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Transcript of CSMA .
• CSMA
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CSMA/CD
1 'Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Detection' ('CSMA/CD') is a media access control method used
most notably in local area networking using early Ethernet technology
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CSMA/CD
1 CSMA/CD is a modification of pure carrier sense multiple access (CSMA).
CSMA/CD is used to improve CSMA performance by terminating
transmission as soon as a collision is detected, thus shortening the time
required before a retry can be attempted.
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CSMA/CD - Applications
1 IEEE Std 802.3, which defines all Ethernet variants, for historical
reasons still bears the title Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) access method
and physical layer specifications.
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GraphicsMagick
1 'GraphicsMagick' is a fork (software development)|fork of ImageMagick,
emphasizing stability of both programming API and command-line options. It was branched off
ImageMagick's version 5.5.2 in 2002 after irreconcilable differences emerged in the
developers' group.[http://marc.info/?l=imagemagick-
developerm=104777007831767w=2 imagemagick-developer mailing list: Introducing
GraphicsMagick Project, 15 March 2003]
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GraphicsMagick
1 In addition to the programming language APIs available with
ImageMagick, GraphicsMagick also includes a Tcl API, called TclMagick.
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GraphicsMagick
1 GraphicsMagick is used by several websites to process large numbers of uploaded
photographs.[http://www.kitchensoap.com/2009/04/03/slides-from-web20-expo-2009-and-somethin-else-interestin/ Slides from Web2.0 Expo 2009. (and somethin else
interestin’)][http://codeascraft.etsy.com/2010/07/09/batch-processing-millions-of-
images/ Etsy: Batch processing millions of images]
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CSMA CA
1 'Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance' ('CSMA/CA') in computer networking, is a network
multiple access method in which Carrier wave|carrier sensing is used, but Node (networking)|nodes attempt to avoid
collisions by transmitting only when the channel is sensed to be idle. When they do transmit, nodes transmit their packet
data in its entirety.
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CSMA CA
1 It is particularly important for wireless networks, where the
collision detection of the alternative Carrier sense multiple access with
collision detection|CSMA/CD is unreliable due to the hidden node
problem.
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CSMA CA - Details
1 Collision avoidance is used to improve the performance of the CSMA method by attempting to
divide the channel somewhat equally among all transmitting nodes within
the collision domain.
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CSMA CA - Details
1 Unlike CSMA/CD, it is very challenging for a wireless node to
listen at the same time as it transmits (its transmission will dwarf
any attempt to listen)
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CSMA CA - Details
1 Although CSMA/CA has been used in a variety of wired communication
systems, it is particularly beneficial in a wireless LAN due to a common problem of multiple stations being
able to see the Access Point, but not each other
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CSMA CA - Performance
1 Studies show that under ideal propagation conditions (simulations),
direct-sequence spread spectrum|Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(DSSS) provides the highest throughput for all nodes on a
network when used in conjunction with CSMA/CA and the IEEE 802.11
RTS/CTS exchange under light network load conditions
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CSMA CA - Usage
1 * Apple Computer|Apple's LocalTalk implemented 'CSMA/CA' on an
electrical bus using a three-byte jamming signal.
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CSMA CA - Usage
1 * The ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides a way to create a high-
speed (up to 1 Gigabit/s) local area network using existing home wiring (Power line communication|power
lines, phone lines and ethernet over coax|coaxial cables), uses CSMA/CA
as a channel access method for flows that don't require guaranteed quality
of service, specifically the CSMA/CARP variant.
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Carrier sense multiple access - CSMA with collision avoidance
1 In CSMA/CA collision avoidance is used to improve the performance of
CSMA by attempting to be less greedy on the channel. If the channel is sensed busy before transmission
then the transmission is deferred for a random interval. This reduces the
probability of collisions on the channel.
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Carrier sense multiple access - Virtual time CSMA
1 VTCSMA is designed to avoid collision generated by nodes transmitting signals
simultaneously, used mostly in hard Real-time computing|real-time systems. The
VTCSMA uses two clocks at every node, a virtual clock (vc) and a real clock (rc) which tells real time. When the channel is sensed to be busy, the vc freezes, when channel is free, it is reset. Hence, calculating vc runs
faster than rc when channel is free, and vc is not initiated when channel is busy.
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Carrier sense multiple access - CSMA access modes
1 1-persistent CSMA is used in CSMA/CD systems including
Ethernet.
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Carrier sense multiple access - CSMA access modes
1 ; Non-persistent : Non persistent CSMA is a non aggressive transmission algorithm
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Carrier sense multiple access - CSMA access modes
1 p-persistent CSMA is used in CSMA/CA systems including Wi-Fi and other packet
radio systems.
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Carrier sense multiple access - CSMA access modes
1 O-persistent CSMA is used by CobraNet, LonWorks and the controller area network.
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CSMA/CARP
1 Again, CSMA/CARP is similar to the functions of the
CSMA/CA
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CSMA/CARP
1 In addition to having a different IFS per priority, a station in a
CSMA/CARP network will add a random backoff to its waiting period,
to reduce the collision probability between stations that have to
transmit packets in the same priority.
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CSMA/CARP - Applications
1 * The ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides high-speed local area
networking over existing home wiring (power lines, phone lines and coaxial
cables) includes support for CSMA/CARP, although only during
certain periods of time called Shared Transmission Opportunities (STXOP).
During the rest of the time, G.hn uses a Time division multiple access Channel access method to ensure
Quality of Service.
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