Auditory Processing Disorders in School Aged Children “A Hearing Loss of the Brain”
CSD 2230 HUMAN COMMUNICATION DISORDERS Topic 5 Hearing Disorders and Hearing Loss Introduction to...
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Transcript of CSD 2230 HUMAN COMMUNICATION DISORDERS Topic 5 Hearing Disorders and Hearing Loss Introduction to...
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CSD 2230HUMAN COMMUNICATION
DISORDERS
Topic 5Hearing Disorders and Hearing
LossIntroduction to SoundTypes of Hearing Loss
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Sound System
Source Any vibrating object
Medium Any gas, liquid or
solid
Receiver anything designed to
detect the vibrations within the medium originating from the source
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A Common Sound System
Illustration of the distribution of molecules surrounding a source in an instant in time
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Condensation and Rarefaction
Bands of condensation and rarefaction emanating from a sound source
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Propagation of a Disturbance Through a
Medium
Notice that as time goes on, molecules farther from the source become affected by the disturbance.
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Important Physical Characteristics of Sound
Frequency
Rate of pressure change as a function of time
Measured as cycles/sec or Hertz
The primary determiner of pitch
Intensity
Magnitude of the pressure change
Measured as the decibel (dB)
The primary determiner of loudness
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Frequency and Intensity
Sounds a and c share the same frequency and sounds b and c share the same intensity
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Loudness and Intensity
Here are some common sounds and their decibel equivalents
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The Hearing System
Basic schematic diagram of the entire auditory system
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Putting It All Together….
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Types of Hearing Impairment
A loss of sensitivity
Auditory nervous system
pathology
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Important Terms
ü Time of onset
Congenital: present at birth Acquired: obtained after
birth Adventitious: acquired after
birth
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Important Terms
ü Time Course
Acute: sudden onset/short duration
Chronic: long duration Sudden: rapid onset Gradual: changes slowly over
time
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Important Terms
ü Time Course
Temporary: limited duration Permanent: irreversible Progressive: advancing Fluctuating: changes in degree
over time
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Important Terms
ü Number of Ears Involved
Unilateral: Just one
Bilateral: Both
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Hearing Sensitivity Loss§ “The ear is not as sensitive as
normal in detecting sound”
Types:
Conductive Sensorineural Mixed
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Conductive Hearing Loss
n “Caused by an abnormal reduction or attenuation of sound as it travels from the outer ear to the cochlea”
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Sensorineural Hearing Loss
n “Caused by a failure in the cochlea to transduce the sound from the middle ear to neural impulses in the VIII Nerve.”
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Sensorineural Hearing Loss
n Implications include:
A reduction in the sensitivity of the receptor cells in the cochlea
A reduction in the frequency resolving power of the cochlea
A reduction in the dynamic range of the system
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Mixed Hearing Loss
n “A loss with both a conductive and sensorineural component.”
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Types of Hearing Impairment
A loss of sensitivity
Auditory nervous system pathology
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Auditory Nervous System Impairment
§ Causes:
Disease Disordered auditory nervous
system development
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Auditory Nervous System Impairment
§ Kinds:
Retrocochlear disorders Central auditory processing
disorders
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Auditory Nervous System Impairment
§ Auditory Characteristics:
Reduced ability to understand speech in a noise background
Problems understanding speech with reduced redundancy
Problems with localization and lateralization
Problems processing normal or altered temporal cues
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Auditory Pathologies
Outer and middle ear disordersConductive pathologies
Cochlear disordersSensorineural pathologies
Central auditory disordersCentral auditory pathologies
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Outer and Middle Ear Disorders
Structural defects due to embryologic malformations
Structural changes secondary to infection or trauma
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Outer Ear Disorders
Microtia and atresia
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Microtia
n “an abnormal smallness of the
auricle”
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Atresia
n “the absence of an opening of the external canal”
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Outer Ear Disorders
Microtia and atresia
Impacted cerumen
Perforation of the tympanic membrane
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Outer Ear Disorders
Microtia and atresia Impacted cerumen Perforation of the tympanic
membrane Other
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Middle Ear Disorders
Otitis Media Most common cause of transient conductive hearing loss in children
Inflamation of the middle ear
Caused by eustachian tube failure
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Ways to Classify Otitis Media
With or without effusion Fluid type
Serous Suppurative Mucoid
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Ways to Classify Otitis Media
With or without effusion Fluid type Duration
Acute Chronic Subacute Persistent Recurrent
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Otitis Media Facts 76-95% of all kids will have one episode of OM by age 6 Prevalence is highest during the first two years of life 50% of all kids with one episode before their first
birthday will have 6 or more bouts within two years Most episodes occur in winter and spring Risk factors
Cleft palate Down syndrome Native Americans Urban poor Day care Secondhand smoke
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Middle Ear Disorders Otitis media Otosclerosis
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Otosclerosis
n “a bone disorder that affects the stapes and the bony labyrinth of the inner ear. The disease process is characterized by resorption of bone and new spongy formation around the stapes and oval window”
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Otosclerosis Facts:
Hereditary Women are more likely
to develop the disorder
Usually bilateral
progressive
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Middle Ear Disorders Otitis media Otosclerosis Cholesteatoma
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Cholesteatoman “an epithelial
pocket that forms on the tympanic membrane. Once the pocket forms, the normal shedding of epithelium results in growth of the tumor”
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Middle Ear Disorders Otitis media Otosclerosis Cholesteatoma Other
Physical trauma Barotrauma Middle ear tumors
Glomus tumor
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Cochlear Disorders Syndromes and inherited disorders
Syndromic disorders Nonsyndromal disorders
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Syndromes and Inherited Disorders Resulting in Sensorineural Hearing Loss
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Types of Nonsyndromic Disorders
Dominant Dominant
progressive Dominant
progressive with adult onset
Recessive hereditary SNHL
X-linked
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Cochlear Disorders
Syndromes and inherited disorders Noise induced hearing loss
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Noise Induced Hearing Loss
n The degree of SNHL depends on
The intensity of the noise
The spectral composition of the
noise
The duration of exposure
Individual susceptibility
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OSHA Damage Risk Criteria
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Cochlear Disorders
Syndromes and inherited disorders Noise induced hearing loss Other trauma Infections
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Infections Congenital
Cytomegalovirus HIV Rubella Syphilis Toxoplasmosis
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Infections Acquired
Herpes Zooster Oticus (Chicken Pox) Mumps Syphilis
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Cochlear Disorders
Syndromes and inherited disorders Noise induced hearing loss Other trauma Infections Ototoxicity
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Ototoxicity Some antibiotics that are often ototoxic:
Amikacin Dihydrostreptomycin Garamycin Gentamicin Kanamycin Neomycin Netilmicin Streptomycin Tobramycin Viomycin
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Ototoxicity Chemotherapy
Carboplatin Cisplatin
Drugs that cause reversible hearing loss Quinine Salicylates (aspirin) Loop diuretics
Drugs that may be harmful during pregnancy Accutane Dilantin Quinine Thalidomide
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Cochlear Disorders
Syndromes and inherited disorders Noise induced hearing loss Other trauma Infections Ototoxicity Meniere’s Disease
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Meniere’s Disease
Symptoms Tinnitus Vertigo Unilateral
sensorineural hearing loss
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Cochlear Disorders
Syndromes and inherited disorders Noise induced hearing loss Other trauma Infections Ototoxicity Meniere’s Disease Presbycusis
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Central Auditory Disorders
VIII Nerve tumors Other diseases of the VIII Nerve Neural disorders
Cochlear neuritis Diabetes mellitus
Brain Stem disorders Infarcts Gliomas Multiple sclerosis
Temporal Lobe disorders
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