CSC 110 –Intro. to Computing

Prof. Matthew HertzWTC 207D / 888-2436 hertzm@canisius.edu

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Computer Prehistory

16th Century BCE – abacusSimple device used to perform calculationsRelies on training, knowledge of user

Computer Prehistory

17th century – Pascaline Invented by Blaise Pascal using from design by

Hero of Alexandria (2 CE)Gear-driven machine performing whole-number

addition & subtraction Based on same principle as a car’s odometer Required people to sit and crank machine

Cost more to run than paying the people it replaced

Pascal was only man who could make repairs

Computer Prehistory

17th Century - Pascaline

Computer Prehistory 18th century CE – Jacquard’s loom

Wove cloth, silk, and other materialsKnots passing through the holes in cards

created patterns woven into fabric

Computer Prehistory 18th century CE – Jacquard’s loom

Weavers often attacked these looms Initially used shoes to destroy the machineReason for the word sabotage

“Sabot” is French for shoe

Early Computer Attempt

1833 – analytical engineDesigned by Charles Babbage Advanced by Ada, Countess of LovelaceUsed same punch cards as Jacquard’s loomSimilar to early computers

Could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers Punch cards defined program to run Could run more complex programs than early machines

Early Computer Attempt

1833 – analytical engineSteam power turned

handles Wouldn’t need humans

to runWas too complex for

time to be built

Tabulating Machines

1890 – Hollerith tabulating machines Inspired by train conductors punching ticketsPunch cards stored the data to be tabulated

Machine could not be programmed or do advanced arithmetic

Only ability was to track sumsOriginal customer was US Census

Dramatically improved census processing timeHollerith’s formed IBM to sell tabulators

Binary Machines

1936 --- Konrad Zuse develops Z1First automatic calculator based in binaryMade in Zuse’s parent’s apartmentWorked with whole- and decimal-numbersZ1, Z2, & Z3 destroyed by Allied bombing

runs

Binary Machines

1936 --- Konrad Zuse develops Z1Contained memory to remember 64 numbersEach multiplication took 5 seconds

First Computers

Mid 20th Century CE – early “computers”Many long calculations needed

Firing tables for gunners Bombing runs for pilots

For efficiency, USA and UK used rooms (usually) filled with women

Women were cheaper to hire Some used mechanical calculators

This was considered a mark of shame!

Electronic Computers

1939-1942 – ABC ComputerFirst electronic, digital computerBuilt by John Atanasoff & Clifford BerryWas not programmable, only performed

specific computationsOriginal notes for design written on the back

of a cocktail napkin

Electronic Computers

1939-1942 – ABC ComputerWeighed 800lbs, used 300+ vacuum tubes, &

1 mile of wireEach calculation took 15 seconds

Electronic Computers 1944 – Mark I Computer

Developed by Howard Aiken & IBMCould add, subtract, multiply and divide

Included subroutines to compute logarithms and trigonometric functions

Grace Hopper became first person to debug a computer (it was a moth)

“Only 6 electronic digital computers would be required to satisfy the computing needs of the entire US” – Howard Aiken, 1947

Electronic Computers 1944 – Mark I

ComputerWeighed 5 tons,

55’ long, 8’ highStored 72 numbers3 additions/second; 3 - 5 seconds per

multiplication

Electronic Computers

1943-1946 – ENIAC ComputerWar effort was using up all “computers”ENIAC project trying to make electronic

computerPrograms set by external switches and dials

Took weeks to physically reprogram machines6 women hired as first programmers

Electronic Computers

1943-1946 – ENIAC ComputerWeighed 30 tons

17,460 vacuum tubes 5 million soldered joints

Performed 5000 additions, 357 multiplications or 38 divisions per second

Electronic Computers

1953 – 701 released, IBM’s 1st computer IBM 701 seen as threat to IBM’s main tabulator

businessStored 256 numbers in memoryOnly 19 ever made

Rented by businesses for $15,000 per month IBM sold 1,800 IBM 650s, which worked with

IBM punch card equipment, from 1954-1962

Electronic Computers

1953 – 701 released, IBM’s 1st computerPerformed 2200 multiplications per second

1955 – The Year In Computers

ENIAC turned off after 12 years of serviceEstimated having done more arithmetic than

entire human race had done prior to 1945 First demo of ERMA

System that enabled computers to read and process checks using numbers at bottom

First 32 units delivered in ’59; used into ’70s

Electronic Computers

1956 – IBM 301 is first computer to work with “hard drive”Contained space for 5 million numbersDisk leased for $35,000/year (computer extra)

Smaller Computers 1960 – Digital PDP-1 released

Did not need its own room!Cost only $120,000 In 1962 ran first computer game, Spacewar

Computer Mouse

1964 -- Douglas Englebart invents mouseCalled a mouse because it has a tailLimited use --- few computers had a displayNot even shown publicly until 1968

Computer Networks

1969 – ARPAnet createdForerunner to the InternetConnected 3 computers early on

Crashed in the middle of its first use!Did not get to g typing in “log in”

Many uses were not developed until laterE-mail was not created until 1971Could use to run another computer from 1972File transfers did not exist until 1983

Growth in Computer Chips

1970 – Intel 1103 is first public RAM chipHolds 128KB of memory

1971 – Intel 4004 is first microprocessorThis is first “computer on a chip” that we normally think ofMatched the power of the ENIACUsed to run Pioneer 10 spacecraft

First man-made object to leave solar system 1974 – Intel releases 8080 runs at 2MHz

Computer Networks

1973 – Robert Metcalfe created ethernetFirst (of many) discoveries from Xerox PARCFirst network to allow local machines to share

information Idea was to enable 100s of computers to

connect and drive the latest Xerox invention, the laser printer

Development of GUI

1973 -- Alto developed at Xerox PARCFirst GUI system ever developedNever turned into commercial

systemHeavily influenced future

systems Apple developers saw on

1979 tour

Home Computers

1974 - 1975 – First home computers soldAltair was most famous computer released

Could hold 256 numbers in RAM Required TV for use as a display Did not include any software (even an OS) Owner had to put machine together Cost $400 Small company, Microsoft, formed by 2 college kids to

sell BASIC compiler for Altair

Altair Computer

Growth of the Home Computer

1976 – Apple I demoed for Homebrew Computer ClubCould store 8192 numbers (8KB) in memory Included keyboard, but needed TV for displayCost $666.66 per machineSold 200 units over 10 months

Apple I Computer

Growth of the PC

1977 – Apple II shown at West Coast Computer FaireContained 4KB of memoryFirst personal computer to include color

graphics (included 16 colors!), but still needed TV for monitor

Used audio cassette for storageSold for $1298

Apple II Computer

Important Applications

1979 – First spreadsheet, VisiCalc, releasedFirst serious application that could run on a

personal computerMarked PC as a machine for serious business

people

“Any product that pays for itself in two weeks is a surefire winner” – Dan Bricklin

Important Applications

1979 – First popular word processor, WordStar, releasesBest selling application for early 1980s

Player Enters the Market

1981 -- IBM PC releasedFirst PC fully built from off-the-shelf parts and

commercially available operating systemEnabled lots of copiesNamed Times “Man of the Year”

Player Enters the Market

1981 – IBM PC releasedUsed 4.77MHz processorDefault had16KB of memory, but could be expanded to

256KBColor monitor was optionalCost $1565

“640KB should be enough for anyone” – Bill Gates

First Portable Computer

1981 – Osborne Portable ComputerGoal was machine that fit under airplane seat Included 5” screen, but weighed 75 poundsCost $1795 and sold 10,000 per month

Updated Computer Line

1983 – Apple IIe releasedUsed 1MHz processor Included 64KB of memoryCost $1400 per machineBecame one of the best selling computers of

all time

Personal Computer Revolution

1983 – Apple Lisa, 1st GUI-based home computerUsed 5 MHz processor, 512KB of memory,

5MB hard drive12” monitorCost $9995Apple Macintosh released in 1984

Personal Computer Revolution

1983 – Apple Lisa released 1984 – Apple Macintosh released

Other Important Computer Dates

1983 – Intel releases 80386Ran at 16MHz

1983 – 10 million computers used in US 1986 – 30 million computers used in US 1988 – Soundblaster released 1989 – Intel releases 80486DX

Ran at 25MHzFirst Intel chip capable of multiprocessing

Other Important Dates

1990 – The World becomes first company selling Internet access

1991 – Tim Berners-Lee launches “World Wide Web”Goal was to facilitate remove collaboration between

physicists Jan. 1993 – 50 web servers in existence 1994 – First banner ads on web

Start of World Wide Web commercialization