despite continuous counterterroristaction both at home and abroad.A second documented trend is theworrying rise in home-grown radicalisation.According to the US StateDepartment there were 46 reportedincidents of domestic radicalisationand terrorist recruitment betweenSeptember 2001 and 2010, of which30 per cent took place in 2009.55 Again,and according to the annual Europolreport on terrorism within the EuropeanUnion, two-thirds of violent Islamistterrorists arrested on terrorism chargesin Europe were not linked to a particularterrorist group.56 Indeed, in the majorityof terrorist plots in the USA and Canadasince September 2001, the players wereself-radicalised and not part of anyAl-Qaeda-linked group. While these plotsoften involve some element of formalterrorist training at camps in Pakistan,Somalia, Yemen or elsewhere, theTerrorist Incidents 1968-2010 / 20


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radicalisation process is facilitated byAl-QaedaÕs use of English and otherlanguages, and internet broadcasts toensure that its message reaches a widerWestern audience, as well as the activityof Islamist radicals who, though theymay denounce terror tactics against theWest, nevertheless convey a message ofintolerance and even hatred of the West.Antisemitism constitutes a core part oftheir messaging.The consequence of these trends isa diversification of the Salafi Jihaditerrorist threat, as Al-Qaeda and itssupporters step up their efforts torecruit nationals within every countryin Europe and North America whoare capable of blending into the localenvironment, who subscribe to theviolent aspirations of the global jihadmovement, and who have absorbedits antisemitic ideology. Home-grownterrorists are less well-trained, andtherefore less capable of successfullyseeing a terrorist plot through tocompletion; but they are also lesslikely to have attracted the attentionof the authorities, and may besatisfied with a more crude form ofattack. The stabbing and attemptedmurder of Stephen Timms MP byRoshonara Choudhry in April 2010is a case in point. 57The foiled Najibullah Zazi plot againstthe New York City Subway system in2009 demonstrates the continuingintention and ability of the survivingcentral Al-Qaeda leadership toorganise and direct a major terroriststrike; however, it is the Al-Qaedaaffiliates and the Al-Qaeda-inspiredrecruits to the global jihad movementwho pose the greatest threat to Jewishcommunities. It is from their ranksthat local jihadists are recruited andwho have the capacity to attract lesssuspicion. The most stunning exampleof such a person was David Headley,who between 2006 and 2009 carriedout hostile surveillance on severalJewish and Israeli-linked locationsacross India, while pretending tobe Jewish. This included the facilitiesattacked in Mumbai in November2008, including the Chabad Centre.Headley also surveilled the officesof Danish newspaper MorgenavisenJyllands-Posten in Copenhagen andAarhus as part of a (foiled) plot,which was devised in conjunction withLashkar-e-Toiba and Harakat-ul JihadIslami. The conspiracy involved plansto attack the two facilities of thenewspaper and to assassinateFlemming Rose, the newspaperÕscultural editor, and Kurt Westergaard,the newspaperÕs cartoonist, for theirrole in the publication of the Danishcartoons of Mohammed in 2005.As part of this plot, Headley alsoperformed surveillance on aCopenhagen synagogue closeto Jyllands-PostenÕs office underinstructions from his handler whobelieved (incorrectly) that Rose wasJewish and that he attended thatsynagogue (again, incorrectly).58Future trendsWithin the far right, a tiny, violentfringe element is increasinglyinfluenced by the leaderless resistancemodel and demonstrates a continuingcapacity for terrorism against Jews,as well as others. The same conditionsand thought processes apply to theAmerican far right, as demonstratedby the bombing of Temple BÕnaiIsrael in Oklahoma City in 2004and the shooting at the NationalHolocaust Museum in Washington,DC in June 2009.21 / Terrorist Incidents 1968Ð2010


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However, the growth of Salafi Jihaditerrorism poses the greatest threat toJewish communal security. The natureof anti-Jewish terrorism, and thedirection from which it is coming,changed dramatically after the April2002 bombing of the Djerba synagoguein Tunisia. Indeed, in one sense, it hadchanged after the November 1990assassination of Rabbi Meir Kahaneby El Sayyad Nosair, who was laterconvicted for his involvement in the1993 World Trade Center bombing inManhattan; but it was only revealedyears later that this was the work ofa small group inspired by global jihadiideology. Prior to then, the mainperpetrators of anti-Jewish terrorismhad overwhelmingly been Palestiniansecular terrorists; neo-Nazis and whitesupremacists; and radical leftists. Ofthe 51 recorded attacks and interdictedplots from 2002 to 2010, 39 werecarried out by Al-Qaeda, its affiliates,Lashkar-e-Toiba or other individuals orgroups inspired by the ideology of theglobal jihad movement.As a result of this shift in the sourcesof anti-Jewish terrorism, a 2009 UKMetropolitan Police Authority report noted:ÒJewish groups feel disproportionatelytargeted by international terrorists.The centrality of anti-Semitism inIslamist rhetoric (such as that of AbuQatada) and a litany of terrorist attackson Jewish people and premises aroundthe world validate Jewish unease at thecurrent threat. This is aggravated bythe deliberate conflation and confusionof Americans, Britons, Israelis andJews by the likes of extremists suchas Ayman al-Zawahiri.Ó59Since the onset of the twenty-firstcentury, then, governments and theirlaw enforcement and security agencieshave come to recognise that Al-Qaeda,its affiliates, and those who subscribeto its ideology, pose a specific andseparate threat to Jews and Jewishinstitutions, in addition to the threatto society in general. This hasimportant implications for Jewishcommunal security. The damagingimpact that a successful mass casualtyterrorist attack would have on Jewishcommunal life is inestimable, and thisis the reason why Jewish communitiesin Europe invest so much time, effortand money in physical security at theircommunal buildings.Terrorist Incidents 1968-2010 / 22


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Basis of the chronologyThis chronology begins in 1968, theyear when Palestinian terrorists firstbegan their campaigns beyond theMiddle East. It represents an attemptto list all the known terrorist attacks,both successful and attempted,against Jewish and Israeli institutionsand individuals outside Israel,although it is likely that thereare other attacks that escapedthe research conducted for thewriting of this report.The sources consulted have beenopen ones. They include mediareports, community reports, courtjudgments, the terrorism chronologiespublished by Edward F. Mickolous andothers, the Jaffee Center for StrategicStudies, the International Institute forCounter-Terrorism (ICT), and StephenRoth Institute (Tel Aviv University)databases, Terrorist Group Profiles(Task Force on Combating Terrorism,Office of the Vice President, USA)and the library of the Jewish Chronicle(London).The report includes attacks againstIsrael-owned, or Israel-associated,targets or prominent individuals.Despite some occasional statements tothe contrary, most terrorists whoconduct attacks against Jewish andIsraeli targets outside Israel generallymake no distinction between the two,or observe a distinction which fewothers would recognise. It could beargued that Israelis were the mainoverseas targets of the secularPalestinian terrorist groups from 1968until the 1980s, but even within thistime span there were attacks againstsynagogues and Jewish schools, oragainst prominent Jewish leaders orbusinesses because they wereinvolved in Zionist or Israel-relatedactivity as part of their Jewishcommunity involvement. Examplesof this include the 1973 attemptedassassination of Marks & SpencerChairman Edward J. Sieff and thehijacking of the Air France plane toEntebbe, where Israeli and Jewishpassengers were separated fromthe others.In addition, there is a qualitativedifference between anti-Israel terrorismwithin Israel, and anti-Israel terrorismconducted on the territory of othercountries not directly involved in theIsrael/Palestine conflict. The latter,while still primarily targeting Israeliinterests, has the secondary impact ofdisrupting the public safety of the ÔhostÕcountry, while directly threatening itscitizens. It should be remembered thatthe same terrorist groups that attackJewish or Israeli targets, often alsoattack American or other Westerntargets as part of their campaigns.The chronology also includes someinstances where terrorist acts weretargeted at Israel but originatedabroad, as they indicate a terroristcapacity and intention within theoriginating country. There is also oneexample of a plot hatched in the WestBank/Gaza but where the targetswould have been in the USA andCanada.Therefore, the victims included in thechronology include Jewish communityand Israeli institutions, Israeli officialsand Jewish community leaders andmembers. The chronology alsoincludes some attacks wherenon-Jewish people or propertieswere attacked because of a perceivedconnection to Jews or Israel.23 / Terrorist Incidents 1968Ð2010


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The chronology also includes abortedattempts, but there are others thathave barely come to public notice,if at all, where interdiction at theplanning stages, or other changingcircumstances, prevented terroristattacks. They are not listed in thechronology because they went nofurther than aspirations, butnevertheless they showed a desireto attack Jewish or Israeli targets.Among such cases, the followingare worth noting:Ramzi Ahmed Yousef originallyplanned to bomb Jewishneighbourhoods in Brooklyn, andSheikh Omar Abdel Rahmanplanned to bomb the heavily JewishNew York Diamond District in 1993.¥ Jeffrey Leon Battle, a member ofÔThe Portland SevenÕ, convicted in2001 of attempting to aid theTaliban, also planned to attack asynagogue or Jewish school,according to court documents.Michael E. Smith of the NationalAlliance planned to attack theSherith Israel School in Nashville,Tennessee in January 2002,but the plot was foiled by the FBI.Shueyb Mossa Jokhan, a naturalisedUS citizen from Trinidad, and ImranMandhai, a Pakistani national,planned to bomb Mount Rushmoreand targets in Florida, but alsoJewish-owned businesses andan Israeli consulate in 2002.Muhammed Abu Dhess, ShadiAbdala, Aschraf al Dagma andIsmail Shalabi, all members ofthe German Al Tawhid (Unity ofAll Faiths) group, which was linkedto Abu Musab al Zarkawi, plannedterrorist attacks against Israeliand Jewish facilities in Germanyin 2002.Global jihad movement membersallegedly discussed synagogueattacks in Morocco in November2005 before their arrests.White supremacist Ivan DuaneBraden planned a suicide attackagainst a Tennessee synagogue,according to the FBI to whomhe confided after checking intoa mental health facility in 2004.Russell Defreitas and Abdul Kadirwere convicted in August 2010of planning to blow up a jet fuelsupply at John F. KennedyInternational Airport, in the 2007ÔChicken FarmÕ plot, but they alsodiscussed attacking a Jewish schoolor a predominantly Jewishneighbourhood.Derrick Shareef (aka Talib AbuSalam Ibn Shareef), an Americanconvert to Islam, planned to bomba shopping mall in Rockford, Illinoisin 2006 but told an undercoverPolice informant that he alsoplanned to kill Jews as theyentered a synagogue.15 Italian leftists were arrestedon suspicion of planning attackson Israeli institutions in 2007.French philosopher Bernard-HenriLvy and other prominent EuropeanJews were targeted by Islamistterrorists in 2008, according tomedia reports; 30 members ofan Al-Qaeda affiliate in Turkey,Terrorist Incidents 1968-2010 / 24


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alleged to have planned attackson American and Israeli targets,were arrested in October 2009.The chronology has been updatedand revised from the 2003 editionwhere necessary to accommodateadditional information, correctionsand the judicial outcomes in thosecases where the perpetrators werebrought to justice. Unfortunately,much information, particularly onearlier attacks, is still unavailable.Some previously listed attackshave been reclassified based onnew information, in particular thoseagainst Israeli institutions. The listdoes not include antisemitic vandalismof Jewish institutions nor spontaneousantisemitic attacks against membersof Jewish communities or theirinstitutions; but it does includeattacks, both successful and foiled,using hot weapons (i.e., explosivesor firearms), cold weapons(e.g., knives), or life-threateningchemical or biological agents.Purely criminal attacks, where noantisemitic or political motive wasapparent, have been excluded, ashave attacks by individuals whereno antisemitic or political motivewas apparent.25 / Terrorist Incidents 1968Ð2010


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Notes1Hadassa Ben-Itto, The Lie That WouldnÕtDie, Valentine Mitchell, London, 2005Will Eisner, The Plot Ð The Secret Story ofthe Protocols of the Elders of Zion, W.W.Norton & Co, New York and London, 20052The Covenant of the Islamic ResistanceMovement Ð Hamas, MEMRI, SpecialDispatch No. 1092, 14 February 2006,http://www.memri.org/bin/printerfriendly/pf.cgidownloaded 13 March 20093Mixed Views of Hamas and Hizbollah inLargely Muslim Nations, Pew Research CenterProject, Washington, DC, 4 February 20102010 Arab Public Opinion Poll, University ofMaryland in conjunction with ZogbyInternational, USA, 5 August 20104Al Manar and Al Aqsa TV, 3 and 5 December2008, cited in MEMRI, Special Dispatch No.2146, 10 December 20085ÒExplosive traces found in British suspectÕsluggageÓ, The Times, London, 7 September 20056Omar Mahmoud Mohammed Othman (AbuQatada) Ð Appellant and Secretary of Statefor the Home Department Ð Respondent,Special Immigration Appeals Commission,File No: SC/15/2203, 8 March 20047 Qutb, S., Milestones (MaÕalim fi l-tareeq),Maktabah Booksellers and Publishers,England, 20068 Qutb, S., Our Struggle With the Jews(MaÕrakatuna maÕa al-Yahud), cited inNettler, R.L., Past Trials and PresentTribulations, Studies in Antisemitism, VidalSassoon International Center for the Studyof Antisemitism, Pergamon Press,1986, p.349 Lia B., Architect of Global Jihad Ð The Lifeof Al-Qaida Strategist Abu MusÕab al-Suri,Columbia University Press, 2007, p.397;ibid p.41110 ibid Lia, p.41311 Al-Zawahiri, A., Knights Under the ProphetsBanner, FBIS Daily Report, 12 December 200112 Al Sharq al-Awsat, 4 April 2008, cited inTerrorism Monitor, Jamestown Foundation,Vol. VI, Issue 8, 17 April 200813 ÒAyman al Zawahiri, Osama bin LadenÕsright-hand man, again called upon Muslimsto strike Jews in Israel and around theworldÓ, Intelligence and TerrorismInformation Center, 6 April 2008, citinghttp://arabic.cnn.com/2008/middlwe_east/4/3/zawahiri.answers/index.html14 ibid15 http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefzawahiri0109.pdf16 http://www.memri.org/bin/latestnews.cgi?ID=SD21830917 Sheikh Yousef Al-QaradawI on Al-JazeeraIncites Against Jews, MEMRI, SpecialDispatch No. 2183, 11 January 2009,http://www.memri.org/report/en/priny3006.htm18 Egyptian Daily Publishes AntisemiticDissertation by the late Al Azhar SheikhTantawi, Masri Al Yawm, 12 June 2010, cited inMEMRI Special Dispatch No. 3108, 20 July 201019 ibid20 ibid21 Verbatim Transcript of Combatant StatusReview Tribunal Hearing for ISN 10024, USNaval Base, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba,10 March 2007Substitution for the Testimony of KhalidSheikh Mohammed, United States vMoussaoui (NQ 01-455), p.12,http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrialsdownloaded 13 August 2010See also Palestine Media Watch22 Reinares, F., The Madrid Bombings andGlobal Jihadism, Survival, The InternationalInstitute for Strategic Studies, London,AprilÐMay 201023 Jihadi Tutorial in Urban Terrorism and theKidnapping of Americans, Terrorism Focus,Jamestown Foundation, Vol. V, Issue 27,23 July 200824 PuneÕs Chabad House was the target: CM,Sakaal Times, 22 March 2010,http://www.sakaaltimes.com/SakaalTimesBeta/20100322/5141688006976687454.htmTerrorist Incidents 1968-2010 / 26


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25 Commandos deployed at KochiÕs ancientJewish synagogue following terror threat,ANI, 14 March 2010,http://in.news.yahoo.com/139/20100314/808/tnl-commandoes-deployed-at-kochi-s-n26 United States of America v David ColemanHeadley (aka Daood Gilani), United StatesDistrict Court, North Eastern District ofIllinois Eastern Division, Plea Agreement,No. 09 CR 830-3, 2010Chicago Man Helped plan 2008 Mumbai TerrorAttacks: Surveilled Jewish Targets for PakistaniTerror Group, Anti-Defamation League,http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/headley_mumbai_attacks.htm, downloaded 1 April 2010Chowdry, S., Post-26/11, Headley scoutedIsraeli targets in India to avenge Gaza war,Indianexpress.com, 6 April 2010,http://www.indianexpress.com/storyprint/600566/Pakistan ISI behind Mumbai attacks; Indiaofficial, Reuters, 14 July 2010. Narendra, N.,Pak double dealing with India and the US,Organiser, Delhi, 15 August 2010,http://www.organiser.org/dynmaic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=HeadleyÕs confession exposes PakÕs 26/11guilt, IBN Live,http://ibnlive.in.com/printpage.php?id=126628&section_id=3Burke, J., Two Britons linked to al-Qaidaplans to attack Danish newspaper,guardian.co.uk, 19 October 2010,http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/19/britons-linked-alqaida-plot-denmarkdownloaded 20 October 201027 Pakistani Taliban Spokesman Says 3,000Fighters Ready for Attacks in India,www.rediff.com, 26 July 2010, cited in MEMRI,Special Dispatch No. 3121, 26 July 201028 For information on Iranian-inspiredantisemitism and terrorism see in particularthe bulletins of the Intelligence andTerrorism Information Center athttp://www.terrorism-info.org.ilAlso Anti-Semitism in Iran, Voice ofAmerica, 30 June 2005, http://voanews.com29 Iran hardline newspaper calls on Muslims toÒattack ZionistsÕ supportersÓ, Kayhanwebsite, Tehran, in Persian, 26 January2008, BBC Monitoring30 Stern,Y., and Melman, Y., Syria: Wecondemn MughniehÕs killing as a cowardlyterrorist act, Haaretz, 13 February 2008,http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spaces/953974.html31 See the websites of The Coordination Forumfor Countering Antisemitism athttp://www.antisemitism.org.il/eng/Antisemitism202008and The Stephen Roth Institute for theStudy of Contemporary Antisemitism andRacism at www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism32 Palestinian militants threaten to attackJewish targets abroad, Reuters,17 April 2006, reprinted athttp://www.haaretz.com/hasen/objects/pages/PrintArticleEn.jhtml?itemNo=70682333 Stakelbeck, E., Hamas in America, New YorkSun, 24 September 2004,http://www.nysun.com/opinion/hamas-inamerica/2222/34 Lee, M., The Beast Reawakens, Little Brownand Company, 1997, pp.87-97Michael, G., The Enemy of My Enemy ÐTheAlarming Convergence of Militant Islam andthe Extreme Right, University Press ofKansas, 200635 ibid Lee36 ibid Lee37 Childs, D., The Far Right in Germany Since1945, chapter in Cheles, L., Ferguson, R.,Vaughan, M. (Eds), The Far Right in Westernand Eastern Europe, Longman, London, 199538 Rising, D. 10 Neo-Nazis detained for MunichSynagogue Bomb Plot, Associated Press,13 September 200339 TE-SAT, 2007, EU Terrorism Situation andTrend Report, Europol, The Hague. See alsoCounter-extremism (2006), Danish SecurityIntelligence Service, PolitietsEfterretningstjeneste (PET),www.pet.dk/EnglishÕOperational_tasks/extremism.aspx?udskriv+127 / Terrorist Incidents 1968Ð2010


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40 Macdonald, A., The Turner Diaries, NationalVanguard Books, USA, 1978;Macdonald, A., Hunter, National VanguardBooks, USA, 198941 McLagan, G., Lowles, N., Mr Evil Ð The SecretLife of Racist Bomber and Killer David Copeland,John Blake Publishing, London, pp.45-7742General Intelligence and Security Service of theNetherlands (AIVD) Annual Report 2006, p.5243 Annual Report on the Protection of theConstitution, Bundesamt furVerfassungsschaft (BfV) 2005, FederalMinistry of the Interior, Germany, p.5044 TE-SAT 2008, p.3945 The Counter-Terrorism Division of the CrownProsecution Service (CPS) Ð see reports oncases concluded for 2007, 2008, 2009,2010, athttp://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/prosecutions46 PLO Ties with neo-Nazi and Rightist Groupsin Europe and the United States, IsraelMinistry of Foreign Affairs, 1976Kuntzel, M., Jihad and Jew Hatred:Islamism, Nazism and the Roots of 9/11,Telos Press Publishing, 2007Dalin, D.G., and Rothman, J.F., Icon of Evil ÐHitlerÕs Mufti and the Rise of Radical Islam,Random House, 2008Johnson, I., A Mosque in Munich: Nazis, the CIAand the Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood in theWest, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, USA, 201047 Stevenson, W., Ninety Minutes at Entebbe,Bantam Books, 1976; Hoffman, B., InsideTerrorism, Victor Gollancz, 1998Sterling, C., The Terror Network, Weidenfeld& Nicholson, 198148 AIVD 2002, the Netherlands, p.2449 AIVD 2006, p.5250 Pluchinsky, D., Middle Eastern Activity inWestern Europe: A Diagnosis and Prognosis,Conflict Quarterly, USA, Summer 198651 Arquilla, J., and Ronfeldt, D., Swarming andthe Future of Conflict, RAND NationalDefense Research Institute, RAND, SantaMonica, California, 2000Arquilla, J., and Ronfeldt, D., The Future ofTerror, Crime and Militancy, RAND, SantaMonica, California, 2001Arquilla, J., and Ronfeldt, D., In AthenaÕs CampÐ Preparing for Conflict in the Information Age,RAND, Santa Monica, California, 200352 ibid Pluchinsky53 ibid Pluchinsky54 Cruickshank, Paul, The Growing Dangerfrom Radical Islamist Groups in the UnitedStates, CTC Sentinel, Combating TerrorismCenter, United States Military Academy,West Point, August 201055 Country Reports on Terrorism 2009, Officeof the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, USDepartment of State, Washington, DC,5 August 2010Blair, D., Annual Threat Assessment of theUS Intelligence Community for the SenateSelect Committee on Intelligence,Washington, DC, 2 February 2010DHS Official Statement on Terrorism inAmerica, Statement of Janet Napolitanobefore the United States Senate Committeeon Homeland Security and GovernmentalAffairs, Washington, DC, 23 September 2010NB. The threat assessment for the USAequally applies to Europe, according toAdmiral Blair56 TE-SAT 201057 Women sentenced to life imprisonment forattempted murder of MP. Metropolitan PoliceService Bulletin 0000002035,3 November 2010,http://cms.met.police.uk/news/convictions/women_sentenced_to_life_imprisonment58 See p.2559 Counter-Terrorism: The London Debate,Metropolitan Police Authority, London, 2009Terrorist Incidents 1968-2010 / 28


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Abbreviations15 May 15 May Organisation for the Liberation of PalestineAD Action DirecteANYLP Arab Nationalist Youth for the Liberation of PalestineAQ Al-QaedaAS As Saiqa (The Storm)DFLP Democratic Front for the Liberation of PalestineEIJ Egyptian Islamic JihadERP Ejercito Revolucionaio Del Pueblo (Popular Revolutionary Army)FBS Fatah Black SeptemberFNE Faisceaux Nationalistes Europens (European Nationalist Fascists)FRC Fatah Revolutionary Council (Abu Nidal Organisation)GIA Groupe Islamique Arme (Armed Islamic Group)IJO Islamic Jihad Organisation (used by Hizbollah)JI Jemaah Islamiyah (Indonesian)LARF Lebanese Armed Revolutionary FactionLICRA International League Against Racism and AntisemitismM-19 Leftist Colombian terror groupNVF Nationale VolksfrontNVU Nederlandse Volks-UniePFLP Popular Front for the Liberation of PalestinePFLP-GC Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Ð General CommandPIJ Palestinian Islamic JihadPLF Palestine Liberation Front(Abu Abas-led breakaway from the PFLP-GC)PNLO Palestine National Liberation Organisation(Abu Musa-led breakaway from the PLO)PSF Palestinian Popular Struggle FrontRAF Rote Armee Fraktion Ð Red Army Faction (Baader-Meinhof Gang)RVF Racial Volunteer Force29 / Terrorist Incidents 1968Ð2010


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Chronology of Terrorist Attacks and Plots19681968Members of the PFLP hijacked anEl Al plane en route from Rome toIsrael, only releasing the passengersafter three weeks.23 July 1968, Rome26 December 1968, AthensAn El Al plane about to depart forParis was attacked by MatherSuleiman and Mahmoud Mohammed,both members of the PFLP. Theythrew grenades and sprayed theplane with machine guns, killingone and injuring two others.They were caught, tried andsubsequently convicted.19691969An El Al plane was machine-gunnedby members of the PFLP as it stoodon the tarmac at Kloten airport priorto departure for Tel Aviv, killing thepilot. The El Al security guard jumpedfrom the plane and killed one of theattackers, and the Police caught theother three, who were subsequentlytried and convicted.8 February 1969, Zurich22 May 1969, CopenhagenThree members of the PFLP werearrested and charged with plottingto assassinate former Israel PrimeMinister David Ben-Gurion.18 July 1969, LondonThe PFLP claimed responsibilityfor explosions at Marks & Spencerand Selfridges stores in London.18 August 1969, CopenhagenThe PFLP claimed responsibility forbombs that were found and dismantledin the Israeli government tourist office.23 August 1969, LondonA hand grenade was thrown into theoffice of Zim Shipping Lines, injuringone person and extensively damagingproperty. Responsibility was claimedby the PFLP.23 August 1969, IzmirTwo DFLP terrorists were wounded,one fatally, when bombs theyintended to use against the Israelicommercial pavilion at a trade fairin Izmir, Turkey exploded prematurely.23 August 1969, TehranAn explosion in the Jewish schoolin Tehran caused damage but nocasualties. No claim for responsibilitywas made.1 September 1969, AthensA TWA plane bound for Tel Avivwas hijacked by two PFLP terrorists.The plane was intercepted en routeby Israeli Air Force planes buteventually landed in Damascuswhere the Israel-bound passengerswere released.8 September 1969,The Hague, Bonn and BrusselsThe Israeli embassies in The Hagueand Bonn, and the Brussels officeof IsraelÕs El Al airline, were attackedwithin minutes of each other, withbombs and grenades. Three El Alemployees and a customer wereinjured in the Brussels attack, whilenone were hurt in the other twobombings. There was no claimfor responsibility.10 October 1969, IstanbulThe Neve Shalom Synagogue wasbombed by unknown persons, causingextensive damage to the exterior.Terrorist Incidents 1968-2010 / 30


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9 November 1969, BerlinA bomb was discovered in the Jewishcommunity centre in West Berlin andwas defused before it could explode.Although responsibility was claimed bythe PFLP, later research pointed to theTupamaros West-Berlin group led byDieter Kunzelman.27 November 1969, AthensTwo PSF terrorists threw grenadesinto the El Al office in Athens,wounding 14 persons. Both werearrested but subsequently releasedin the wake of the hijacking of anOlympic Airways plane, on 22 July1970, en route to Jordan.12 December 1969, BerlinA bomb discovered at the El Aloffice was dismantled beforeexploding. Other bombs were foundnear the America House and theAmerican Officers Club. Responsibilitywas claimed by the RAF and PFLP.21 December 1969, AthensThree PFLP terrorists were arrestedshortly before they planned to attacka TWA plane en route from Israel.They were later released followingthe hijack of the Olympic Airwaysplane, on 22 July 1970.25 December 1969, BracknellTrefor Owen Williams, a former Britisharmy officer and subsequently aneo-Nazi activist, and Ronald GormanHamman, stood trial in Bracknell,Berkshire charged with attemptingto blow up an Israeli plane on behalfof Al-Fatah. A large amount ofexplosives were found in WilliamsÕhome, and he was subsequentlyconvicted and imprisoned. Thecharges against Hamman weredropped when he agreed to giveevidence against Williams.Chabad- Lubavitch Nariman House, Mumbai 2008, after terrorist attack


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1970197018 January 1970, BeirutA bomb outside the Khaddouri-Louise-Zilkha Jewish school in Beirut causedextensive damage but no injuries.No claim for responsibility was made.28 January 1970, LondonFadl Muhssen Saleh was arrested atLondon Heathrow airport as he wasabout to board an Israel-bound plane.A machine gun and ammunition werefound in his luggage, and grenadeswere subsequently also found atVictoria railway station in a holdallin the left luggage office.10 February 1970, MunichEight people were wounded followinga machine-gun attack by PFLPterrorists on the Tel Aviv-boundEl Al aircraft at Munich airport.Three Arabs were subsequentlyexpelled from Germany.21 February 1970, ZurichThe PFLP-GC claimed responsibility forblowing up an in-flight Swissair planebound for Tel Aviv that caused thedeath of all 47 passengers and crew.24 February 1970, FrankfurtThe PFLP-GC claimed responsibilityfor parcel bombs posted to Israel butdeactivated before they could explode.7 March 1970, GuatemalaA hand grenade tossed into thegarden of the Israeli honorary consulÕsresidence exploded, causing damagebut not injuries. The Police stated thatan unidentified, local pro-Arab groupwas responsible.24 April 1970, IstanbulAn explosion in the El Al officecaused damage but no casualties.Responsibility was claimed bythe PSF.4 May 1970, AsuncinTwo armed Palestinians broke intothe office of the Israeli consulate inAsuncin, Paraguay and started toshoot at the employees. An Israelisecretary was killed and a localworker injured in the attack.6 September 1970, LondonThe PFLP attempted to hijack anIsrael-bound El Al plane. El Al securityofficers killed one terrorist andwounded another, Leila Khaled, whowas subsequently released by Britishauthorities.8 September 1970, AthensAn attack on the El Al office wasthwarted when two terrorists werearrested; they were later released inthe wake of the Jordan 1970 OlympicAirways hijacking. It is not known towhich group the terrorists belonged.6 October 1970, LondonLetter bombs addressed to theEl Al office and Israeli embassy werediscovered and defused before theycould explode. No group claimedresponsibility.15 October 1970, BerlinLetter bombs were posted to theIsrael Masada exhibition in WestBerlin. No group claimed responsibility.Terrorist Incidents 1968-2010 / 32


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1971197119 April 1971, New JerseyA bomb outside a Conservativesynagogue in New Jersey causedextensive damage but no casualties.No claim for responsibility was made.15 May 1971, IstanbulThe body of Israeli Consul EfraimElrom, who was kidnapped and shotdead on 15 May, was found on25 May. The Turkish LiberationArmy claimed responsibility.30 July 1971, Buenos AiresA bomb exploded outside the office of aJewish-owned firm, causing considerabledamage but no casualties. TheTrotskyite ERP claimed responsibility.30 August 1971, RosarioA bomb exploded outside the HebraicaClub in Rosario, Argentina. The Policeallege that it was the work of the ERP, butthey subsequently denied responsibility.20 September 1971, New YorkA bomb was discovered and dismantledin the Great Neck Synagogue on thefirst day of Rosh Hashanah. No claimfor responsibility was made.28 December 1971, AustriaThe PFLP-GC claimed responsibilityfor letter bombs sent to recipientsin Israel that were defused beforecausing casualties.1972197216 August 1972, RomeThe PFLP-GC claimed responsibility forthe attempt to blow up an Israel-boundEl Al plane by means of a booby-trappedrecord player brought aboard unwittinglyby two British women tourists.5 September 1972, MunichFBS terrorists seized 11 Israeliathletes in the Olympic Village inMunich, Germany, killing two duringtheir assault. A bungled rescueattempt by West German authoritiesresulted in the deaths of the nineother hostages and five terrorists.10 September 1972, BrusselsFBS claimed responsibility for shootingand wounding an employee of theIsraeli embassy.11 September 1972, GenevaIsraeli and Jewish organisationsreceived five letter bombs thatexploded but caused no injuries.No claim for responsibility was made.18 September 1972, AmsterdamFBS claimed responsibility for letterbombs posted from Amsterdam toIsrael and Israeli missions aroundthe world. The bombs were defusedbefore they could cause damage.19 September 1972, LondonThe agricultural counsellor at theIsraeli embassy was killed whenhe opened a letter bomb. FBS laterclaimed responsibility.4 October 1972, MalaysiaFBS claimed responsibility for a waveof letter bombs posted from Malaysiato Israeli and Jewish organisations inRhodesia and New York. Several ofthe bombs exploded in a New Yorkpost office, wounding an employee.13 October 1972, ParisA bomb was dismantled in theEl Al office before it could explode.No claim for responsibility was made.33 / Terrorist Incidents 1968Ð2010


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17 October 1972, RotterdamA bomb was discovered in the ZimShipping Lines office in Rotterdamand dismantled before it could explode.No claim for responsibility was made.23 October 1972, AmsterdamThe PLO representative in Hollandwas arrested with letter bombs inhis possession. He was subsequentlyreleased by the Police.30 October 1972, SingaporeFBS claimed responsibility for a letterbomb sent to Israel from Singapore,which exploded but caused no damage.4 November 1972, FrankfurtA letter bomb was received by aZionist youth organisation whichexploded but caused little damage.No claim for responsibility was made.11 November 1972, LondonLetter bombs were received by Jewishorganisations which exploded, causingone injury. No claim for responsibilitywas made.21 November 1972, TorontoLetter bombs were received byprominent Jews which explodedbut caused no injuries. No claimfor responsibility was made.7 December 1972, SingaporeLetter bombs were sent fromSingapore to public institutions inIsrael, for which the PFLP-GC claimedresponsibility.24 December 1972, LondonAn FBS terrorist was arrestedin London carrying weapons andexplosives that the Police laterstated were to be used againstIsraeli embassies in Scandinavia.28 December 1972, BangkokFBS terrorists stormed the Israeliembassy, holding six employeeshostage. The terrorists were laterreleased and allowed to leaveThailand.197319731 January 1973, ParisFBS claimed responsibility for a bombfound outside the Jewish Agencybuilding which exploded but causedlittle damage and no casualties.9 January 1973, SchoenauThree FBS terrorists were arrestedfollowing a foiled attack againstSchoenau Castle in Austria, whichacted as a transit centre for SovietJewish immigrants.24 January 1973, AthensFBS claimed responsibility for awave of letter bombs sent fromGreece to Israeli consulates in Chileand Australia, and a rabbi in Canada.23 January 1973, MadridFBS claimed responsibility for theshooting and killing of Baruch Cohen,an Israeli national.26 January 1973, ViennaThree FBS terrorists were arrestedwhile crossing the Italian borderen route to an attack on a transithostel for Soviet Jewish immigrantsin Vienna.29 January 1973, TurkeyFBS claimed responsibility for letterbombs sent to Israel which explodedbut caused little damage.Terrorist Incidents 1968-2010 / 34


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British newspapers, 27 and 28 July 1994, the days after car bombs exploded outside Israel Embassy and Balfour House31 January 1973, RomeFBS claimed responsibility for letterbombs sent from Rome to the Israeliembassy in Rwanda.5 February 1973, RomeFBS claimed responsibility for letterbombs sent from Rome to the Israeliembassy in Guatemala.8 February 1973, RomeFBS claimed responsibility for letterbombs sent from Rome to the Israeliembassy in Bangui, Central AfricanRepublic.4 March 1973, New YorkPolice announced that they haddiscovered car bombs outside theEl Al terminal at JFK airport and atbranches of the Israel Discount Bankand the Israeli Bank Leumi, just priorto the visit to New York of IsraeliPrime Minister Golda Meir. In 1993,Khalid Al-Jawary (aka Abu Walidal-Iraqi), a senior member of FBS,was sentenced to 16 years imprisonmentfor the attempt. The NationalSecurity Agency had intercepted amessage he had sent in which herevealed the location of the bombs.21 March 1973, SingaporeAn explosion at the office of ZimShipping Lines caused extensivedamage and wounded one person.Responsibility was claimed by FBS.4 April 1973, RomeTwo PFLP terrorists were caughtattempting to attack an El Al plane atRome airport. They were subsequentlyreleased from custody and deported.9 April 1973, CyprusSeven ANYLP terrorists were caughtattempting to attack an Israel-boundArkia plane. They were subsequentlyreleased.27 April 1973, RomeVitorio Olivares, an El Al employee,was shot and killed by an FBSterrorist who was arrested butreleased two years later.7 May 1973, ParisTwo armed terrorists attempted toseize a room overlooking the Israeliembassy from which they could attackembassy staff. It is not known towhich group they belonged.35 / Terrorist Incidents 1968Ð2010


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1 July 1973, WashingtonMembers of FBS shot and killedYosef Ayalon, an Israeli air attach in Washington, DC.19 July 1973, AthensAn attempt by PFLP terrorists to attackthe El Al office was thwarted. They werecaptured and subsequently deported.5 September 1973, RomeFBS terrorists were arrested shortlybefore they attacked an El Al planeat Rome airport with SA7 missiles.They were subsequently released.12 September 1973, SeoulLetter bombs were sent to Israelfrom South Korea by FBS butwere intercepted.28 September 1973, MarcheggAS terrorists boarded a train transportingSoviet Jewish emigrants at the Austrianborder and held three of them hostageuntil the Austrian government agreed toclose the Schoenau Castle transit facilities.The terrorists were subsequently released.19 November 1973, ParisThirteen members of the PFLP andAlgerian and Turkish terrorist groupswere arrested near Paris shortly beforetheir planned kidnap of an IsraelidiplomatÕs family and attack on theIsraeli embassy. They were tried andconvicted but subsequently released.14 December 1973, LondonLetter bombs posted from Englandwere discovered in Israel shortly aftersimilar bombs posted from Hollandand Switzerland were discovered.30 December 1973, LondonJ. Edward Sieff, Chairman of Marks& Spencer, was shot and woundedin an assassination attempt at hisSt JohnÕs Wood home. Ilich RamirezSanchez (ÔCarlos the JackalÕ) claimedresponsibility on behalf of the PFLP.In 1997 he was convicted and givena life sentence by a French courtfor other terrorist attacks.1974197424 January 1974, LondonThe PFLP claimed responsibilityfor explosives thrown at the Mayfairbranch of Bank Hapoalim, resultingin extensive damage.3 August 1974, ParisThree car bombs exploded outside theoffices of the Fonds Social Juif Unifi, thepro-Israel LÕAurore newspaper and theright-wing Minute newspaper. A fourthcar bomb outside the office of the IsraelPurchasing Mission failed to explode.The PFLP claimed responsibility.26 August 1974, FrankfurtThe PFLP claimed responsibilityfor explosions outside the IsraelGovernment Tourist Office whichcaused damage but no casualties.1975197513 January 1975, ParisPFLP terrorists fired rockets at anEl Al plane parked at Paris-OrlyAirport. They missed the Israeli planebut hit a nearby Yugoslavian plane,wounding three people.16 January 1975, ParisMolotov cocktails were thrown at abuilding mistakenly believed to be theheadquarters of Jewish organisationsin France, causing extensive damage.Responsibility claimed by the previouslyunknown Arab Commando Group.Terrorist Incidents 1968-2010 / 36


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19 January 1975, ParisPFLP terrorists attacked an El Al plane

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