CS 4249: Needfinding - National University of Singaporekanmy/courses/4249_2012/ln/w2-nee… · 1....
Transcript of CS 4249: Needfinding - National University of Singaporekanmy/courses/4249_2012/ln/w2-nee… · 1....
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2 CS 4249: Needfinding
KAN Min-Yen Week 2
(Partially synthesized from Scott Klemmer’s HCI course, IDEO, Stanford D.School, and Berry-Kahn materials)
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Outline
1. Needfinding methods 2. A Case Study
3. Curiosity 4. Recording for Analysis
• Non-interactive
• Investigator-Led
• Participant-Led
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These methods will overlap a bit with evaluation methodology, to be reviewed later
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What is Needfinding?
Use
Usability
Meaning
It’s the act of finding needs – the gaps between use, usability and meaning.
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Use • The basic functionality of
a product – Explicit need – Task to be solved – Work that has to be
done – What is has to do
Usability • The cognitive sense of
the product • Or its physical
ergonomics
Meaning • Expectations • Emotional Resonance • Organizing Frames
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Quick Q
If needs are the gaps between use, usability and meaning,
But use includes the “explicit needs”
Then isn’t this a circular (recursive) definition?
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Empathy • Rarely are you designing for yourself • You need to understand the ecology in
which a product / idea will be used • Requires understanding for their point of
view, walking in their shoes – But to do this, you need to do a thorough self-
appraisal, be aware of who you are – Why? You need to be a neutral observer
aware of your own bias – What does this mean? Reflexivity asks us “to
explore the ways in which a researcher's involvement with a particular study influences, acts upon and informs such research”.
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Your Obituary in 6 Words Brandon Sun, July 25, 2009 By David McConkey Can just six words sum up a life? That is the premise of an Internet challenge that resulted in thousands of submissions and recently the publication of a book. Not Quite What I Was Planning is a collection of almost 1,000 of the best of these six-word memoirs. The idea of describing a life in six words was launched online by the Smith Magazine website, whose motto is “Everyone has a story.”
• Try this now: Spend 3 minutes coming up with your words. Do this on your own, without your
• Then spend 3 minutes to share with the person(s) behind or in front of you.
• We’ll pick a few obituaries to share in class.
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Each person has a story “Nothing profound, I just sat around.” “I watched a lot of television.” “Coulda, shoulda, woulda: a regretful life” “I travelled each and every highway.” “Thought long and hard. Got migraine.” “Never really finished anything, except cake.”
• What do these say about the person’s values, attitudes, ideas?
• It’s only one story, but it is a story!
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Need finding
• Non-interactive: Observation
• Investigator-Led: Interview
• Participant-Led: Experience Sampling
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1. Observation
• “Deep Hanging Out”/Apprenticeship – Attributed to American anthropologist
Clifford Geertz – Live in the environment that they are in – Provide explanation of the symbols, tasks
and values that they have – Aids empathy in both directions • Many won’t admit or know that they have
needs. Might find you intrusive
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More questions
• What does that mean? – Watching people! – In their native environment – In context, when possible
• Questions don’t always generate answers… but they do generate more questions!
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Watch for:
• Mistakes – incorrect method for a task
• Slips – incorrect action for a correct intention
• Workarounds – Getting by the system’s flaws
• Artefacts – Labels that signal workarounds, warn for errors
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www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/human_error_slips_and_mistakes.html
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Contextual Design
• Different stakeholders • Different times of day • Different functions or
goals • Different facets:
physical, emotional, age • At different scales
Methods:
• 2x2 Matrix • Powers of Ten
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Study your product’s use in situ but in as many different guises
dschool.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/rad-resource-packet.pdf
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2. Interviewing
• All stakeholders, and different abilities or roles … and their indirect social network
(chain/snowball sampling) – If you cannot get actual target users,
find your best approximation
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Lead User Extreme User Expert Casual User First Time User
Managerial Sales End Users Parents Children Support
Impaired Handicapped Age
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Lead Users
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Credits: Scott Klemmer’s HCI course @ Coursera
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Interview Structure One on one • Open mindedness • Awareness of what they
say vs. do • Favor concrete over
preferences • Unstructured versus
Structured
Methods: • Probing • Silence
Focus Groups • Appropriate for community,
sensitive issues where opinion comes up by talking with others
• Different type of stakeholder for each group
• Scales better • Can yield to individual
interviews, follow up later
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3. Questionnaires
• Scales better • Good for answering specific questions • But limited in flexibility, preset ahead of time • Sensitive to question phrasing – Requires piloting, also iterative
We’ll talk more about this methodology later in evaluation…
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4. Subject Diaries What about if you’re not there to observe?
• Good for especially for longitudinal or sporadic behavior – Ask subjects to do the needfinding themselves
(when appropriate) – Diary: marks on paper, or audio recording – Balance subject’s ease of entry and investigator’s
need for structured input – Requires reminders / paging “what are you doing
now?”
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5. Indirect Observation
• Studying documentation, research literature – Useful for formal activities that have manuals
• Researching similar products – Prompts requirements and differentiation
These usually are auxiliary methods since they don’t interact with users
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Needfinding Tradeoffs
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# of subjects
Time of investigator
Insightfulness
Ability to validate
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Case Study: Getting your hands dirty
• Follow through and discuss on IVLE later
bit.ly/HYnjQT
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Curiosity killed the cat
I have no special talents. I am only passionately curious.
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- Albert Einstein
xkcd.com/231/
www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/10/nasa-mars-rover-webcam/
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Curiosity Exercises
• Read, read, read • Play and dabble • Embrace newness • Seek out • Listen and share
• Dev Patnaik of Jump: “Read random Wikipedia articles”
Ask
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Recording for Analysis
• Notetaking
• Camera
• Audio
• Video
Factors: • Source of illustration,
anecdotes • Permission, ethics
protection • Time to code and
analyze
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Summary + Issues
• Needfinding: Opening up the possibilities Non-interactive: Observation Investigator-Led: Interview Participant-Led: Experience Sampling
• Triangulate: Do all of the above • Iterate: (the pilot is the first run)
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