CSE 3320 Operating Systems -...
Transcript of CSE 3320 Operating Systems -...
CSE3320OperatingSystems
Synchronization
Jia RaoDepartmentofComputerScience and Engineering
http://ranger.uta.edu/~jrao
RecapoftheLastClass
• Multiprocessorschedulingo Twoimplementationsofthereadyqueue
o Loadbalancing
o Parallelprogramscheduling} Synchronizationsonshareddataandexecutionphases
} Causalityamongthreads
Inter-processorthreadcommunications
Inter-ProcessCommunication(IPC)• Three fundamental issues:
o How one process can pass information to another
o How to make sure two or more processes do not get into each other’s way when engaging in critical activities
o How to maintain proper sequencing when dependencies present
Howaboutinter-threadcommunication?
RaceConditions° Raceconditions:whentwoormoreprocesses/threadsare
readingorwritingsomeshareddata andthefinalresultsdependonwhorunspreciselywhen• Interrupts,interleavedoperations/execution
printer daemon
Dir[in] = X;in ++;
Dir[in] = Y;in ++;
MutualExclusionandCriticalRegions° Mutualexclusion:makessureifoneprocessisusinga
sharedvariableorfile,theotherprocesseswillbeexcludedfromdoingthesamething• Mainchallenge/issuetoOS:todesignappropriateprimitive
operationsforachievingmutualexclusion
° Criticalregions:thepartoftheprogramwherethesharedmemoryisaccessed
° Fourconditionstoprovidemutualexclusion• Notwoprocessessimultaneouslyincriticalregion• NoassumptionsmadeaboutspeedsornumbersofCPUs• Noprocessrunningoutsideitscriticalregionmayblockanother
process• Noprocessmustwaitforevertoenteritscriticalregion
MutualExclusionwithBusyWaiting
° Disabling interrupts: ° OS technique, not users’
° multi-CPU?
° Lock variables: ° test-set is a two-step process, not atomic
° Busy waiting: ° continuously testing a variable until some value appears
(spin lock)
BusyWaiting:StrictAlternation
0 1
What if P1’s noncritical_region() has lots more work than P0’s?
Proposed strict alternation solution to critical region problem(a) Process 0. (b) Process 1.
BusyWaiting:Peterson’s
Peterson's solution for achieving mutual exclusion
sharing
Differentfromstrictalternation
BusyWaiting:TSL
Entering and leaving a critical region using the TSL instruction
° TSL(TestandSetLock)
• Indivisible(atomic)operation,how?Hardware(multi-processor)
• HowtouseTSLtopreventtwoprocessesfromsimultaneouslyenteringtheircriticalregions?
SleepandWakeup° IssueIwithPeterson’s&TS:howtoavoidCPU-costlybusywaiting?
° IssueII:priorityinversionproblem• Considertwoprocesses,Hwith(strict)highpriorityandLwith(strict)
lowpriority,LisinitscriticalregionandHbecomesready;doesLhavechancetoleaveitscriticalregion?
° SomeIPCprimitivesthatblockinsteadofwastingCPUtimewhentheyarenotallowedtoentertheircriticalregions• Sleepandwakeup
SleepandWakeup– Producer-ConsumerProblem
Q1:Whatifthewakeupsignalsenttoanon-sleep(ready)process?
Q2: what is a wakeup waiting bit? Is one enough?
SemaphoresandP&VOperations° Semaphores:avariabletoindicatethe#ofpendingwakeups
° Downoperation(P;request): lock
• Checksifasemaphoreis>0,- ifso,itdecrementsthevalueandjustcontinue
- Otherwise,theprocessisputtosleepwithoutcompletingthedownforthemoment
° Up operation(V;release):unlock
• Incrementsthevalueofthesemaphore- ifoneormoreprocessesaresleepingonthesemaphore,oneofthemischosenbythesystem
(randomly)andallowedtocompleteitsdown(semaphorewillstillbe0)
° P&Voperationsareatomic,howtoimplement?
• SingleCPU:systemcalls,disablinginterruptstemporally
• MultipleCPUs:TSLhelp
TheProducer-consumerProblemw/Semaphores
UC.ColoradoSprings
Binary semaphores: if each process does a down before entering its critical region and an up just leaving it, mutual exclusion is achieved
For mutual exclusion and synchronization
Mutexes° Mutex:
• avariablethatcanbeinoneoftwostates:unlockedorlocked
• Asimplifiedversionofthesemaphores[0,1]
Give other chance to run so as to save self;What is mutex_trylock()?
Mutexes – User-spaceMulti-threading° Whatisakeydifferencebetweenmutex_lock andenter_region inmulti-
threadingandmulti-processing?
• Foruser-spacemulti-threading,athreadhastoallowotherthreads torunandreleasethelocksoastoenteritscriticalregion,whichisimpossiblewithbusywaitingenter_region
Two processes entering and leaving a critical region using the TSL instruction
Monitors° Monitor:ahigher-levelsynchronizationprimitive
• Onlyoneprocesscanbeactiveinamonitoratanyinstant,withcompiler’shelp;thus,howabouttoputallthecriticalregionsintomonitorproceduresformutualexclusion?
But, how processes block when they cannot proceed?
Condition variables, and two operations: wait() and signal()
Monitors(2)
Conditions are not counters; wait() before signal()Outline of producer-consumer problem with monitors
o only one monitor procedure active at one time (a process doing signal must exit the monitor immediately); buffer has N slots
Wakeup and sleep signals can lost, but not Wait and signal signals, why ?
Monitor(3)
• Proso Makemutualexclusionautomatic
o Makeparallelprogramminglesserror-prone
• Conso Compilersupport
Barriers
• Use of a barrier (for programs operate in phases, neither enters the next phase until all are finished with the current phase) for groups of processes to do synchronization(a) processes approaching a barrier(b) all processes but one blocked at barrier(c) last process arrives, all are let through
ClassIPCProblems:DiningPhilosophers• Philosophers eat/think• Eating needs 2 forks• Pick one fork at a time • How to prevent deadlock & starvation
o Deadlock: both are blocked on some resource
o Starvation: both are running, but no progress made
The problem is useful for modeling processes that are competing for exclusive access to a limited number of resources, such as I/O devices
DiningPhilosophers(2)
A non-solution to the dining philosophers problemWhat happens if all philosophers pick up their left forks simultaneously?
Or, all wait for the same amount of time, then check if the right available?
What if random waiting, then check if the right fork available?
What performance if down and up on mutex before acquiring/replacing a fork?
Summary• Raceconditions
• Mutualexclusionandcriticalregions
• Twosimpleapproacheso DisablinginterruptandLockvariables
• Busywaitingo Strictalternation,Peterson’sandTSL
• SleepandWakeup
• Semaphores
• Mutexes
• ClassicalIPCproblems
• Additionalpracticeo ReadLinuxdocumentation:LINUX_SRC/Documentation/spinlocks.txt
o Findtheimplementationofdown andup inLINUX_SRC/kernel/semaphore.c
o Spinlockv.s.Mutex:http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5869825/when-should-one-use-a-spinlock-instead-of-mutex