CST Review Fill in the graphic organizers with the following information.

CST Review

Fill in the graphic organizers with the following information

Roots of Democracy• Greeks used reason & intelligence to discover natural laws;

development of direct democracy, and 3branches of government(make sure that 1 group did not have all the power.

• Romans introduced the republic (representative government) & written legal code(law) that applies equally to all citizens.

• Judaism Emphasis on individual morality(we choose to between right or wrong)

• Christianity established the equality of believers(all are equal before God).

• Renaissance Growth of individualism• Reformation Challenging of traditional authority

Major Ideas of the Enlightenment

• Locke believed in Natural Rights-life, liberty, and property. He also believed in the right to rebel– This is fundamental to U. S. Declaration of

Independence/American Revolution


• Montesquieu believed in the separation of powers (branches of government)– France, United States, Latin American nations use

separation of powers in new constitutions


• Voltaire believed in the freedom of thought and expression and religious freedom– Guaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights, & French

Declaration or Rights of Man, European monarchs reduce or eliminate censorship and persecution


• Beccaria believed in the abolishment (getting rid of) torture– Guaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights, torture outlawed

or reduced in nations of Europe and the Americas


• Wollstonecraft believed in women’s equality– Women’s rights groups form in Europe & North

America


• Hobbes believed in a Social Contract– The use of voting

Causes of the French Revolution

Explain each cause• Heavy taxes• Desire for privileges• Poor harvest & high bread prices• Gap between rich & poor• Poor leadership• Government debt• Enlightenment ideas


• Rousseau believed in popular sovereignty(power comes from the people)– Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Independence,

U.S. Constitution & American Revolution

French Revolution

Put the events in the correct order• War with Austria begins when Austria offers

support for Louis XVI• King is Executed• Terror ends as moderates gain control• Assembly creates a constitution• War goes badly for the French and mobs rule

Paris• Reign of Terror begins as radicals take over the

government

French Legislative AssemblyPolitical Spectrum

Radicals

• Sat on the left side of the hall; were called left-wring & said to be on the left

• Opposed the king & the idea of a monarchy

• Wanted sweeping changes in government & proposed that common people have full power in a republic


Moderates

• Sat in the center of the hall & were called centrists

• Wanted some changes in government, but as many as the radicals


Conservatives• Sat on the right side of the hall; were called

the right-wring & said to be on the right

• Upheld the idea of a limited monarchy

• Wanted few changes in government

NapoleonWhich events caused Napoleon to lose/gain power?

• Defense of National Convention• Coup• Emperor• Winning Battles• Trafalgar• Large Empire• Russia• Elba• Waterloo

Napoleon• Goals of the Revolution– Equal taxation, Lower inflation– Less government corruption, Equal opportunity in,

government– Less powerful Catholic Church, Religious tolerance

Napoleon• Napoleon’s Actions– Set up fairer tax code; Set up national bank;

Stabilized currency; Gave state loans to business– Appointed officials by merit; Fired corrupt

officials; Created lycees (public schools); Created code of laws

– Recognized Catholicism as “faith of Frenchmen”; Signed concordat with pope; Retained seized church lands

Napoleon• Results of the Revolution– Equal taxation; Stable economy– Honest, competent officials; Equal opportunity in

government; Public education– Religious tolerance; Government control of church

lands; Government recognition of; church influence

Napoleon’s Fall

Describe Each Mistake• Continental system• Peninsula War• Russian invasion

Effects on Empire• Weakening of France• Great loss of life & prestige• Loss of much of army

Congress of Vienna

• Problems– French Aggression– Power struggles between countries– Lack of legitimate leaders

• Solution– Surrounding France with strong countries– Creating a balance of power so that no country

can dominate others– Restoring royal families to their thrones

Effects of Industrialization

• Size of Cities* Growth of factories, bringing job seekers to

cities* Urban areas doubling, tripling, or quadrupling

in size* Factories developing near sources of energy* Many new industrial cities specializing in

certain industries


• Living Conditions * No sanitary codes or building controls* Lack of adequate housing, education, and

police protection* Lack of running water and indoor plumbing* Frequent epidemics sweeping through slums* Eventually, better housing, healthier diets, and

cheaper clothing


• Working Conditions * Industrialization creating new jobs for workers* Workers trying to keep pace with machines* Factories dirty and unsanitary* Workers running dangerous machines for long

hours in unsafe conditions* Harsh and severe factory discipline* Eventually, higher wages, shorter hours, and

better working conditions

Effects of Industrialization• Emerging Social Classes* Growing middle class of factory owners, shippers,

and merchants* Upper class of landowners and aristocrats

resentful of rich middle class* Lower middle class of factory overseers and

skilled workers* Workers overworked and underpaid* In general, a rising standard of living, with some

groups excluded

Industrialization Bring Change

• Identify the following changes as Economic, Social, or Political

1. New social classes emerged.2. New political philosophies erupted from the Industrial

Revolution.3. The gap widened between industrialized nations and

non-industrialized nations.4. New inventions like the railroad changed the way

people transported goods and traveled.5. Many of the changes are present in today’s society.

Capitalism vs. MarxismCapitalist Ideas

• Progress results when individuals follow their own self interest

• Businesses follow their own self-interest when they compete with one another the consumer’s money.

• Each producer tried to provide goods and services that are better and less expensive than those of competitors.

• Consumers compete with one another to purchase the best goods at the lowest prices.

• Market economy aims to produce the best products and the lowest prices

• Government should not interfere in the economy.

Capitalism vs. Marxism

Marxist Ideas• All great movements in history are the result of

an economic class struggle.• The “haves” take advantage of the “have-nots.”• The Industrial Revolution intensified the class

struggle.• Workers are exploited by employers.• The labor or workers creates profit for

employers.• The capitalist system will eventually destroy

itself. The state will wither away as a classless society develops.

Effects of The Industrial Revolution

Economic Effects• New inventions and development of factories.• Rapidly growing industry in the 1800s• Increased production and higher demand for raw

materials.• Growth of worldwide trade• Population explosion and a large labor force.• Exploitation of mineral resources• Highly developed banking and investment system.• Advances in transportation, agriculture, and

communication

Effects of The Industrial RevolutionSocial Effects

• Long hours worked by children in factories.• Increase in population of cities• Poor city planning• Loss of family stability• Expansion of middle class• Harsh conditions for laborers• Workers progress vs. laissez faire economic attitudes• Improved standard of living• Creation of new jobs• • Encouragement of technological progress

Effects of The Industrial Revolution

Political Effects• Child labor laws to end abuses• Reformers urging equal distribution of wealth• Trade unions• Social reform movements, such as

utilitarianism, utopianism, socialism and Marxism

• Reform bills in Parliament

ImperialismEurope Enters Africa

• European Motives– Nationalism– Economic competition– European racism– Missionary impulse

• External Forces– Maxium gun– Railroads and steamships– Cure for malaria

• Internal Forces– Variety of cultures and languages– Low level of technology– Ethnic strife

Imperialism

Forms of Imperialism• Colony– A country or region governed internally by a

foreign power.– Somaliland in East Africa was a French colony.

Imperialism

Forms of Imperialism• Protectorate– A country or territory with its own internal

government but under the control of an outside power

– Britain established a protectorate over the Niger River delta.

Imperialism

Forms of Imperialism• Sphere of Influence– An area in which an outside power claims

exclusive investment or trading privileges.– Liberia was under the sphere of influence of the

United States.

Imperialism

Management Methods• Indirect Control– Local government officials were used– Limited self-rule– Goal: to develop future leaders– Government institutions are based on European styles

but may have local rules• Examples– British colonies such as Nigeria, India, Burma– U. S. Colonies on Pacific islands

Imperialism

Management Methods• Direct Control– Foreign officials brought in to rule– No self-rule– Goal: assimilation– Government institutions are based only on European

styles• Examples– French colonies such as Somaliland, Vietnam– German colonies such as Tanganyika– Portuguese colonies such as Angola

Imperialism

Resistance to Imperialism• Africa– Armed resistance all over the continent

• Muslim Lands– Attempts at modernization

• India– Armed rebellion & information of nationalist parties

• Southeast Asia– Armed resistance in some areas; modernization in

others

Imperialism

Causes of New Imperialism• Nationalism– To gain power, European nations compete for

colonies and trade.• Economic Competition– Demand for raw materials and new markets, spurs

a search for colonies.• Missionary Spirit– Europeans believe they must spread their

Christian teachings to the world.

Imperialism

Effects of New Imperialism• Colonization– Europeans control land and people in areas of

Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

• Colonial Economics – Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up

dependent cash-crop economies.

• Christianization – Christianity spread to Africa, India, and Asia.

Imperialism

Transformations Around the Globe• China– Fails to prevent Britain from pursuing illegal opium

trade in 1839 Opium War– Deals with internal unrest during almost two decades

of Hong Xiuguan’s Taiping Rebellion– Attempts to build self-sufficiency during 1860s in self-

strengthening movement– Violently opposes foreigners in 1900 Boxer Rebellion– Begins to establish constitutional government in 1908

Imperialism

Transformations Around the Globe• Japan– Signs 1854 Treaty of Kangawa, opening Japanese

ports to foreign trade– Modernizes based on Western models during Meiji

era (1867-1912)– Fights 1894 Sino-Japanese War seeking control of

Korea– Wages 1904 Russo-Japanese War seeking control of

Manchuria– Annexes Korea in 1910

Imperialism

Transformations Around the Globe• Latin America– Depends on exports to fuel economy– Receives much foreign investment– Gains U. S military support in 1898 Spanish-

American War– Becomes crossroads of world trade whenU. S.

completes Panama Canal in 1914

Imperialism

Transformations Around the Globe• Mexico– Fights to hold Texas territory from U. S.

colonialism (1835-1845)– Tries to establish a national identity in the Early

1850s under Benito Juarez’s La Reforma– Overcomes French occupation in 1867– Stages the Mexican Revolution in 1910

WWI

MAIN CausesDescribe each MAIN Cause

• Militarism• Alliance• Imperialism• Nationalism

WWI

Alliances• Triple Alliance– Germany– Austria-Hungary– Italy

• Triple Entente– Great Britain– France– Russia

WWI

War Declaration• Germany on Russia – Saw Russian troops on German border as a threat

• Germany on France – Wanted a quick victory in the west

• Britain on Germany – Outraged over violation of Belgian neutrality

WWIFRONTS

• Western Front– Trench warfare– Small land gains– Germany vs. Britain &

• Eastern Front– Absence of trenches– Larger land gains– Germans, Austrians, Turks vs. Russians & Serbs– More mobile warfare

• Both – Huge numbers of soldiers killed– Mass destruction of land– Deplorable conditions– Stalemates

WWIAlliances

• Allied Powers– Great Britain– France– Russia– (United States)

• Central Powers– Germany– Austria-Hungary– (Ottoman Turks)

WWIREASONS FOR U. S. ENTRY INTO WWI

• The Germans sink the Lusitania, a British ship carrying some American passengers.

• Germany returns to unrestricted submarine warfare, sinking U. S ships.

• Zimmerman note decoded – German note urging Mexico to take up arms against the U. S.

• A strong feeling of sympathy for the allies.

WWIHow did Total War Affect the Warring Nations• Governments took great control of economies,

telling factories what & how much to produce• Civilian factories were turned into munitions

factories• Rationing was common• Women became a significant part of the work

force• More people were put to work

WWIWilson’s Fourteen Points

• Governments took great control of economies, telling factories what & how much to produce

• Civilian factories were turned into munitions factories

• Rationing was common• Women became a significant part of the work

force• More people were put to work

WWIThe Treaty of Versailles

League of Nations• International peace organization; membership

to include Allied war powers & 32 Allied & neutral nations

• Germany & Russia excluded


Territorial Losses• Germany returns Alsace-Lorraine to France;

French border extended to the west bank of the Rhine river

• Germany surrenders all of its overseas colonies in Africa & the Pacific


Military Restrictions• Limits set on the size of the Germany army• Germany prohibited from importing or

manufacturing weapons or war material• Germany forbidden to build or buy submarines

or have an air force


War Guilt• Sole responsibility for the war placed on

Germany’s shoulders• Germany forced to pay the Allies $33 billion in

reparations over 30 years

WWICauses and Effects of the Great War

Long-Term Causes• Nationalism spurs competition among

European nations.• Imperialism deepens national rivalries.• Militarism leads to large standing armies.• The alliance system divides Europe into two

rival camps.


Immediate Causes• The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

in June 1914 prompts Austria to declare war on Serbia

• The alliance system requires nations to support their allies. European countries declare war on one another


Immediate Effects• A generation of Europeans are killed or

Wounded.• Dynasties fall in Germany, Austria- Hungary,

and Russia.• New countries are created.• The League of Nations is established to help

promote peace.


Long-Term Effects• Many nations feel biter and betrayed by the

peace settlements• Problems that helped cause the

war(nationalism & competition) remain

The Great DepressionLong-Term Causes

• World economies are connected.• Some countries have huge war debts from

World War I.• Europe relies on American loans and

investments.• Prosperity is built on borrowed money.• Wealth is unequally distributed.

The Great DepressionImmediate Causes

• U. S. stock market crashes.• Banks demand repayment of loans.• Farms fail and factories close.• Americans reduce foreign trade to protect

economy.• Americans stop loans to foreign countries.• American banking system collapses.

The Great DepressionImmediate Effects

• Millions become unemployed worldwide• Businesses go bankrupt• Governments take emergency measures to

protect economies.• Citizens lose faith in capitalism and democracy• Nations turn toward authoritarian leaders

The Great DepressionLong-Term Effects

• Nazis take control in Germany• Fascists come to power in other countries• Democracies try social welfare programs• Japan expands in East Asia• World War II breaks out

Russian RevolutionCauses

• Widespread discontent among all classes of Russian society

• Agitation from revolutionaries• Weak leadership of Czar Nicholas II• Defeat in Russo Japanese War (1905)• Bloody Sunday (1905)• Losses in World War I• Strikes and riots

Russian RevolutionRevolution of 1917

• Abdication of Czar Nicholas II• Failure of provisional government• Growing power of soviets• Lenin’s return to Russia• Bolshevik takeover under Lenin

Russian RevolutionEffects

• Civil War (1918-1920)• Czar & his family killed – end of czarist rule• Peace with Germany under Treaty of Brest-

Litovsk (1918)• Bolshevik control of government• Russian economy in ruins

Totalitarianism• Dictatorship &One-Party Rule– Exercises absolute authority– Dominates the government

• Dynamic Leader – Helps unite people toward meeting shared goals or

realizing a common vision– Encourages people to devote their unconditional

loyalty & uncritical support to the regime– Becomes a symbol of the government

• Ideology (Set of Beliefs)– Justifies government actions– Glorifies the aims of the state

Totalitarianism• State Control Over the Individual– business – labor – housing – education– family life – youth groups – religion – the arts

• State Control Over the Individual– Demands total obedience to authority & personal

sacrifice for the good of the State– Denies basic liberties

Totalitarianism• Dependence on Modern Technology– Relies on mass communication, such as radios, new

streets, and loudspeakers, to spread propaganda– Builds up advanced military weapons

• Organized Violence – Uses force, such as police terror, to crush all

opposition– Targets certain groups, such as national minorities

& political opponents, as Enemies

TotalitarianismStalin’s Use of Weapons of Totalitarianism

• Police Terror – Great Purge– Execution of kulaks

• Propaganda – Socialist realism– Training of youth

• Censorship – Government-controlled media

• Religious Persecution – Destruction of buildings– Elimination of leadership

WWIIAggression in Europe and Asia

• Japan invades Manchuria• Italy attacks Ethiopia• Germany annexes Austria• Germany occupies Rhineland• Japan invades China• Germany takes Sudetenland• Germany seizes Czechoslovakia• Italy conquers Albania

WWIIGermany’s Aggressive Actions & European

Responses• Hitler renounces Versailles Treaty and rebuilds

Germany’s armed forces – no response

• Germany seizes the Rhineland – Great Britain urges appeasement

• Germany takes Austria – France and Great Britain ignore pledge to protect

Austria• After the Munich Conference – Great Britain and France let Germany take the

Sudetenland

WWIIComparing Fascism/Nazism and Communism• Authoritarian; action-oriented; charismatic

leader, state more important than individual• Nationalist; racist (Nazism); one-party rule;

supreme leader• Supported by middle class, industrialists, &

military• Censorship; indoctrination; secret police• Private property control by state corporations

or state• Italy, Spain, Germany

WWIIComparing Fascism/Nazism and Communism• Marxist-Leninist ideas; dictatorship of

proletariat; state more important than• Internationalist; one-party rule; supreme

leader • Supported by workers & peasants • Censorship; indoctrination; secret police• Collective ownership; centralized state

planning • U.S.S.R.

WWIIEffects of Early Events

• First blitzkrieg – The fall of Poland

• Allies stranded at Dunkirk – 338,000 soldiers saved – British forces leave Western Europe

• British radar detects German aircraft – British are able to hold off German occupation

• Lend-Lease Act – U.S. supplied Allies with war goods– U.S. decision to favor Allies

WWIIMajor Battles

• Pearl Harbor– U.S. enters the war

• Doolittle’s Raid– U.S. bombs Tokyo

• Battle of Midway– Turns the tide of the war in favor of U.S.

• Battle of Guadalcanal– Most casualties (deaths)

• Battle of El Alamein– Rommel’s army defeated in North Africa

• Battle of Stalingrad– Soviets beat back Germany

• D-Day Invasion– Allies begin taking back Europe

• Battle of the Buldge– Last attempt by the Germans (fail)

WWIIMajor Battles

• Allies– Great Britain– France– Soviet Union– U.S.

• Axis Powers– Germany– Italy– Japan

WWIIAftermath of War

• Europe– Displaced persons looking for families– Famine– Rise of Communism

• Japan– Japanese emperor no longer a god– Japanese people humiliated– Radiation poisoning from the atomic bomb

• Both– Destruction of land and property– Natural resources depleted– Heavy loss of life– Major cities in shambles

Cold WarEvents

United States• 1946 institutes containment Policy to block

Soviet influences • 1948 Gives massive foreign aid to Europe

under Marshall Plan • 1952 Tests first H=bomb• 1953 Adopts brinkmanship policy, which

escalates Cold War• 1965 Sends troops to Vietnam

Cold WarEvents

Both• 1948 U.S. and Britain break Soviet blockade of

Berlin with airlift • 1950 Communist North Korea attacks South Korea • 1960 U-2 incident reignites tension between

super- powers • 1962 U.S. blockades Cuba in response to buildup

of Soviet missiles • 1972 Nixon and Brezhnev sign SALT 1 treaty • 1980 U.S boycotts Moscow Summer Olympic to

protest invasion of Afghanistan

Cold WarEvents

Soviet Union• 1950 Signs friendship Treaty with China • 1953 Tests first H-Bomb• 1956 Puts down revolt in Hungary and later

executes lmre Nagy• 1957 Launches Sputnik, starting space race • 1968 Violently brings Prague Spring to an end • 1979 Invades Afghanistan

Cold WarSuperpowers’ Aims in Europe

West (Capitalist)• Encourage democracy in other countries in

order to help prevent the rise of Communist government

• Gain access to raw materials & markets to fuel booming industries

• Rebuild European governments to promote stability & create new markets for American goods

• Reunite Germany to stabilize it & increase the security of Europe

Cold WarSuperpowers’ Aims in Europe

East(Communist)• Encourage communism in other countries as

part of a world wide worker’s revolution • Rebuilt its war-ravaged economy using Eastern

Europe’s industrial equipment & raw materials • Control Eastern Europe to protect Soviet

borders & balance the U.S. influence in Europe• Keep Germany divided to prevent its waging

war again

Cold WarComparison of Causes & Effects of Wars in Korea &

VietnamKorea• Neither side gained advantage Rebuilt its war-

ravaged economy using Eastern Europe’s industrial equipment & raw materials

Vietnam• Soviet-supported North Vietnamese wonBoth• American involvement stemmed from Cold War• Land was destroyed• Millions of people died

Cold WarPut the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis in

order• Castro nationalize U.S. –owned sugar mills• Eisenhower orders embargo on trade• Castro turns to Soviets for aid• Bay of Pigs invasion• Cuban missile crisis

Cold WarDo not worry about US Presidents Contribution

to Cold War Tensions

Cold WarChinese Political Opponents

Nationalists• Jiang Jieshi• Southern China• United States• Defeat of Communists• Weak due to inflation & failing Economy• Ineffective, corrupt leadership & poor morale

Cold WarChinese Political Opponents

Communists• Mao Zedong • Northern China• Soviet Union• National liberation • Strong due to promised land reform • Experienced, motivated guerilla army

Cold WarMajor Challenges of Countries After

Independence• The Philippines – United States– Military bases– Bell Act– Difficulties with democracy– Assassinations– Marcos stealing money


Independence• Burma – Great Britain– Unstable governments– Assassinations– Ethnic conflicts


Independence• Indonesia – Netherlands– Ethnic conflicts– Coup– Huge gap between rich & poor Huge gap between

rich & poor

Cold WarConflict Over Palestine

• BELIEFS OF JEWS– Jews believe their right to a Palestinian homeland is a

covenant from God• BELIEFS OF ARABS– Arabs believe the land has belong to them since the

Jews were driven out in A. 135– Other Arabs believe it has belonged to them since their

7th century conquest of the region.• OTHER INFLUENCES– Oil interests– Global politics– Persecution of Jews in Europe

CST Review Fill in the graphic organizers with the following information.

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