CSD 5100 Introduction to Research Methods in CSD First Day Opening Stretch Course...
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Transcript of CSD 5100 Introduction to Research Methods in CSD First Day Opening Stretch Course...
CSD 5100CSD 5100Introduction to Research Introduction to Research
Methods in CSDMethods in CSD
First Day Opening StretchFirst Day Opening Stretch
Course Requirements/SyllabusWhat is Science?What is Research?The Scientific MethodWhy is Research Important to Clinical Practice?
The Philosophy of ScienceThe Philosophy of Science
Science Science is the is the workwork that entails the that entails the search for answers to certain search for answers to certain questions we may have about the questions we may have about the physical world, human behavior, physical world, human behavior, disease, anything…disease, anything…
The tool we use for this search is theThe tool we use for this search is the research processresearch process
Logical Reasoning ProcessLogical Reasoning Process
The cornerstone of scientific inquiry is The cornerstone of scientific inquiry is logical reasoninglogical reasoning
Two types:Two types:Deductive reasoningDeductive reasoning
Begins with a general premise or law known to be true Begins with a general premise or law known to be true which is used to explain specific observations or which is used to explain specific observations or behaviorsbehaviors
Inductive reasoningInductive reasoningA general theory or law is derived from a series of A general theory or law is derived from a series of
specific observations or individual casesspecific observations or individual cases
Science Is More Than Just Science Is More Than Just Logical Thinking…Logical Thinking…
EmpiricismEmpiricismThe elements of a problem under study The elements of a problem under study must must
be able to be be able to be observed, measured, or testedobserved, measured, or tested““Seeing is Believing”Seeing is Believing”
OperationalismOperationalismObservations, events, and behaviors should Observations, events, and behaviors should
be defined be defined quantitativelyquantitatively in measurable in measurable valuesvalues
Scientific Research: Definition Scientific Research: Definition and Assumptionsand Assumptions
The The processprocess by which we attempt to by which we attempt to understand the worldunderstand the world
Three basic underlying assumptions:Three basic underlying assumptions:OrderOrder
events occur in regular patterns, not randomlyevents occur in regular patterns, not randomly
DeterminismDeterminismthe occurrence of an event is determined by the occurrence of an event is determined by
prior eventsprior events
DiscoverabilityDiscoverabilitywe expect to find answers to our questionswe expect to find answers to our questions
Scientific ObservationScientific Observation
Allows us to observe events toAllows us to observe events to explain explain the relationship between two or more the relationship between two or more variablesvariables
Prerequisites of Scientific Prerequisites of Scientific ObservationObservation
ObjectivityObjectivityMaking observations without interference from the Making observations without interference from the
observer’s personal biases, beliefs, or emotionobserver’s personal biases, beliefs, or emotion
PublicityPublicityObservations should be publicObservations should be public
RepeatabilityRepeatabilityObservations must be described in enough detail Observations must be described in enough detail
to allow others to replicate the methods and to allow others to replicate the methods and resultsresults
The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method
The formal steps to the research process The formal steps to the research process to answer a research questionto answer a research question
Five major steps to the scientific methodFive major steps to the scientific methodThe statement of the problemThe statement of the problemThe research hypothesisThe research hypothesisThe research methodThe research methodThe analysis of resultsThe analysis of resultsThe interpretation of the resultsThe interpretation of the results
Statement of the ProblemStatement of the Problem
A clear description of the problem A clear description of the problem along with the rationale for its studyalong with the rationale for its study
Research HypothesisResearch Hypothesis
A best guess as to the answer to the A best guess as to the answer to the research questionresearch question
Research MethodResearch Method
A procedure for answering the A procedure for answering the research questionresearch questionIncludes a specification of participants Includes a specification of participants
(subjects) and a detailed plan for (subjects) and a detailed plan for observing behaviors and recording observing behaviors and recording observations (data)observations (data)
ValidityValidity
ReliabilityReliability
Analysis of the ResultsAnalysis of the Results
After collecting and recording the data, After collecting and recording the data, we need to make sense of the resultswe need to make sense of the resultsGraphsGraphs
TablesTables
Statistical analysesStatistical analyses
Interpretation of ResultsInterpretation of Results
Major goalsMajor goalsTo answer the research questionTo answer the research question
To support or refute the research To support or refute the research hypothesishypothesis
Types of Research in CSDTypes of Research in CSD
Basic and applied researchBasic and applied research
Laboratory and field studiesLaboratory and field studies
Experimental and quasi-experimental Experimental and quasi-experimental researchresearch
Basic and Applied ResearchBasic and Applied Research
Basic researchBasic researchSole purpose is to contribute new Sole purpose is to contribute new
scientific knowledge with no intention of scientific knowledge with no intention of solving a clinical problem or any other solving a clinical problem or any other practical applicationpractical application
Applied researchApplied researchPurpose is to solve a clinical problem or Purpose is to solve a clinical problem or
prove practical applicationprove practical application
Laboratory and Field StudiesLaboratory and Field Studies
Field researchField researchConducted in everyday settingsConducted in everyday settings
Laboratory researchLaboratory researchConducted in contrived settings outside Conducted in contrived settings outside
the mainstream of daily lifethe mainstream of daily life
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental and Quasi-Experimental ResearchExperimental Research
Two requirements for true experimental Two requirements for true experimental research:research:Random assignment of subjectsRandom assignment of subjects
Complete control over selection of conditionsComplete control over selection of conditions
If these requirements aren’t strictly met, If these requirements aren’t strictly met, then the research is quasi-experimentalthen the research is quasi-experimentalQuasi means “as if”, “almost”, “having a Quasi means “as if”, “almost”, “having a
likeness to”likeness to”
The Ten Thousand Dollar The Ten Thousand Dollar Question…Question…
Why is the study of research methods Why is the study of research methods so important to the field of so important to the field of communication disorders?communication disorders?
Why do we make you take this class?Why do we make you take this class?
Why is research such an important Why is research such an important component to the graduate program, component to the graduate program, both academically and clinically?both academically and clinically?
The Importance of ResearchThe Importance of Research
Maximizing clinical effectivenessMaximizing clinical effectivenessUnderstanding the research process Understanding the research process
improves critical thinking and the improves critical thinking and the application of problem-solving skillsapplication of problem-solving skills
Explosion of informationExplosion of informationThe quality of our clinical work depends The quality of our clinical work depends
on our ability to evaluate and use on our ability to evaluate and use relevant information as it emergesrelevant information as it emerges
Evidence-based clinical practiceEvidence-based clinical practice
Evidence-Based Clinical Evidence-Based Clinical PracticePracticeUsing research to help us, as clinicians, to Using research to help us, as clinicians, to
design better clinical programs and to design better clinical programs and to better assess their better assess their reliabilityreliability and and validityvalidity““the conscientious, explicit and judicious use the conscientious, explicit and judicious use
of current best evidence in making decisions of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. It about the care of individual patients. It means integrating individual clinical means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research”clinical evidence from systematic research”