8/12/2019 CS5240

1/6

Gender Classification from Speech

Chiu Ying Lay

Ng Hian James

Abstract

his p!ojec" uses #$L$% "o de&ise a

gende! c'assi(ie! (!om speech )y ana'y*ing

"he &oice samp'es con"aining an a!)i"!a!y

sen"ence. he speech signa' is assumed "ocon"ain on'y + spea,e!- spea,ing in ng'ish-

/i"h no o"he! )ac,g!ound sounds. he

c'assi(ie! ana'yses "he &oice samp'es )y

using a pi"ch de"ec"ion a'go!i"hm )ased oncompu"ing "he sho!""ime au"oco!!e'a"ion

(unc"ion o( "he speech signa'.

1. Introduction

he u'"ima"e goa' in au"oma"ic speech

!ecogni"ion is "o p!oduce a sys"em /hich

can !ecogni*e con"inuous speech u""e!ances

(!om any spea,e! o( a gi&en 'anguage. 1ne

o( "he main app'ica"ion a!eas (o! speech

!ecogni"ion is &oice inpu" "o compu"e!s (o!such "as,s as documen" c!ea"ion /o!dp!ocessing and (inancia' "!ansac"ion

p!ocessing "e'ephone)an,ing. $u"oma"ic

speech !ecogni"ion is done in pa!"s /i"h

gende! c'assi(ica"ion. he need (o! gende!c'assi(ica"ion (!om speech a'so a!ises in

se&e!a' si"ua"ions such as so!"ing "e'ephone

ca''s )y gende! eg. gende! sensi"i&e

su!&eys- as pa!" o( an au"oma"ic speech

!ecogni"ion sys"em "o enhance spea,e!

adap"a"ion and as pa!" o( au"oma"ic spea,e!

!ecogni"ion sys"ems.

peech sounds can )e di&ided in"o "h!ee

)!oad c'asses acco!ding "o "he mode o(

e5ci"a"ion. he "h!ee c'asses a!e &oiced

sounds- un&oiced sounds and p'osi&e

sounds. $" a 'inguis"ic 'e&e'- speech can )e

&ie/ed as a se6uence o( )asic sound uni"sca''ed phonemes. he same phoneme may

gi&e !ise "o many di((e!en" sounds o!

allophonesa" "he acous"ic 'e&e'- dependingon "he phonemes /hich su!!ound i".

7i((e!en" spea,e!s p!oducing "he same s"!ing

o( phonemes con&ey "he same in(o!ma"ion

ye" sound di((e!en" as a !esu'" o( di((e!ences

in dia'ec" and &oca' "!ac" 'eng"h and shape.

Li,e mos" 'anguages- ng'ish can )e

desc!i)ed in "e!ms o( a se" o( 40 o! so

phonemes o! a!"icu'a"o!y ges"u!es +9.

Nea!'y a'' in(o!ma"ion in speech is in "he

!ange 200H* "o 8,H*. Humans disc!imina"e

&oices )e"/een ma'es and (ema'es acco!ding

"o "he (!e6uency. :ema'es spea, /i"h highe!

(undamen"a' (!e6uencies "han ma'es. he

adu'" ma'e is (!om a)ou" ;0H* "o 2;0H*-

/i"h an a&e!age &a'ue o( a)ou" +20H*. :o!

an adu'" (ema'e- "he uppe! 'imi" o( "he !ange

is o( much highe!- pe!haps as high as ;00H*.he!e(o!e- )y ana'y*ing "he a&e!age pi"ch o(

"he speech samp'es- /e can de!i&e ana'go!i"hm (o! a gende! c'assi(ie!.

o p!ocess a &oice signa'- "he!e a!e

"echni6ues "ha" can )e )!oad'y c'assi(ied as

ei"he! "imedomain o! (!e6uencydomain

app!oaches. i"h a "imedomain app!oach-

in(o!ma"ion is e5"!ac"ed )y pe!(o!ming

measu!emen"s di!ec"'y on "he speech signa'

/he!eas /i"h a (!e6uencydomain app!oach-

"he (!e6uency con"en" o( "he signa' is

ini"ia''y compu"ed and in(o!ma"ion is

e5"!ac"ed (!om "he spec"!um. =i&en suchin(o!ma"ion- /e can pe!(o!m ana'ysis on "he

di((e!ences in pi"ch- *e!oc!ossing !a"e

C? and (o!man" posi"ions (o! &o/e's

)e"/een ma'e and (ema'e.

his pape! is o!gani*ed as (o''o/s sec"ion 2

gi&es a 'is" o( di((e!en" (ea"u!e e5"!ac"ion

me"hods as /e'' as c'assi(ica"ion "echni6ues

8/12/2019 CS5240

2/6

/hi'e sec"ion 3 is a)ou" ou! imp'emen"a"ion

o( a gende! c'assi(ie!. ec"ion 4 p!esen"s ou!

e&a'ua"ion o( "he imp'emen"ed c'assi(ie! and

sec"ion ; "ouches on some p!oposed idea (o!

(u"u!e enhancemen"s.

2. Classification Techniques

he di((e!en" (ea"u!es o( a speech "ha" can )e

e5"!ac"ed (o! ana'ysis a!e )asica''y (o!man"

(!e6uency and pi"ch (!e6uency. %ased on ou!

su!&ey in"o "he cu!!en" 'i"e!a"u!e- &a!ious

imp'emen"a"ions ha&e )een done using "he

a)o&emen"ioned (ea"u!es "o c'assi(y &oice

samp'es acco!ding "o gende!. he (o''o/ing

su)sec"ions high'igh" "he &a!ious "echni6ues

o( speech (ea"u!e e5"!ac"ion.

2.1.Pitch Analysis

Ai"ch is de(ined as "he (undamen"a'

(!e6uency o( "he e5ci"a"ion sou!ce. Hence an

e((icien" pi"ch e5"!ac"o! and an accu!a"e

pi"ch es"ima"e ca'cu'a"ed can )e used in an

a'go!i"hm (o! gende! iden"i(ica"ion. hepape!s /e su!&eyed p!o&ide mu'"ip'e aspec"s

in e5"!ac"ing and es"ima"ing pi"ch (o! gende!

c'assi(ica"ion.

=o'd?a)ine! a'go!i"hm 29 i''us"!a"es pi"ch

e5"!ac"ion )ased on "he (ac" "ha" 'oca"ing "he

posi"ion o( "he ma5imum poin" o( e5ci"a"ion

is no" a'/ays de"e!mina)'e (!om "he "ime

/a&e(o!m. he!e(o!e i" uses addi"iona'

(ea"u!es o( "he "ime/a&e(o!m "o o)"ain a

num)e! o( pa!a''e' es"ima"es o( "he pi"ch

pe!iod- as /e'' as de"ec"ing "he pea, signa'

&a'ues.

e&e!a' /o!,s ha&e imp'emen"ed pi"ch

e5"!ac"ion a'go!i"hms )ased on compu"ing

"he sho!""ime au"oco!!e'a"ion (unc"ion o(

"he speech signa'. :i!s"- "he speech isno!ma''y 'o/passed (i'"e!ed a" a (!e6uency

o( a)ou" +,H*- /hich is /e'' a)o&e "he

ma5imum an"icipa"ed (!e6uency !ange (o!

pi"ch. :i'"e!ing he'ps "o !educe "he e((ec"s o(

"he highe! (o!ma"s and any e5"!aneous high

(!e6uency noise. he signa' is /indo/ed

using an app!op!ia"e so(" /indo/ such as

Hamming o( du!a"ion 20 "o 30 ms and a

"ypica' au"oco!!e'a"ion (unc"ion is gi&en )y

=

+=

n

knxnxkR 989.832

he au"oco!!e'a"ion (unc"ion gi&es ameasu!e o( "he co!!e'a"ion o( a signa' /i"h a

de'ayed copy o( i"se'(. Bn "he case o( &oiced

speech- "he main pea, in sho!""ime

au"oco!!e'a"ion (unc"ion no!ma''y occu!s a"a 'ag e6ua' "o "he pi"chpe!iod. his pea, is

"he!e(o!e de"ec"ed and i"s "ime posi"ion gi&es

"he pi"ch pe!iod o( "he inpu" speech.

$("e! e5"!ac"ing pi"ch in(o!ma"ion (!om

speech (i'es- pi"ch es"ima"ion a'go!i"hm is

"hen usua''y app'ied. $ &e!sion o( "he pi"ch

es"ima"ion a'go!i"hm used (o! B#% speech

coding as desc!i)ed in 39 gi&es an a&e!age

pi"ch es"ima"e (o! "he spea,e! )y es"ima"ing

"he pi"ch (o! each (!ame o( "he speech. $n

ini"ia' es"ima"e o( "he a&e!age pi"ch /as

ca'cu'a"ed ac!oss "he !egions o( in"e!es"

iden"i(ied )y a pa""e!n ma"che!. he es"ima"eis !e(ined )y ca'cu'a"ing a ne/ a&e!age (!om

pi"ch es"ima"es /i"hin a pe!cen"age o( "he

o!igina' a&e!age. hus "his !emo&es "he

ou"'ie!s p!oduced )y pi"ch dou)'ing- "!ip'ing

and e!!o! in !egion c'assi(ica"ion. his

"echni6ue using pi"ch can )e used in

iso'a"ion (o! gende! iden"i(ica"ion )ycompa!ing "he a&e!age pi"ch es"ima"e /i"h

p!ese" "h!esho'd. s"ima"es )e'o/ "he

"h!esho'd a!e iden"i(ied as ma'e and "hose

a)o&e as (ema'e.

$n a'"e!na"i&e "echni6ue in pi"ch ana'ysis is

)y 'oo,ing a" "he *e!oc!ossing !a"e C?

and sho!""ime ene!gy (unc"ion o( a speech

(i'e 49. C? is a measu!e o( "he num)e! o(

"imes in a gi&en "ime in"e!&a' (!ame "ha"

"he amp'i"ude o( "he speech signa' passes

"h!ough "he *e!oa5is. C? is an impo!"an"pa!ame"e! (o! &oicedun&oiced c'assi(ica"ion

and endpoin" de"ec"ion as /e'' as gende!

c'assi(ica"ion as "he C? (o! (ema'e &oice is

highe! "han "ha" (o! ma'e &oice. he sho!"

"ime ene!gy (unc"ion o( speech is compu"ed

)y sp'i""ing "he speech signa' in"o (!ames o(

N samp'es and compu"ing "he "o"a' s6ua!ed

8/12/2019 CS5240

3/6

&a'ues o( "he signa' samp'es in each (!ame.

p'i""ing "he signa' in"o (!ames can )e

achie&ed )y mu'"ip'ying "he signa' )y a

sui"a)'e /indo/ n9- nD0- +- 2E- N+-

/hich is *e!o (o! n ou"side "he !ange 0- N+. $ simp'e (unc"ion gi&en "o e5"!ac" a

measu!e !e'a"ed "o ene!gy can )e de(ined as

=n

mnWnxnW 989898

he ene!gy o( "he &oiced speech is gene!a''y

g!ea"e! "han "ha" o( un&oiced speech.

=i&en in 49- "he p!oposed &a!ia)'e "o do

gende! c'assi(ica"ion is de(ined )y a (unc"ion

comp!ising "he mean o( C? and "he cen"e!

o( g!a&i"y o( "he acous"ic &ec"o!. he 'ogic is"ha" "he cen"e! o( g!a&i"y (o! a ma'e &oice

spec"!um is c'ose! "o 'o/ (!e6uencies and

"ha" o( (ema'e is "o highe! (!e6uencies.

=

=

=

f

fX

ZCRMeanX

X

W f

f

f

f

f

f

2

+40

3;

;

+

/he!e #eanC? is "he mean o( C? in +s

and F( is (!e6uency coe((icien" o( G(. he

shou'd )e highe! (o! ma'e &oices.

2.2. Formant Analysis

$ (o!man" is a dis"inguishing o! meaning(u'

(!e6uency componen" o( human speech. B" is

"he cha!ac"e!is"ic ha!monic "ha" iden"i(ies

&o/e's "o "he 'is"ene!. his (o''o/s (!om "he

de(ini"ion "ha" "he in(o!ma"ion humans

!e6ui!e "o dis"inguish )e"/een &o/e's can )e

!ep!esen"ed pu!e'y 6uan"i"a"i&e'y )y "he

(!e6uency con"en" o( "he &o/e' sounds.

he!e(o!e- (o!man" (!e6uencies a!e

e5"!eme'y impo!"an" (ea"u!es and (o!man"

e5"!ac"ion is "hus an impo!"an" aspec" o(speech p!ocessing.

ince ma'e and (ema'e ha&e di((e!en"

(o!man" posi"ions (o! &o/e's- "he!e(o!e(o!man" posi"ions can )e used "o de"e!mine

"he gende! o( a spea,e!. hus "he dis"inc"ion

)e"/een ma'e and (ema'e cou'd )e

!ep!esen"ed )y "he 'oca"ion in "he (!e6uency

domain o( "he (i!s" 3 (o!man"s (o! &o/e's.

Ie!gin e" a'. ;9 p!esen"ed "ha" an au"oma"ed

ma'e(ema'e c'assi(ica"ion can )e )ased on

jus" "he di((e!ence o( "he (i!s" and second

(o!man"s )e"/een ma'e and (ema'e &oicesamp'es. $ !o)us" )u" (as" a'go!i"hm can

"hen )e de&e'oped "o de"ec" "he gende! o( aspea,e!.

hen "a',ing a)ou" using (o!man" ana'ysis

(o! doing gende! c'assi(ica"ion- "he p!o)'em

is )asica''y )!o,en do/n "o "/o pa!"s. he

(i!s" pa!" is (o!man" e5"!ac"ion /hich ;9

uses a "echni6ue "ha" pe!(o!ms a de"ec"ion o(

ene!gy concen"!a"ion ins"ead o( "he c'assic

pea, pic,ing "echni6ue. he second pa!" is

"he ma'e(ema'e de"ec"ion )ased on "he

'oca"ion o( "he (i!s" and second (o!man".

he!e a!e &a!ious /ays p!oposed in "he

'i"e!a"u!e o( speech p!ocessing (o! e5"!ac"ing

(o!man"s- especia''y (o! "he (i!s" "/o

(o!man"s. hough &o/e's can )edis"inguished )y "he (i!s" "h!ee (o!man"s- "he

"hi!d does no" p'ay an impo!"an" !o'e as i"

does no" inc!ease "he pe!(o!mance o( any

c'assi(ie! signi(ican"'y. cha(e! and ?a)ine!

9 ga&e a pea, pic,ing "echni6ue "ha" has

)ecome a c'assic )u" 'a"e! s"udies e&a'ua"ed

i" "o )e s'o/ and inaccu!a"e "o a ce!"ain

e5"en". hey su)se6uen"'y do ha&e enhanceda'go!i"hms K9 )u" /e did no" s"udy in"o

"hem and hence no" desc!i)e "hem he!e.

he mode!n (o!ms o( (o!man" e5"!ac"ion

s"udied ma,e use o( "he concen"!a"ion o(

spec"!a' ene!gy "o "!ac, and es"ima"e "he (i!s""/o (o!man"s- as sho/n )y Ie!gin e" a'. and

Chan/oo im e" a'. 89. Ie!gin e" a'. (i!s"

de(ine a spec"!a' ene!gy &ec"o! o)"ained

(!om (as" :ou!ie! "!ans(o!m. hen "oes"ima"e "he (i!s" (o!man"- an ini"ia' in"e!&a'

)e"/een "/o (!e6uency posi"ions &a'id (o!ma'e and (ema'e is (i5ed. he in"e!&a'

chosen is )e"/een +2;H* and 8K;H*. he

'o/e! )ound is inc!eased o! "he uppe! )ound

is dec!eased )y a (i5ed amoun" in an

a'go!i"hm un"i' "he di((e!ence !eaches a

p!ede(ined &a'ue. :ina''y- "he mean posi"ion

o( "he ene!gy in "he in"e!&a' is es"ima"ed "o

ge" "he (i!s" (o!man". he second (o!man" is

8/12/2019 CS5240

4/6

simi'a!'y (ound /i"h a di((e!en" ini"ia'

in"e!&a' "ha" is )e"/een "he ma5imum (i!s"

(o!man" M 2;0H*- 8K;H* and 28K;H*.

$ 'is" o( "he a&e!age (o!man" (!e6uencies (o!ng'ish &o/e's )y ma'e and (ema'e spea,e!s

has )een o)"ained )e(o!ehand. :o! a &oicesamp'e- "/o sco!es- co!!esponding "o "he

num)e! o( "imes "he (o!man" posi"ions o( a

(!ame a!e assigned ma'e and (ema'e &a'ues.

o do "his- "he (o!man" 'oca"ions o( "he

&o/e' (!ames a!e compa!ed /i"h "he

!e(e!ence ma'e(ema'e (o!man" 'oca"ions o(

a'' &o/e's. he 'eas" di((e!ence p!o&ides "he

gende! associa"ed "o "his (!ame. he

co!!esponding sco!e is inc!eased )y +. $" "he

end o( "he compu"a"ion- "he g!ea"e! sco!e

de"e!mines "he es"ima"ed gende! o( "he

&oice.

. Implementation

he mode' "ha" /e ha&e chosen (o!

imp'emen"a"ion is using pi"ch e5"!ac"ion &ia

au"oco!!e'a"ion since human ea!s main'ydi((e!en"ia"e )y pi"ch. e ha&e assumed a

=aussian dis"!i)u"ion "o compu"e "he one

"ai'ed con(idence in"e!&a' a" O "o assign

/eigh"s "o "he !esu'"s. %y using one"ai'ed

con(idence in"e!&a'- /e a'so imp'ied "ha"on'y human speech samp'es /i"hou"

)ac,g!ound noise a!e supp'ied (o! "!aining

and gende! de"ec"ion.

he mode' is imp'emen"ed using #$L$%.

he!e a!e )asica''y "/o modu'es- Ai"ch

pi"ch.m and Ai"ch $u"oco!!e'a"ion

pi"chaco!!.m (o! pi"ch e5"!ac"ion and

es"ima"ion 9.

he a'go!i"hm in Ai"ch pi"ch.m (o! pi"ch

e5"!ac"ion is as (o''o/s

+ he speech is di&ided in"o 0ms

(!ame segmen"s. ach segmen" is

e5"!ac"ed a" e&e!y ;0ms in"e!&a'.

his imp'ies "ha" "he o&e!'ap

)e"/een segmen"s is +0ms.

2 ach segmen" ca''s Ai"ch

$u"oco!!e'a"ion "o es"ima"e "he

(undamen"a' (!e6uency (o! "ha"

segmen".

3 #edian (i'"e!ing is done (o! e&e!y 3

segmen"s so "ha" i" is 'ess a((ec"ed

)y noise.4 :ina''y "he a&e!age o( a''

(undamen"a' (!e6uencies is !e"u!ned.

he pi"ch es"ima"ed (o! each 0ms (!ame

segmen" can )e p!esen"ed in a pi"ch con"ou!

diag!am. B" i''us"!a"es "he pi"ch &a!ia"ion (o!

"he /ho'e in"e!&a' o( ;s- as sho/n in :igu!e

+.

Fi!ure 1" Pitch contour for F1.#a$

he a'go!i"hm in Ai"ch $u"oco!!e'a"ion

pi"chaco!!.m (o! pi"ch es"ima"ion using

au"oco!!e'a"ion "echni6ue is as (o''o/s

+ he speech is no!ma''y 'o/pass

(i'"e!ed using a 4"ho!de! %u""e!/o!"h

'o/pass (i'"e! a" (!e6uency o(

00H* /hich is /e'' a)o&e "he

ma5imum an"icipa"ed (!e6uency (o!

pi"ch. he %u""e!/o!"h (i'"e! is a!easona)'e choice "o use as i" is

app!o5ima"es an idea' 'o/ pass (i'"e!

as "he o!de! inc!eases.

2 7ue "o "he compu"a"iona' in"ensi"yo( "he many mu'"ip'ica"ions !e6ui!ed

(o! "he compu"a"ion o( "he

au"oco!!e'a"ion (unc"ion- cen"!e

c'ipping "echni6ue is app'ied "o

e'imina"e "he need (o! mu'"ip'ica"ion

in au"oco!!e'a"ion)ased a'go!i"hm.

his in&o'&es supp!essing &a'ues o(

"he signa' )e"/een "/o adjus"a)'e

c'ipping "h!esho'ds. B" is se" a" 0.8

8/12/2019 CS5240

5/6

o( "he ma5imum amp'i"ude &a'ue.

Cen"!ec'ipping !emo&es mos" o( "he

(o!man" in(o!ma"ion- 'ea&ing

su)s"an"ia' componen"s due "o "he

pi"ch pe!iodici"y /hich sho/s upmo!e c'ea!'y in "he au"oco!!e'a"ion

(unc"ion.3 $("e! c'ipping- "he sho!""ime ene!gy

(unc"ion is compu"ed. e de(ine

si'ence i( ma5imum au"oco!!e'a"ion

is 'ess "han 40O o( "he sho!""ime

ene!gy. he ma5imum

au"oco!!e'a"ion is "a,en (!om "he

!ange o( 0H* "o 320H*. Hence i(

(undamen"a' (!e6uency (ound

ou"side "he !ange- i" is "!ea"ed as

un&oiced segmen".

%. Trainin!

igh" pai!s o( &oice samp'es a pai! consis"so( a ma'e and a (ema'e a!e co''ec"ed (o! "he

"!aining o( "he gende! speech c'assi(ie!. $

&oice samp'e is assumed "o con"ain on'y +

spea,e! spea,ing an a!)i"!a!y ng'ishsen"ence (o! ;s /i"hou" )ac,g!ound sounds.

$cco!ding Ny6uis"Ps samp'ing "heo!em- i(

"he highes" (!e6uency componen" p!esen" in

"he signa' is fh H*- "hen "he samp'ing

(!e6uencyfsmus" )e a" 'eas" "/ice "his &a'ue-"ha" is fs 2fh- in o!de! "o a&oid a'iasing.

ach samp'e is !eco!ded a" 22.0; ,H* /hich

is /e'' a)o&e "he "/ice o( 8 ,H* "he highes"

(!e6uency o)se!&ed (o! speech.

he a&e!age (undamen"a' (!e6uencies pi"ch

a!e compu"ed (o! )o"h ma'e c'ass and (ema'e

c'ass. $ "h!esho'd is o)"ained )y ge""ing "he

mean o( "he 2 a&e!age (undamen"a'

(!e6uencies. he s"anda!d de&ia"ion 7 (o!

each c'ass is a'so compu"ed. he &a'ues a!e

used as pa!ame"e!s o( "he c'assi(ie! as sho/n)e'o/.

#ean pi"ch (o! ma'e +4.;+44 H*

7 (o! ma'e 23.838 H*

#ean pi"ch (o! (ema'e 2+2.3+34 H*

7 (o! (ema'e +K.0;3+ H*

h!esho'd +K.4+3 H*

he "h!esho'd is "he de"e!minan" (o! "he

gende! c'ass. B( "he pi"ch o( a &oice samp'e

(a''s )e'o/ "he "h!esho'd- "he c'assi(ie! /i''

assign i" as ma'e. 1"he!/ise- i" /i'' assign as(ema'e.

$ one"ai'ed O con(idence 'e&e' is

compu"ed "o !e('ec" "he p!o)a)i'i"y o(

misc'assi(ica"ion. B( i" (a''s ou"side

con(idence in"e!&a' i.e. i" )e'ongs "o "he

noncon(iden" !egion- i" is !ema!,ed as

G#isc'assi(ica"ion possi)'e.

&. 'esults

i5 mo!e &oice samp'es a!e "a,en (o! "es"ing

o( "he gende! speech c'assi(ie!. :i&e o( "hem2 ma'es and 3 (ema'es a!e c'assi(ied

co!!ec"'y in"o gende! c'asses. Ho/e&e!- one

o( "he co!!ec"'y c'assi(ied samp'es (a''sou"side "he O con(idence 'e&e'.

1ne ma'e &oice samp'e is misc'assi(ied in"o

(ema'e c'ass due "o "he p!esence o( high(!e6uency noise componen". he noise

componen" gi&es !ise "o a highe!

(undamen"a' (!e6uency pi"ch- hence i" (a''s

in"o "he /!ong gende! c'ass /i"h high

con(idence. he!e(o!e i" is c!i"ica' "o !eco!d&oice samp'e /i"hou" )ac,g!ound o! s"a"ic

noise.

(. Future )nhancements

:!om ou! !esu'"s gi&en in "he a)o&e sec"ion-

ou! c'assi(ie! )ased on pi"ch e5"!ac"ion using

au"oco!!e'a"ion managed "o pe!(o!m

sa"is(ac"o!i'y. Ho/e&e!- "he!e a!e &oice

samp'es "ha" (ai'ed "o (a'' /i"hin "he !ange o(

con(idence 'e&e'. Hence "hey canno" )ec'assi(ied /i"h ce!"ain"y. 5"!eme cases o(

ma'es &oice /i"h highe! pi"ch o! (ema'e

&oices /i"h 'o/e! pi"ch a!e c'assi(ied in"o

"he /!ong gende!. his "ype o( si"ua"ions

can ha!d'y )e imp!o&ed as "he "h!esho'd /e

de!i&ed has )een c!ossed. e may (ine"une

8/12/2019 CS5240

6/6

"he "h!esho'd )y "!aining /i"h a )igge!

samp'e se".

1"he! cases o( inaccu!a"e !esu'"s in&o'&e

&oice samp'es "ha" a!e )eing co!!ec"'yc'assi(ied )u" (a'' in "he noncon(iden"

!egion. Bmp!o&emen"s can )e made "o hand'esuch cases )y using Gcom)oc'assi(ie!. $

Gcom)oc'assi(ie! is a c'assi(ie! consis"s o(

mu'"ip'e c'assi(ie!s emp'oying di((e!en"

me"hods o( doing gende! de"ec"ion. $ simp'e

/eigh"sco!ing a'go!i"hm de"e!mines "he

gende! o( a &oice samp'e )y 'oo,ing a" "he

!esu'"s !e"u!ned (!om "he g!oup o(

c'assi(ie!s.

B" /o!,s in "he (o''o/ing /ay

+ ach c'assi(ie! assigns /eigh" "o "he

!esu'" )ased on ho/ con(iden" i" iso( "he !esu'"s. :o! e5amp'e- ou!

imp'emen"a"ion /i'' assign &a!ying

/eigh"s acco!ding "o "he dis"ance

a/ay (!om "he mean. B( "he !esu'"(a''s ou"side "he con(idence 'e&e'- a

(u!"he! discoun"ed /eigh" may )e

gi&en ins"ead.

2 he /eigh"s (!om "he c'assi(ie!s a!e

summed up and "he gende! c'ass "ha"

has "he highes" sco!e is "a,en as "he

c'ass. $n a!)i"!a!y "h!esho'd (o! "he

"o"a' /eigh" can a'so )e de(ined so"ha" "he!e is s"i'' a g!ey a!ea /he!e

"he c'assi(ica"ion is deemed non

con(iden".

*. Conclusions

Bn "his p!ojec"- /e ha&e imp'emen"ed a

gende! speech c'assi(ie! )ased on pi"chana'ysis. o sho/ "he su!eness o( ou!

!esu'"s- a O con(idence 'e&e' is used "o

demons"!a"e ho/ con(iden" "he c'assi(ie! iso( "he !esu'"s. %ased on ou! !esu'"s- /e canconc'uded "ha" pi"ch di((e!en"ia"ion is an

e5ce''en" /ay o( c'assi(ying speech in"o "he

gende! c'asses.

e a'so p!oposed a Gcom)oc'assi(ie! "ha"

uses o"he! "echni6ues such as (o!man"

ana'ysis "o imp'emen" a /eigh"sco!ing

sys"em so "ha" "he gende! speech

c'assi(ica"ion is mo!e !o)us". Con(idence

'e&e' compu"a"ion can )e used (o!

assignmen" o( /eigh"s.

'eferences

+9 :. J. 1/ens- Signal Processing of

Speech.

29 =o'd- %. and ?a)ine!- L.?- Parallel

processing techniques for estimating

pitch periods of speech in time-domain.

39 .. Aa!!is and #.J. Ca!ey- Language

ndependent !ender dentification.

49 H. Ha!)- L. Chen- J. $u'oge- Speech"Music" Silence and !ender #etection

$lgorithm.

;9 ?. Ie!gin- $. :a!ha"- 7. 1Phaughnessy-

Ro%ust !ender-#ependent $coustic-

Phonetic Modelling in Continuous

Speech Recognition &ased 'n $ (e)$utomatic Male"*emale Classification.

9 ?.. cha(e! and L.?. ?a)ine!- S+stem

for automatic formant anal+sis of ,oiced

speech.

K9 L.?. ?a)ine! and ?.. cha(e!- #igital

Processing of Speech Signals.

89 Chan/oo im and onyong ong-

o)el Pronunciation $ccurac+

Checking S+stem &ased on Phoneme

Segmentation and *ormants .xtraction.

9 .7. ''is- #esign of a Speaker

Recognition Code using M$/L$&.