CS 214 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Internet

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Introduction to Internet and

HTML


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LECTURE 1

CS 214: Introduction to Internet and HTML by Jayson G. Mauricio 2


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Computer-based worldwide information network.

Composed of a large number of smaller interconnected networks

International computer network linking together thousands ofindividual networks at military and government agencies,educational institutions, nonprofit organizations, industrial andfinancial corporations of all sizes, and commercial enterprises(called gateways or service providers) that enable individuals toaccess the network. The most popular features of the Internetinclude electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups (callednewsgroups or bulletin boards, where users can post messagesand look for responses on a system called Usenet), on-lineconversations (called chats), adventure and role-playing games,information retrieval, and electronic commerce (e-commerce).



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PC

A

PC

B

PC

C

PC

DSERVER

PC

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PC

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PC

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PC

DSERVER

4CS 214: Introduction to Internet and HTML by Jayson G. Mauricio


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InformationCommunication

-Effective communication with peoplearound the world.

-Inexpensive communication.Example Email, mirc



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Client user, subscriber = InformationReceiver

Server provider information provider



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1. Log on in Network.2. Request information on a remote server.

3. The server sends the information to the clientin a form of a file.



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Downloading The process of retrieving filesform a remote server to users terminal.

Hypertext Interlinked system of documents. Hyperlink Portions of the hypertext

documents that are linked to other relateddocuments



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Dedicated access- the computer is directlyconnected to the internet via router. Using

cable, router. Dial-up access a computer connects to the

internet with a temporary connection.

Tel. wire Analog


P.C.

DIGITAL

MODEM

P.C.

DIGITAL

I.S.P.MODEM


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Packet - small units of information. Modem a device that converts the electronic signals

from a computer into signal that can be transmitted intotelephone lines.

TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol IP Internet Protocol

- Network address URL Uniform Resource Locator BANDWIDTH the amount of data that a computer

network can transmit. NETWORK is the techniques physical connections and

computers programs used to links two or morecomputers.



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Application Software consists of computerprograms that interface with network users andpermits sharing of information. Ex. Windows,

DOS Network Software consists of computer

programs that establish protocol or rules, forcomputer to talk with one another. Ex. UNIX

Network Hardware physical component thatconnect computer. Ex. Modem, tel lines, NICcard, UTP cable



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WWW - World Wide Web FTP File Transfer Protocol

- File Structure Gopher Enhanced FTP Telnet LAN



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First name of Internet Used for Advanced Research Project Agents

Network for military purposes.



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1791 French Optical Telegraph Network 1837 Morse demonstrates the electric telegraph 1845 American Morse code becomes telegraph standard 1851 First submarine telegraph cable between London &

Paris 1876 Alex Bell invents harmonic telegraphy 1877 Bell Telco grows to 1,000 users 1884 Unshielded Twisted Pairs (UTP) leads to the

explosion of communication

1902 Marconi sends wireless communication acrossAtlantic 1930 Telephone network outgrew telegraph network but

remains analog



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1957 The USSR launches Sputnik, the first artificialearth satellite. In response, the United States formsthe Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

within the Department of Defense (DoD) toestablish US lead in science and technologyapplicable to the military.

1960

Optical fibers was first used- Roberts & Davies invented packet switching- Baran proposed Arpanet



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1962 Paul Baran, of the RAND Corporation (a government agency), wascommissioned by the U.S. Air Force to do a study on how it could maintain itscommand and control over its missiles and bombers, after a nuclear attack.This was to be a military research network that could survive a nuclear strike,

decentralized so that if any locations (cities) in the U.S. were attacked, themilitary could still have control of nuclear arms for a counter-attack.

- Baran's finished document described several ways to accomplish this. Hisfinal proposal was a packet switched network.

- "Packet switching is the breaking down of data into data grams or packetsthat are labeled to indicate the origin and the destination of the informationand the forwarding of these packets from one computer to anothercomputer until the information arrives at its final destination computer. Thiswas crucial to the realization of a computer network. If packets are lost at any

given point, the message can be resent by the originator."CS 214: Introduction to Internet and HTML by Jayson G. Mauricio 16


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1968 ARPA awarded the ARPANET contract toBBN. BBN had selected a Honeywellminicomputer as the base on which they would

build the switch. The physical network wasconstructed in 1969, linking four nodes:University of California at Los Angeles, SRI (inStanford), University of California at SantaBarbara, and University of Utah. The networkwas wired together via 50 Kbps circuits.

1969 Arpanet was constructed, first packetdata network

1970 A 4-node Arpanet was born



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1972 The first e-mail program was created by Ray Tomlinson ofBBN using an intra machine email program (SNDMSG) and anexperimental file transfer program.

- Ray Tomlinson uses the @ sign- The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was

renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (orDARPA)

- ARPANET was currently using the Network Control Protocolor NCP to transfer data. This allowed communications betweenhosts running on the same network.

1973 Development began on the protocol later to be calledTCP/IP, it was developed by a group headed by Vinton Cerf fromStanford and Bob Kahn from DARPA. This new protocol was toallow diverse computer networks to interconnect andcommunicate with each other.



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1974 First Use of term Internet by Vinton Cerf and BobKahn in paper on Transmission Control Protocol.

1976 Dr. Robert M. Metcalfe develops Ethernet, whichallowed coaxial cable to move data extremely fast. This

was a crucial component to the development of LANs.- The packet satellite project went into practical use.SATNET, Atlantic packet Satellite network, was born. Thisnetwork linked the United States with Europe.Surprisingly, it used INTELSAT satellites that were owned

by a consortium of countries and not exclusively theUnited States government.- The Department of Defense began to experiment withthe TCP/IP protocol and soon decided to require it for useon ARPANET.



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1979 USENET (the decentralized news group network)was created by Steve Bellovin, a graduate student atUniversity of North Carolina, and programmers TomTruscott and Jim Ellis. It was based on UUCP.

- The Creation of BITNET, by IBM, "Because its TimeNetwork", introduced the "store and forward" network. Itwas used for email and listservs.

1981 National Science Foundation created backbone

called CSNET 56 Kbps network for institutions withoutaccess to ARPANET. Vinton Cerf proposed a plan for aninter-network connection between CSNET and theARPANET.



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1983 Internet Activities Board (IAB) was created. OnJanuary 1st, every machine connected to ARPANEThad to use TCP/IP. TCP/IP became the core Internet

protocol and replaced NCP entirely.-The University of Wisconsin created Domain NameSystem (DNS). This allowed packets to be directed toa domain name, which would be translated by theserver database into the corresponding IP number.This made it much easier for people to access otherservers, because they no longer had to remembernumbers.



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1984 The ARPANET was divided into two networks:MILNET and ARPANET. MILNET was to serve theneeds of the military and ARPANET to support the

advanced research component, Department ofDefense continued to support both networks.- Upgrade to CSNET was contracted to MCI. Newcircuits would be T1 lines, 1.5 Mbps which is twenty-five times faster than the old 56 Kbps lines. IBM wouldprovide advanced routers and Merit would managethe network. New network was to be called NSFNET(National Science Foundation Network), and old lineswere to remain called CSNET.



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1985 The National Science Foundation began deployingits new T1 lines, which would be finished by 1988.

1986 The Internet Engineering Task Force or IETF wascreated to serve as a forum for technical coordination by

contractors for DARPA working on ARPANET, US DefenseData Network (DDN), and the Internet core gatewaysystem.

1987 BITNET and CSNET merged to form theCorporation for Research and Educational Networking

(CREN), another work of the National Science Foundation. 1988 Soon after the completion of the T1 NSFNETbackbone, traffic increased so quickly that plansimmediately began on upgrading the network again.



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1990 Merit, IBM and MCI formed a not for profit corporationcalled ANS, Advanced Network & Services, which was to conductresearch into high speed networking. It soon came up with theconcept of the T3, a 45 Mbps line. NSF quickly adopted the newnetwork and by the end of 1991 all of its sites were connected bythis new backbone.-While the T3 lines were being constructed, the Department ofDefense disbanded the ARPANET and it was replaced by the

NSFNET backbone. The original 50Kbps lines of ARPANET weretaken out of service.-Tim Berners-Lee and CREN in Geneva implemented a hypertextsystem to provide efficient information access to the members ofthe international high-energy physics community, popularly

known as WWW (World Wide Web).CS 214: Introduction to Internet and HTML by Jayson G. Mauricio 24


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1991 CSNET (which consisted of 56Kbps lines) wasdiscontinued having fulfilled its important early role in theprovision of academic networking service. A key feature ofCREN is that its operational costs are fully met through

dues paid by its member organizations. 1992 - World Bank became on-line. 1993 InterNIC created by NSF to provide specific Internet

services: directory and database services (by AT&T),registration services (by Network Solutions Inc.), and

information services (by General Atomics/CERFnet).- Marc Andreessen and NCSA and the University of Illinoisdeveloped a graphical user interface to the WWW, called"Mosaic for X". Mosaic was the first web browser.-U.S. White House became on-line.



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1994 No major changes were made to the physical network. Themost significant thing that happened was the growth. Many newnetworks were added to the NSF backbone. Hundreds ofthousands of new hosts were added to the INTERNET during thistime period.-Pizza Hut offers pizza ordering on its Web page.-$50 annual fee is imposed on domains, excluding .edu and .govdomains which are still funded by the National ScienceFoundation.

1998 Hobbes Internet timeline is released as Request forComment (RFC) 2235 and FYI32.-Electronic postal stamps became a reality with the U.S. PostalService allowing stamps to be purchased and downloaded forprinting from the Web.

1996 Internet host was at 10 million and growing 1999 WAP, cellular applications, wireless device



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China: Requires users and ISPs to register withthe police

Germany: Cuts off access to some newsgroups

carried on compuserve Saudi Arabia: Confines Internet access toUniversities and hospitals

Singapore: Requires political and religiouscontent, Providers to register with the state

New Zealand: Classifies computer disk aspublication that can be censored and seizedsource: Human Rights watch

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CS 214 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Internet

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