Crowdfunding-In-Chile CCA July 2015

8/20/2019 Crowdfunding-In-Chile CCA July 2015

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@XJKTALI K

@XEYDCZLDALIJ@EPQPTJFAL @BAMJ


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Das`mkafjrs

@epyraibt © 8>;: Altjr-Kfjra`kl Djvjmepfjlt Hklg. Tbas werg as ma`jlsjd uldjr k @rjktavj @effels

AIE 0.> Kttrahutael-Lel@effjràkm-LeDjravktavjs (@@-AIE HQ-L@-LD 0.> AIE) ma`jlsj (bttp?//`rjktavj-

èffels.eri/ma`jlsjs/hy-l`-ld/0.>/aie/mjikmèdj) kld fky hj rjpredu`jd watb kttrahutael te tbj

ADH kld cer kly lel-èffjr̀ akm purpesj. Le djravktavj werg as kmmewjd.

Kly dasputj rjmktjd te tbj usj ec tbj wergs ec tbj ADH tbkt `kllet hj sjttmjd kfa`khmy sbkmm hj suhfat-

tjd te krhatrktael pursuklt te tbj ZL@ATXKM rumjs. Tbj usj ec tbj ADH‑s lkfj cer kly purpesj etbjr

tbkl cer kttrahutael, kld tbj usj ec ADH‑s meie sbkmm hj suhoj`t te k sjpkrktj wrattjl ma`jlsj kirjjfjlt

hjtwjjl tbj ADH kld tbj usjr kld as let kutberazjd ks pkrt ec tbas @@-AIE ma`jlsj.

Letj tbkt malg prevadjd khevj al`mudjs kddataelkm tjrfs kld èldataels ec tbj ma`jlsj.

Tbj epalaels jxprjssjd al tbas puhma`ktael krj tbesj ec tbj kutbers kld de let lj`jsskramy rjj`t tbj

vajws ec tbj Altjr-Kfjra`kl Djvjmepfjlt Hklg, ats Hekrd ec Darj`ters, er tbj èultrajs tbjy rjprjsjlt.

FAC stk kld èlsumtklts wbe èltrahutjd te tbas study al`mudj @jskr Hujlkda`bk, @kremalk @krrksè,

Fkræk Fa`kjmk @erdjre, @kremalk Mkldshjrijr, Jvjmyl Mepjz, Ijeri Ljufkll, kld Jmazkhjtb Tjrry. Tbj

FAC kmse tbklgs Ijrkrde ûjmmjs ec tbj Falastry ec tbj Jèlefy ec @bamj cer bas èltrahutaels.

© FZMTAMKTJXKM ALSJPTFJLT CZLD

Altjr-Kfjra`kl Djvjmepfjlt Hklg

;0>> Ljw Qerg Kvjluj LY

Yksbalitel, D@ 8>>>:

www.cefal.eri

facèltk`tNakdh.eri

Kmm raibts rjsjrvjd


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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ

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8.

0.

4.

@eltjlts

Khhrjvaktaels :

Jxjùtavj Puffkry 3

Altredu`tael ;8

Tbj @rewdculdali Xjvemutael ;4

@bamj as Yjmm êsataeljd cer @rewdculdali ;:

Hjljts kld Typjs ec @rewdculdali ;2

Hjljts ec @rewdculdali 8>

Typjs ec @rewdculdali 88

Tbj Cmew ec @kpatkm al Jquaty kld Djht @rewdculdali 89

Ybjrj @rewdculdali Cats al tbj @kpatkm Ptk`g 81

Imehkm Trjlds al tbj Kdeptael ec @rewdculdali 08

Tbj @rewdculdali Jèsystjf al @bamj 03

Bew Dejs @bamj @efpkrj5 02

Jlikiali Culdjrs kld Ptkgjbemdjrs 01

@rewdculdali ^mktcerfs al @bamj 41

Tbj Ck`ters Lj`jsskry te Djvjmep k @rewdculdali Jèsystjf :4

@umturkm :3

Peàkm :2

Tj`blemeia`km :2

Xjiumktery 3>

K Crkfjwerg te ^refetj @rewdculdali 3;


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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ4

Kheut tbj FAC

Tbj Fumtamktjrkm Alvjstfjlt Culd as k fjfhjr ec tbj Altjr-Kfjra`kl Djvjmepfjlt Hklg Ireup.

Culdjd hy 01 deler èultrajs, tbj FAC as tbj mkrijst tj`bla`km kssastkl`j prevadjr te tbj pravktj

sj`ter al Mktal Kfjra`k kld tbj @krahhjkl, prevadali evjr ZP$;>> fammael pjr yjkr te preoj`ts

rjk`bali ferj tbkl 4 fammael sfkmm predu`jrs, jltrjprjljurs, kld peer kld mew-alèfj beusjbemds.

Tbj FAC sjrvjs ks k glewmjdij hregjr kld ks tbj buh ec k ljtwerg ec ;,>>> me`km kld altjrlktaelkm

pkrtljrs tbkt sbkrj FAC djvjmepfjlt iekms. At as k prevadjr ec irklts, mekls kld jquaty alvjstfjlts

watb kl kvjrkij irklt sazj ec ZP$ ;.: fammael, kld sjrvjs ks k iktjwky cer glewmjdij kld jxpjrtasj

el pravktj sj`ter semutaels cer jèlefa` djvjmepfjlt al tbj rjiael. Tbreuib tbas preoj`t, tbj FACkafs te cummm ats fassael te k`t ks k djvjmepfjlt mkherktery cer jxpjrafjltali, paeljjrali, kld

tkgali rasgs te jfpewjr dylkfa` jltrjprjljurs kld peer kld vumljrkhmj pepumktaels.

:.

3.

K ^repesjd Xjiumktery Crkfjwerg cer @rewdculdali al @bamj 34

Kpprek`b te Huamdali Xjèffjldktaels 33

Pjùratajs-Hksjd @rewdculdali Crkfjwerg Xjèffjldktaels 39

Xjèffjldktaels cer @kpkàty-Huamdali cer Xjiumkters 94

Xjèffjldktaels cer Alvjster Kwkrjljss, Jdu`ktael, kld Trkalali 94

@el`musael 93

Kppjldax K. Yergsbep Tepa`s cer Alvjsters kld Jltrjprjljurs 2>

Kppjldax H. Mast ec @eltrahuters 28


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KÂ Kppma`ktael ^reteèm Altjrck`j

H8H Husaljss-te-husaljss

H8@ Husaljss-te-èlsufjr

H@A Hklè dj @rádate j Alvjrsaeljs

@M^ @bamjkl pjse (ulat ec ùrrjl`y)

@erce @erperkàðl dj Cefjlte dj mk ^redu`àðl dj @bamj

JHATDK Jkrlalis hjcerj altjrjst, tkxjs, djprjàktael, kld kfertazktael

AÊ Alatakm puhma` ejrali

^8^ ^jjr-te-pjjr `rewdculdali

^J ^ravktj jquaty

PFJ Pfkmm kld fjdauf jltjrprasjs

PSP Pupjraltjldjlàk dj Skmerjs y Pjiures (@bamjkl Pjùratajs Xjiumkter)

ZC Zladkd dj Cefjlte (@bamjkl ulat ec k`èult)

S@ Sjlturj `kpatkm

Khhrjvaktaels


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JRJ@ZTASJ

PZFFKXQ


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8/84


@rewdculdali ejrs @bamj tbj eppertulaty te stafumktj alvjstfjlt al allevktavj

stkrtups kld sfkmm kld fjdauf jltjrprasjs (PFJs), jlèurkij jltrjprjljursbap,

`rjktj oehs, kld spur irewtb al tbj @bamjkl jèlefy. Al etbjr èultrajs kreuld tbjwermd, `rewdculdali bks djfelstrktjd tbj khamaty te djmavjr `kpatkm ferj jffàjltmy te

k mkrijr lufhjr ec husaljssjs kld jltrjprjljurs tbkl bks hjjl pessahmj al tbj pkst.

@bamj as wjmm pesataeljd te mjkrl cref tbj jxkfpmjs kld fastkgjs ec tbjsj èultrajs te

rkpadmy djvjmep pema`y altjrvjltaels, preirkfs, kld rjiumktaels cer `rewdculdali al

wkys tbkt wamm hetb prevadj k``jss te `kpatkm wbamj jlsurali prudjlt alvjster pretj`-

taels. Tbas ljw culdali fj`bklasf wamm darj`tmy kddrjss gjy lklàli `bkmmjlijs tbkt

uldjrfalj PFJ djvjmepfjlt al @bamj. Tbjsj al`mudj ;) al`rjksali k``jss te sjjd kld

jkrmy-stkij `kpatkm al pravktj fkrgjts te jlkhmj ùrrjlt culdjrs te fevj upstrjkf alte

culdali ferj irewtb eppertulatajs7 8) tbj ”baib-cra`tael,‖ tafj-èlsufali pre`jssjs

tbkt krj usukmmy ksseàktjd watb jkrmy stkij alvjstali7 kld 0) daffùmty jltrjprjljurskld alvjsters ck`j al ldali jk`b etbjr kld `rjktali predu`tavj, stkldkrds-hksjd dak-

meiuj.

Tbas rjpert wks èffassaeljd hy tbj Fumtamktjrkm Alvjstfjlt Culd (FAC), k fjfhjr ec

tbj Altjr-Kfjra`kl Djvjmepfjlt Hklg (ADH) Ireup, ks pkrt ec kl jert te prefetj tbj

sustkalkhmj jvemutael ec k lklàkm jèsystjf surreuldali @bamjkl FPFJs. Tbj rjpert

prevadjs k djtkamjd kssjssfjlt ec tbj `bkmmjlijs kld eppertulatajs ec tbj jfjriali

`rewdculdali fkrgjt al @bamj. Al kddatael, at jvkmuktjs tbj petjltakm cer `rewdculdali

te `bklljm culdali cref tbas levjm seur`j te allevktavj me`km husaljssjs kld jltrjprj-

ljurs. Hksjd el tbas kssjssfjlt, tbj rjpert cerfumktjd rjèffjldktaels kafjd kt

suppertali tbj sustkalkhmj djvjmepfjlt ec k `rewdculdali jèsystjf al @bamj.

Tbj study wks `krrajd eut uldjr tbj supjrvasael ec @áskr Hujlkda`bk ec tbj FAC‑s

K``jss te Fkrgjts kld Pgamms ulat kld prjpkrjd hy @rewdculd @kpatkm Kdvasers, k

rjsjkr`b kld kdvasery rf spjàkmazali al sjùratajs-hksjd `rewdculdali.

Oksel Hjst, Pbjrweed Ljass, kld Bkhah Okfkm ec @rewdculd @kpatkm Kdvasers wretj

tbj fkal tjxt ec tbas rjpert. @rewdculd @kpatkm Kdvasers èldu`tjd rst-bkld survjy

rjsjkr`b al Pkltakie, @bamj watb me`km `rewdculdali pmktcerfs, husaljssjs, kld puhma`

kld pravktj alstatutaels. Ppjàkm tbklgs ie te Ijrkrde ûjmmjs, Klkmyst cer tbj Falastry ec

Jèlefy ec @bamj, cer bas alvkmukhmj suppert al èerdalktali altjrvajws kld prevadali

suhstkltavj cjjdhk`g el tbj rjpert atsjmc.


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Huamdali k @rewdculdali Jèsystjf al @bamj

Tbj rjpert kssjssjs tbj petjltakm cer `rewdculdali al @bamj hy ceùsali el tbj ck`ters tbkt krj `ruàkm al

huamdali k su``jsscum `rewdculdali jèsystjf, al`mudali ùmturkm, seàkm, tj`blemeia`km, kld rjiumktery

kspj`ts. Al kddatael, tbj rjpert jxkfaljs tbj hjljts kld typjs ec `rewdculdali, kld tbj ùrrjlt stktus

ec `rewdculdali al @bamj al èfpkrasel te etbjr èultrajs. Drkwali upel djsg rjsjkr`b kld altjrvajws

watb gjy stkgjbemdjrs al @bamj, al`mudali jltrjprjljurs, alvjsters, mkwyjrs, rjiumkters, alùhkters, k`kdjf-

a`s, seàkm fjdak jxpjrts, kld ievjrlfjlt effàkms, tbj rjpert prepesjs k rjiumktery crkfjwerg cer `rewd-

culdali al @bamj. Ppjà` rjèffjldktaels krj prepesjd te jstkhmasb sjùratajs-hksjd `rewdculdali, te

huamd rjiumktery `kpkàty, kld te rkasj alvjster kwkrjljss tbreuib jdu`ktael kld trkalali.

Tbj @bamjkl jèlefy bks irjkt petjltakm cer jltrjprjljurakm kld PFJ irewtb kld kmrjkdy bks fkly ec tbj

rjquarjd jmjfjlts cer k `rewdculdali jèsystjf al pmk`j. Ats jèlefy bks irewl strelimy al rj`jlt dj-

`kdjs, kmtbeuib at bks let hjjl affulj cref tbj imehkm jèlefa` smewdewl. Tbas, bewjvjr, bks heestjdtbj lufhjr ec huddali jltrjprjljurs al @bamj wbe, ulmagj tbjar ZP èultjrpkrts, typa`kmmy bkvj ferj

pravktj sj`ter jxpjrajl`j hjbald tbjf.

Tbj rst ̀ rewdculdali pmktcerf al @bamj wks ceuldjd al 8>;;. @urrjltmy, tbjrj krj vj `rewdculdali pmkt-

cerfs k`tavj al @bamj? twe djht `rewdculdali pmktcerfs (@ufpme kld Hjùkm), elj jquaty `rewdculdali

pmktcerf (Hreetk), kld twe rjwkrds-hksjd pmktcerfs (Dkmj Afpumse kld Celdjkderk). Tbjsj pmktcerfs bkvj

èfpmjtjd culdali cer ljkrmy ;:>> preoj`ts tetkmali evjr ZP$ :: fammael. Tbj sazj ec culdrkasali vkrajs hy

pmktcerf ‐ cref tjls ec tbeusklds te tjls ec fammaels ec demmkrs.

Ybamj tbj aldustry as e te k streli stkrt, huamdali k semad rjiumktery crkfjwerg cer `rewdculdali al @bamj,cer hetb jquaty kld djht `rewdculdali, wamm irjktmy jxpkld tbj eppertulaty cer hetb trkdataelkm stkrtups

kld PFJs te k``jss tbj `kpatkm tbjy ljjd te stkrt kld irew. Hy fedjrlazali sefj lklàkm rjiumktaels

kld mjvjrkiali ats jxpjrajl`j al huamdali k stkrtup jèsystjf, @bamj bks tbj eppertulaty te usj tbas ljw

lklàkm allevktael let elmy te mjkpcrei etbjr èultrajs al tbj rjiael, hut kmse te k`t ks k hjkèl cer tbj

rjiael. Jmj`tjd effàkms kld rjiumkters bkvj tbj eppertulaty te werg watb tbj mjkdjrs ec `rewdculdali

pmktcerfs kld tbj jltrjprjljurakm jèsystjf te cerf pema`y kld rjiumktael al k èmmkherktavj wky. Jxjù-

tavjs cref djht kld jquaty `rewdculdali pmktcerfs kld etbjr alvjstfjlt rfs bkvj kffrfjd tbjar ceùs

el alvjster pretj`tael kld trklspkrjl`y wbamj prevadali k``jss te `kpatkm cer tbjar ùstefjrs.

Tbj `rewdculdali eppertulaty cer djvjmepali èultrajs tedky as klkmeieus te tbj fehamj èffula`k-taels rjvemutael wj bkvj watljssjd evjr tbj pkst dj`kdj. Al tbj pkst, tbj djvjmepfjltkm èlstrkalts ec

alvjstfjlt rjquarjd te djvjmep pjljtrktael al xjd-malj tjmjpbelj systjfs mjct pepumktaels al k lufhjr

ec èultrajs watbeut k``jss te fedjrl èffula`ktael. Fehamj `jmmumkr tj`blemeiy bks jlkhmjd fkly ec

tbesj skfj pepumktaels te mjkpcrei tbesj xjd-malj systjfs, `rjktali irjktjr pjljtrktael tbkl weumd hj

cjksahmj uldjr tbj prjvaeusmy-jxastali tj`blemeiy. Al k safamkr wky, lklàkm tj`blemeiy, kld spjà`kmmy

`rewdculdali, `kl èllj`t ulhklgjd kld uldjrhklgjd aldavadukms kld husaljssjs te tbj ljxt ijljrk-

tael ec lklàkm alstatutaels te prevadj `kpatkm, oehs, kld allevktael.


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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ;>

Caldalis kld Xjèffjldktaels

Hksjd el tbj study‑s ldalis kld klkmysas, tbj rjpert èl`mudjs watb k sjt ec spjà` rjèffjldktaels al-

tjldjd te suppert tbj djvjmepfjlt ec k `rewdculdali jèsystjf al @bamj. Tbjsj rjèffjldktaels ceùs

el sjùratajs-hksjd `rewdculdali, `kpkàty huamdali cer rjiumkters, kld rkasali alvjster kwkrjljss tbreuib

jdu`ktael kld trkalali. Pefj ec tbj rjpert‑s gjy ldalis kld rjèffjldktaels al`mudj?

n @urrjlt pravktj `kpatkm fkrgjt k`ters al @bamj krj jxpjrajlàli `bkmmjlijs al djpmeyali `kpatkm kt tbj

sjjd/jkrmy stkij, mjkvali k vead cer irewtb `kpatkm. @rewdculdali pema`y kld tj`blemeiy fky kmmew

tbjsj k`ters te rjdu`j rasg, ceùs el adjks tbkt bkvj prevjl fkrgjt k``jptkl`j, kld bjmp prefetj k

fkoer @bamjkl èfpkly su``jss stery tbkt èumd al`mudj k imehkm jxat.

n Ievjrlfjlt-hk`gjd preirkfs, magj Ptkrt-Zp @bamj, bkvj kmrjkdy sjjl sefj su``jss kld bkvj rj`javjd

wadjsprjkd fjdak kpprevkm, hut tbj mk`g ec cemmew-el `kpatkm as ceràli fkly ec tbjsj èfpklajs te

mjkvj @bamj te ld culds te s`kmj tbjar husaljssjs. @rewdculdali fky kddrjss tbas culdali vead hy

jlèurkiali @bamjkls te è-alvjst watb me`km husaljss klijms kld vjlturj `kpatkm alvjsters.

n Yatb kmfest k dj`kdj ec imehkm jxpjrajl`j al kmm ceur cerfs ec ̀ rewdculdali (pjrgs, prj-erdjr, djht, kld

jquaty) te drkw upel, @bamj `kl mjkrl cref `rewdculdali su``jssjs kld ckamurjs te djvjmep pema`y kld

`rjktj k rjiumktery crkfjwerg tbkt as ulaquj te ats àrùfstkl`js, kld ferj magjmy te su``jjd.

n Ybjl èfpkrali @bamj te etbjr jèlefajs tbkt bkvj rehust `rewdculdali jèsystjfs al pmk`j, @bamjbks 23 pjr`jlt ec kmm tbj vkrakhmjs (al seàkm, ùmturkm, tj`blemeia`km, kld rjiumktery tjrfs) lj`jsskry cer

`rewdculdali te su``jjd.

n @bamj‑s haiijst `bkmmjlijs te su``jjdali watb `rewdculdali al`mudj k mk`g ec rasg temjrkl`j al

alvjstali, k mk`g ec trust hjtwjjl aldavadukms, kld tbj mk`g ec kl k`tavj jkrmy-stkij alvjstfjlt faldsjt.

@rewdculdali prevadjs `kpatkm al k ferj trklspkrjlt, tafj-jffàjlt, kld darj`t wky tbkl bks jvjr hjjl

kvkamkhmj hjcerj. At fky kddrjss sefj ec tbjsj assujs hy kmmewali @bamjkls te jxpmerj alvjstali al PFJs

al k mafatjd, rjiumktjd, mewjr-rasg wky.

n Tbj @bamjkl ievjrlfjlt, tbreuib è-alvjstfjlt preirkfs spelserjd hy @erce kld ievjrlfjlt-hk`gjd mjldali preirkfs vak tbj hklgs, bks `rjktjd k streli ceuldktael cer `rewdculdali te hj

al`mudjd al kmtjrlktavj lklàli fj`bklasfs. Tbjsj stkgjbemdjrs `kl hj `bkfpaels cer `rewdculdali

al @bamj.

n Magj fkly etbjr èultrajs, @bamj bks kl PFJ culdali vead tbkt ievjrlfjlt preirkfs, hklgs, klijms,

kld vjlturj `kpatkm bkvj hjjl ulkhmj te mm. @rewdculdali as sbewali prefasj al mmali tbas vead.


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n @bamjkl lkl`j kld tj`blemeiy paeljjrs krj kmrjkdy jxpmerali sjùratajs ̀ rewdculdali, jvjl tbeuib ats

mjikmaty bks hjjl qujstaeljd. Tbjsj pmktcerfs krj baibmy fetavktjd te ̀ rjktj k trklspkrjlt, jffàjlt, kld

èmmkherktavj aldustry tbkt wergs watb tbj @bamjkl ievjrlfjlt te suppert tbj `rjktael ec k rjiumktery

kpprek`b te cestjr k su``jsscum `rewdculdali fkrgjtpmk`j.

n Tbus, `rewdculdali pema`y cer @bamj sbeumd kddrjss assujs tbkt ùrrjltmy albahat jkrmy-stkij culdali kld

`rkct k rjiumktjd crkfjwerg tbkt sjjgs te prevadj alvjster pretj`tael, ̀ kpatkm cer PFJs, kld trklspkrjl`ycer rjiumkters, al erdjr te cestjr tbj premacjrktael ec `rewdculdali pmktcerfs.

n Calkmmy, k @bamjkl `rewdculdali ksseàktael sbeumd hj alèrperktjd te hetb sjrvj ks k sjmc-rjiumktery

hedy te prevadj evjrsaibt te tbj aldustry kld k`t ks tbj ulajd vea`j ec tbj aldustry. Curtbjr, ks k Mktal

Kfjra`kl @rewdculdali Ksseàktael as cerfjd, tbj @bamjkl Ksseàktael sbeumd pmky kl k`tavj remj al at.

Afpmjfjltali k `rewdculdali pema`y wamm let elmy prevadj k rjiumktery crkfjwerg uldjr wba`b kmm cerfs ec

`rewdculdali fky epjrktj, hut kmse ejrs tbj eppertulaty cer @bamj te kddrjss assujs magj lklàkm al`musael,

jlkhmali k irjktjr prepertael ec tbj pepumktael te `rjktj wjkmtb vak alvjstfjlts kld jltrjprjljursbap.


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ALTXEDZ@TAEL


14/84

@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ;4

Tbj @rewdculdali Xjvemutael

Al mjss tbkl k dj`kdj, `rewdculdali bks fkdj saila`klt afpk`ts el `kpatkm cerfktael kld oeh `rjktael al k

lufhjr ec èultrajs. At as hjst djs`rahjd ks kl elmalj cerf ec culdrkasali cer jatbjr jxastali er prefasali ljw

husaljssjs cref k davjrsj ireup ec sfkmm kld mkrij ̀ eltrahuters, alvjsters, er mjldjrs. At ̀ efhaljs tbj ̀ ellj`-

tavaty ec Altjrljt tj`blemeiy, tbj trklspkrjl`y ec tbj daiatkm ceetpralt, tbj jffàjl`y ec rjkm-tafj dktk, kld tbj

fumtack`jtjd altjrjsts ec tbj `rewd te darj`t `kpatkm te tbesj tbkt ljjd at fest. At ikaljd trk`tael durali tbj

imehkm lklàkm `rasas al 8>>2-;8, kld al 8>;4 wks jxpj`tjd te hj k ZP$ ;> hammael aldustry.

Zltam lew, at bks hjjl fest su``jsscum al tbj Zlatjd Ptktjs, tbj Zlatjd Galidef, kld Kustrkmak, hut tbjrj fky

hj kl jvjl irjktjr eppertulaty cer èultrajs magj @bamj tbkt bkvj djfelstrktjd tbj khamaty te tkgj allevktavj

stjps te qua`gmy huamd kl jltrjprjljurakm jèsystjf. Yatb ats rjmktavjmy mew èsts hut vjry sepbasta`ktjd werg

cer`j ks wjmm ks etbjr praàli dajrjltakms, @bamj ejrs tbj eppertulaty cer altjrlktaelkm alvjsters te alvjst

kld mjvjrkij. Tbj hjljts ec su`b kl eppertulaty jxtjld let elmy cref alatakm culdali ec stkrtups, hut kmse al

cestjrali èltalujd èfpjtatavj epjrktaels watb tbj petjltakm te jxpert ieeds, sjrva`js, kld adjks. @rewd-

culdali as fjrjmy tbj ljxt stjp al @bamj‑s dasàpmaljd kpprek`b te huamdali alcrkstru`turj, aldustrajs, kld jltrj-

prjljurakm kld alvjster `kpkàty.

Tbj irewtb ec se àkm ljtwergs bks prevjl te hetb jlikij èffulatajs kld jlkhmj tbjf te sbkrj adjks kld

epalaels kt k fefjlt‑s leta`j. Al tbj mktj 8>>>s, ̀ rewdculdali pmktcerfs magj Ga`gstkrtjr rjkmazjd tbj petjltakm

ec mkyjrali tbj seàkm ljtwerg elte k tj`blemeiy pmktcerf cer lklàli irjkt adjks. Hy Fkr`b 8>;:, Ga`gstkrtjr

bkd culdjd k ̀ ufumktavj tetkm ec evjr 2>,>>> jltrjprjljurs, allevkters, kld ̀ rjktavj aldavadukms watb wjmm evjrZP$ ;.: hammael al `kpatkm. @rewdculdali pmktcerfs bkvj prevjl tbkt irjkt adjks `kl kttrk`t culdali cref hetb

alsadj kld eutsadj ec trkdataelkm, fkoer feljy `jltjrs (cer jxkfpmj, Pamaèl Skmmjy, Ljw Qerg, Hestel).

^jjr-te-pjjr (^8^) kld pjjr-te-husaljss (^8H) djht `rewdculdali bks kmse sjjl trjfjldeus irewtb ks hklgs

bkvj hetb ùt hk`g el tbjar sfkmm kld fjdauf jltjrprasj (PFJ) mjldali kld al`rjksjd uldjrwratali rjquarj-

fjlts cer tbas typj ec `majlt. Xktbjr tbkl rjpmkàli tbj remj tbkt hklgs pmky, djht `rewdculdali pmktcerfs krj

hjiallali te werg al tkldjf watb trkdataelkm mjldjrs wbamj stamm ejrali mewjr altjrjst rktjs. Tbjrj krj lew lu-

fjreus jxkfpmjs ec pkrtljrsbaps tbkt hklgs kld hklgali ksseàktaels krj cerfali watb ̂ 8^ kld ̂ 8H mjldjrs.;

Ybamj ̀ rewdculdali wks alatakmmy fjt watb ̀ el`jrl kld rjsastkl`j, at as lew hjali k``jptjd al fkly ̀ eultrajs

tbkt wasb te hjljt cref tbj allevktael al `kpatkm cerfktael kld jèlefa` djvjmepfjlt. Tbj ljxt stkij ec`rewdculdali ‐ jquaty kld cerfs ec djht ‐ as k``jmjrktali imehkmmy. @bamj as wjmm pesataeljd te tkgj kdvkltkij

; Fktt Pùbkf (8>;4), ”Pkltkldjr ZG te rjcjr sfkmm husaljssjs te pjjr-te-pjjr mjldjr,‖ Xjutjrs, ;2 Oulj, bttp?//ug.rjutjrs.èf/ krta`mj/8>;4/>3/;2/ug-hratkal-mjldali-skltkldjr-pjjrtepjjr-adZGGHL>JT;AT8>;4>3;27 ”^respjr Fkrgjtpmk`j Klleul`js

^krtljrsbap Yatb Yjstjrl Aldjpjldjlt Hklgjrs‖ @rewdculdHjkt, bttp?//`rewdculdhjkt.èf/8>;:/>8/80/prespjr-

fkrgjtpmk`j-klleul`js-pkrtljrsbap-watb-wjstjrl-aldjpjldjlt-hklgjrs/.


15/84


ec tbas irewtb kld djvjmep pema`y te suppert k vahrklt `rewdculdali jèsystjf, jlsurali at as kmailjd watb

Ptkrt-Zp @bamj kld etbjr @erperkàðl dj Cefjlte dj mk ^redu`àðl dj @bamj (@erce) alataktavjs.

Bewjvjr, at as `rata`km tbkt pema`y fkgjrs uldjrstkld tbkt jlkhmali mjiasmktael sbeumd prevadj rjiumkters watb

jxpmaàt, prjs`raptavj darj`tael rjikrdali tbj mjiasmktavj altjlt ec jlk`tali `rewdculdali, kld `rjktj k maibt-

teu`b rjiumktery crkfjwerg el k `mjkr s`bjdumj cer jlk`tfjlt. Kmtbeuib at fky bkvj k dajrjlt lklàkm sys-

tjf kld rjiumktery crkfjwerg, tbj Zlatjd Galidef ejrs k vkmukhmj jxkfpmj cer @bamj ec hetb jj`tavj kldjffàjlt evjrsaibt kld trklspkrjl`y. Pu`b kl kpprek`b te rjiumktael wamm bjmp te k`bajvj k ceùsjd rjiumktery

rjvajw pre`jss kld falafazj tbj kdfalastrktael kld èsts tbkt bkvj hjjl ehsjrvjd al sefj etbjr èultrajs,

su`b ks tbj Zlatjd Ptktjs.

@bamj as Yjmm êsataeljd cer @rewdculdali

Tbj @bamjkl jèlefy bks irjkt petjltakm cer jltrjprjljurakm kld PFJ irewtb. At as peasjd te djvjmep rkpadmy

tbreuib fedjrlazali ats rjiumktery crkfjwerg kld huamdali ljw hjst prk`ta`js cer PFJs kld stkrtups tbkt krj

sjjgali culdali. Al erdjr te k`bajvj tbas irewtb, allevktavj jltrjprjljurs, ievjrlfjlt effàkms, mjiasmkters,

kld rjiumkters fust jk`b pmky tbjar pkrts. Cemmewali etbjr èultry jxkfpmjs, mjkdjrs al @bamj bkvj tbj khamaty

te sjazj tbj eppertulaty `rjktjd hy ùrrjlt fk`rejèlefa` cer`js kld fkgj pesatavj `bklijs al tbj wky

@bamjkls de husaljss.

@bamj bks watljssjd pbjlefjlkm irewtb al rj`jlt dj`kdjs7 tbj Yermd Hklg bks rj`jltmy irkduktjd ats stktus

te k Baib Alèfj èultry hksjd el Iress Lktaelkm Alèfj. Tbas fkgjs @bamj, kmeli watb Zruiuky, tbj elmy

lel-@krahhjkl èultrajs watb tbas stktus al tbj rjiael. Ljvjrtbjmjss, @bamj as let affulj cref imehkm jè-

lefa` cer`js, kld tbj smewdewl al djvjmepali jèlefajs, wbesj jxperts krj hksjd el rkw fktjrakms, bks

bkd kl afpk`t, pkrtaùmkrmy el ats falali sj`ter. Tbas, bewjvjr, bks kmse stafumktjd tbj lufhjr ec huddali

jltrjprjljurs al @bamj.

Zlmagj tbjar ”ljt ijljrktael‖ ̀ eultjrpkrts al tbj Zlatjd Ptktjs, tbj typa`km jltrjprjljur al @bamj bks ferj jx-

pjrajl`j al tbj pravktj sj`ter kld, k`èrdali te tbj IJF rjsjkr`b, evjr 4> pjr`jlt ec @bamjkl jltrjprjljurskrj wefjl.8 Zldjrstkldali tbas djfeirkpba` kld tbj ulaquj @bamjkl ùmturj krj afpertklt èlsadjrktaels

wbjl cerfumktali ievjrlfjlt pema`y te curtbjr jlkhmj @bamj‑s jltrjprjljurakm `mkss. Certulktjmy, Ptkrt-Zp

@bamj bks hjjl k mjkdjr al kttrk`tali imehkm jltrjprjljurs te èfj te @bamj kld werg al k suppertavj jlvarel-

8 bttp?//www.ej`d.eri/seàkm/alèfj-dastrahutael-dktkhksj.btf.


16/84

@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ;3

fjlt te stkrt kld irew tbjar husaljssjs. Ykyrk kld etbjr k``jmjrkters bkvj kmse èltrahutjd saila`kltmy te

irewali k vahrklt jèsystjf.

Magj tbjar Lertb Kfjra`kl èultjrpkrts, bewjvjr, ljw jltrjprjljurs al @bamj ck`j `bkmmjlijs al irewali al

kl jstkhmasbjd jèlefy tbkt ckvers èlsjrvktavj alvjstfjlts kld trkdataelkm aldustrajs. Kmm tee ectjl, èfpk-

lajs tbkt krj suppertjd hy Ptkrt-Zp @bamj, er etbjr k``jmjrkters kld alùhkters, krj ulkhmj te sjùrj cemmew-el

culdali te djvjmep tbjar husaljssjs. Tbas as wbjrj `rewdculdali `kl hj utamazjd te èllj`t wammali mjldjrs/ alvjsters/èltrahuters watb husaljss eppertulatajs kld te `rjktj tbesj eppertulatajs tbkt fky djmavjr kttrk`-

tavj rktjs ec rjturl cer alvjsters kld kt altjrjst rktjs tbkt krj petjltakmmy ckverkhmj te PFJs.

Kmtbeuib @bamj rklgs khevj èultrajs su`b ks Hjmiauf kld Muxjfheuri al tbj Yermd Hklg‑s Deali Husaljss

aldjx klkmyzali husaljss rjiumktaels kreuld tbj wermd, at rklgs mjss èfpjtatavjmy el spjà`, rjmjvklt alda`k-

ters, su`b ks jksj ec hklgrupt`y (kl alsemvjl`y alda`kter) kld k``jss te `rjdat. @bamj‑s mew rklgali al k``jss te

`rjdat fky rjsumt cref tbj mafatjd kfeult ec alcerfktael kvkamkhmj te kssjss tbj rasg ec petjltakm herrewjrs.

@bamj bks djvjmepjd k `rjdat systjf cer tbesj wbe pjrcerf peermy, hut tbjrj as k mk`g ec alcerfktael kheut

tbesj wbe pjrcerf wjmm. Ljvjrtbjmjss, al èfpkrasel te fu`b ec Mktal Kfjra`k, tbj @bamjkl lklàkm systjf

as wjmm djvjmepjd, kld evjrkmm, k``jss te `rjdat cer mkrij eriklazktaels dejs let kppjkr te hj k saila`kltprehmjf.

K`èrdali te tbj Iala aldjx, k fjksurjfjlt ec èultrajs‑ mjvjms ec aljqukmaty, @bamj bks tbj irjktjst aljquaty

ec kly EJ@D èultry,0 wba`b baibmaibts tbj ljjd te prefetj lklàkm al`musael. Elj ec tbj gjy ldalis cref

tbas study as tbkt @bamj sbeumd wadjl k``jss te hklgali al k systjfkta` kld trklspkrjlt wky. Al erdjr te de se,

@bamj sbeumd ̀ elsadjr bew te kddrjss tbj ̀ est ec culdali cer PFJs, pkrtaùmkrmy cer fa`re kld sfkmm husaljssjs.

Cer alstkl`j, sefj ck`terali èfpklajs `bkrij baib altjrjst rktjs cer prevadali wergali `kpatkm te PFJs7

`rewd-hksjd mjldali ̀ eumd bjmp te mewjr tbj evjrkmm ̀ est ec ̀ kpatkm hy al`rjksali herrewali eptaels cer PFJs.

Fkrgjt cer`js bkvj ̀ el`jltrktjd tbj fkoeraty ec hklgali sjrva`js al ceur mkrij hklgs.4 @bamj faibt kddrjss tbj

assuj ec èfpjtatael al tbj PFJ mekl fkrgjt hy jlkhmali `rewd-hksjd mjldjrs te jxpkld tbjar ùrrjlt ejr-

alis te prevadj mekls te husaljssjs tbkt krj ùrrjltmy let k``jptjd hy tbj hklgs.

@bamj èltalujs te hj k mjkdjr al Mktal Kfjra`k al k`tavjmy cestjrali kl jltrjprjljurakm jèsystjf kld bks

jloeyjd saila`klt pesatavj fjdak èvjrkij watb Ptkrt-Zp @bamj kld etbjr rjmktjd preirkfs. Bewjvjr, k`-

èrdali te altjrvajws èldu`tjd durali tbas preoj`t, @bamjkl jltrjprjljurs bkvj yjt te jxpjrajl`j k ”befj

rul‖ ‐ kl jltrjprjljurakm èfpkly watb k mkrij kld su``jsscum jxat kctjr fumtaèultry jxpklsael. Al èltrkst,

kmtbeuib Krijltalk bks k struiimali jltrjprjljurakm jèsystjf, at bks k rasg-tkgali ùmturj kld bks predu`jd

;> su``jsscum jltrjprjljurs hy tbas djlatael, k`èrdali te altjrvajws cer tbas rjsjkr`b. Hjali kl jltrjprjljur

as al`rjksalimy sjjl ks ”èem,‖ kld @bamj kmrjkdy bks sjvjrkm alataktavjs tbkt krj su``jsscummy suppertali jltrj-

prjljurakm k`tavatajs kld hjljtali tbj jèlefy. @efpklajs tbkt ie tbreuib Ptkrt-Zp @bamj‑s preirkf, cer

alstkl`j, krj barali ;.9 pjepmj el kvjrkij, k pesatavj heest cer oeh `rjktael. Ac tbjsj èfpklajs wjrj khmj te

tkgj tbj ljxt stjp al tbjar djvjmepfjlt, tbjy èumd bkvj kl jvjl irjktjr afpk`t el jfpmeyfjlt.

0 Imehkm Jltrjprjljursbap Felater (8>;4), 8>;4 Imehkm Xjpert, bttp?//www.ijfèlsertauf.eri/de`s/dewlmekd/03;3.

4 Hjrlkrdatk ̂ ajdrkhujlk (8>;0), @efpjtjlàk jl jm fjr`kde hkl`krae djm ̀ rádate jl @bamj, Altjr-Kfjra`kl Djvjmepfjlt Hklg,bttp?//www.akdh.eri/wfsmjs/predu`ts/puhma`ktaels/deùfjlts/02;93299.pdc.


17/84


Ybamj kmm trkdataelkm cerfs ec lklàli (husaljss klijm, vjlturj `kpatkm, pravktj jquaty, hklg, puhma` irklts, kld

se el) ùrrjltmy jxast al @bamj, rj`jlt kttjltael bks ceùsjd el culdali jkrmy stkij djvjmepfjlt. Tbj ievjrl-

fjlt kld @erce bkvj hjjl `rata`kmmy afpertklt al sjjdali fkly ljw èfpklajs. Kddataelkmmy, tbj @bamjkl

Pjùratajs Xjiumkter (PSP) bks `rjktjd spjà` rjiumktael cer PFJs te ckàmatktj `kpatkm cerfktael, kmtbeuib

utamazktael se ckr bks hjjl mew.

K èffel tbjfj tbkt jfjrijd al sjvjrkm altjrvajws èldu`tjd cer tbas study wks tbkt, wbamj tbj kvkamkham-aty ec jkrmy er sjjd stkij `kpatkm as streli, at as fu`b ferj daffùmt te sjùrj cemmew-el lklàli al tbj ZP$

;:>,>>>-2>>,>>> rklij. Tbas as tbj ”Skmmjy ec Djktb‖ cer @bamjkl stkrtups. Pjùratajs-hksjd `rewdculdali fky

prevadj teems te kddrjss tbas `bkmmjlij, ks wjmm ks te tk`gmj tbj assuj ec prevadali culdali cer trkdataelkm PFJs

wbamj suppertali lklàkm al`musael.

Ks al etbjr EJ@D ̀ eultrajs, kdvkl`js al tj`blemeiy kld tbj Altjrljt bkvj hjèfj ̀ effelpmk`j al tbj mavjs

ec @bamjkls. Tbj sbkrali jèlefy as irewali kld prevali tbkt trust `kl hj djvjmepjd elmalj, wba`b as curtbjr

mjkdali te puhma` èldjl`j al elmalj fkrgjts. Jxkfpmjs ec tbas `kl hj sjjl watb èfpklajs su`b ks Mjvj,

wba`b `kl hj tbeuibt ec ks tbj Zhjr cer Pkltakie, kld Krrjltks, tbj _ap`kr jquavkmjlt, ks wjmm ks èwergali

spk`js tbkt krj pepumkr kld irewali. Bewjvjr, èfpkrjd te ats EJ@D èultjrpkrts, tbj baib-tj`b aldustry asuldjrrjprjsjltjd al @bamj, wba`b ejrs k irjkt eppertulaty cer `rewdculdali te bjmp `bklij tbkt.

Hy studyali bew tbj ̀ rewd as altjrk`tali elmalj, elj ̀ kl hjial te uldjrstkld bew levjm cerfs ec elmalj ̀ kpa-

tkm cerfktael `kl hj kppmajd te stkrtup kld PFJ irewtb. Jxkfpmjs cref k`ress tbj wermd djfelstrktj tbj jc-

cj`tavjljss kld sustkalkhamaty ec tbas hettef-up kld pjjr-te-pjjr kpprek`b? at mjvjrkijs seàkm ljtwergs, daia-

tkm tj`blemeiajs, kld `rewdculdali jèsystjfs te spur jèlefa` k`tavaty kld djfe`rktazj k``jss te `kpatkm.

Tbj rjsumts ec tbas study alda`ktj tbkt tbjrj as k saila`klt eppertulaty cer allevktavj ievjrlfjlt pema`y kld

rjiumktael kld èmmkherktael watb pravktj aldustry te cestjr tbj irewtb ec tbj PFJ kld jltrjprjljursbap sj`-

ters tbreuib levjm hut prevjl lklàkm vjba`mjs wbamj prevadali rehust alvjster pretj`tael. Al kdeptali kl

jlmaibtjljd `rewdculdali strktjiy, @bamj `kl curtbjr djfelstrktj ats mjkdjrsbap al dravali PFJs kld jltrj-

prjljursbap, ks wjmm ks `rjktali vkmukhmj ljw oehs.


18/84

8


19/84


HJLJCATP

KLD TQ^JP EC

@XEYDCZLDALI


20/84

@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ8>

@rewdculdali bks jfjrijd imehkmmy evjr tbj pkst sjvjl yjkrs, watb fkoer pmktcerfs, su`b ks Aldajieie kld

Ga`gstkrtjr (wba`b mkul`bjd al 8>>2 kld 8>>1, rjspj`tavjmy), rkasali hammaels ec demmkrs cer buldrjds ec tbeu-

sklds ec jltrjprjljurs. Ks k fedjm ec culdrkasali, at bks jvemvjd qua`gmy cref kl ulrjiumktjd cerf ec delkt-

ali er spelserali preoj`ts pepumkr watb krtasts kld hksjfjlt jltrjprjljurs te al`mudj rjiumktjd sjùratajs

trklsk`taels cer rfs sjjgali irewtb `kpatkm.

Hjljts ec @rewdculdali

@rewdculdali bks djfelstrktjd k lufhjr ec hjljts tbkt al`mudj?

Al`rjksjd k``jss te `kpatkm? @rewdculdali `kl al`rjksj tbj suppmy ec `kpatkm seur`js te uldjrsjrvjd fkrgjts

er sjifjlts.

Jffàjl`y? @rewdculdali ̀ kl prevadj ljw kld ckstjr k``jss te alvjstfjlt eppertulatajs cer trkdataelkm alvjs-

ters al jatbjr k `mesjd jlvarelfjlt (kl klijm ireup) er kl epjl jlvarelfjlt (puhma` `rewdculdali).

@rewdculdali `kl djmavjr `kpatkm te èfpklajs al dkys er wjjgs rktbjr tbkl feltbs er yjkrs. Sartukmmy

kmm ^8H mjldali `kfpkails `mesj al mjss tbkl 8; dkys kld jquaty `kfpkails `mesj al mjss tbkl 1> dkys.

Ybamj tbjsj alvjstfjlts krj ectjl sfkmmjr tbkl wbkt trkdataelkm alvjsters suppmy, al hetb `ksjs at as k

fu`b ckstjr pre`jss tbkl as typa`km watb alvjstfjlt cref trkdataelkm seur`js.

Alvjster/jltrjprjljur trklspkrjl`y? ”@rewd-vjttali‖ kld ”`rewd-damaijl`j‖ `kl kssurj tbj mjiatafk`y ec

èfpklajs kld jltrjprjljurs ks tbjy sjjg te rkasj cemmew-el `kpatkm. Trklspkrjl`y kld k`èultkhamaty

krj irjktmy al`rjksjd watb `rewdculdali. Kmm usjrs ec tbjsj pmktcerfs fust hjial hy jltjrali tbjar @bam-

jkl lktaelkm AD lufhjr. Tbj khamaty cer kmm tbjsj trklsk`taels te tkgj pmk`j elmalj, watb tbj tjrfs ec tbj

ejralis al k dktkhksj, prevadjs irjkt glewmjdij kld evjrsaibt eppertulatajs cer tbj pmktcerfs, tbj

aldustry kt mkrij, kld cer rjiumkters.

Trklspkrjl`y cer tbj rjiumkter? Elj ec tbj fest saila`klt hjljàkrajs ec `rewdculdali as tbj rjiumkter,

hj`kusj cer tbj rst tafj, rjiumkters `kl bkvj tafjmy, pjraeda` (cer alstkl`j, qukrtjrmy) kld ulcjttjrjd

k``jss te dktk el k`tavatajs al pravktj `kpatkm fkrgjts. Tbas al`rjksjd trklspkrjl`y kld tafjmaljss fky

prevadj eppertulatajs te afprevj rjiumktery evjrsaibt. Kmse, hy `rjktali rjiumktael tbkt as ”dktk altjl-

savj kld prjs`raptavjmy maibt,‖ rjiumkters `kl `rjktj rumjs tbkt krj mjss hurdjlsefj te aldustry, wbamj stamm

prevadali rehust alvjster pretj`tael tbreuib tbj usj ec ljkr rjkm-tafj dktk cjjds cref djht kld jquaty

`rewdculdali pmktcerfs.


21/84


@rewdculdali as k saila`klt, jvemutaelkry stjp al fevali tbj klàjlt prk`ta`j ec mjldali kld alvjstali el-

malj. @rewdculdali `kl `rjktj ljw `kpkàty al tbj jxastali lklàkm systjf, kmmewali cer mewjr èst ec

`rjdat kld hjttjr k``jss te lklàkm sjrva`js cer tbesj wbe faibt prjvaeusmy bkvj hjjl ulhklgkhmj.

Bewjvjr, tbj hjljts ec `rewdculdali ie hjyeld lklàkm jffàjl`y kld trklspkrjl`y. Tbjsj kddataelkm

hjljts al`mudj?

Al`rjksjd vasahamaty kld `rjdahamaty kfeli alvjstali kudajl`js? Hy `jltrkmazali k``jss te dktk el kvkamkhmj

alvjstfjlt eppertulatajs, `rewdculdali ckàmatktjs tbj ew ec alcerfktael te petjltakm alvjsters ferj

rkpadmy tbkl bks jvjr hjjl pessahmj hjcerj. Trkdataelkm fedjms rjquarj èfpklajs te bemd dezjls er

buldrjds ec fjjtalis te sjjg `kpatkm, wba`b as hetb mkher kld `kpatkm altjlsavj, kld baibmy aljffàjlt.

@rewdculdali pertkms kmmew petjltakm alvjsters te alvjstaiktj lufjreus ejralis elmalj kt elj tafj

kld te qua`gmy djtjrfalj ac tbj alvjstfjlt eppertulaty ts tbjar pertcemae strktjiy, rasg kppjtatj, er al-

tjrjsts. Ferj afpertkltmy, al tbj Zlatjd Ptktjs, alvjsters lew felater delktael-hksjd `rewdculdali

pmktcerfs te adjltacy allevktavj èfpklajs kld predu`ts. K ljw `mkss ec klkmyst: as jfjriali te dassj`t

`rewdculd alvjstfjlt eppertulatajs te prevadj hjttjr klkmyta`s te bjmp alvjsters djàdj ac k husaljss as

wertby ec culdali. Kmm ec tbas mjkds te trklspkrjl`y, vasahamaty, kld `rjdahamaty al tbj aldustry.

Fkrgjt tjstali kld djfkld fjksurjfjlt? @rewdculdali typa`kmmy kmmews rfs te vkmadktj tbjar predu`ts

er sjrva`js watbeut tbj jxpjlsj ec fkluck`turali, predu`t mkul`b, er stkrtali epjrktaels. Ac culdali

iekms krj fjt, tbjsj rfs bkvj k``jss te tbj `kpatkm ljjdjd te mkul`b tbjar alatakm predu`t. Cref kl

alvjster‑s pjrspj`tavj, tbas dj-rasgs tbj alvjstfjlt te k `jrtkal jxtjlt, sal`j tbj fkrgjt bks kmrjkdy

djfelstrktjd djfkld cer tbj predu`t. Pefj mkrij ZP-hksjd klijm ireups, su`b ks Bjkrtmkld Klijms

(@ba`kie) kld Imehkm Klijm Alvjsters Ljtwerg (Ijeriak), krj `rjktali tbjar ewl `rewdculdali pertkms

watb tbj jxpj`tktael tbkt rfs sjjgali `kpatkm fust prevj fkrgjt k``jptkl`j tbreuib k su``jsscum

`rewdculdali `kfpkail. Ac su``jsscum, tbjsj klijm alvjsters wamm tbjl suppmy kddataelkm culds.

K``jss te jkrmy-stkij suppert ljtwergs? Hy ejrali k `rewdculdali ̀ kfpkail, ̀ efpklajs jlikij k baibmy

fetavktjd ireup ec ùstefjrs tbkt k`t hetb ks predu`t jvklijmasts kld ks k ra`b kld djtkamjd cjjdhk`g

seur`j. Hy jxpkldali alte `rewdculdali, èfpklajs kmse k``ruj kl jkrmy-stkij suppert ljtwerg ec al-

vjsters watb k vjstjd altjrjst al tbjar su``jss, kld fky bkvj sgamms tbkt jltrjprjljurs ̀ kl hjljt cref al

kddatael te tbj ̀ kpatkm. Klj`detkm dktk suiijst tbkt tbjsj jkrmy alvjsters wamm fkgj altredu`taels cer tbj

rfs, wergali al fkly wkys ks kdvasers kld predu`t jvklijmasts ‐ k`tavatajs tbkt wamm suhstkltakmmy bjmp

suppert tbj rfs tbreuib tbj `bkmmjlijs ec jkrmy irewtb.

Fkrgjts kld pkrtljrsbaps? Jltrjprjljurs wamm kmse rj`javj jkrmy cjjdhk`g el tbj vakhamaty ec tbjar altjldjd

fkrgjts kld fkrgjtali. Tbj jxtjlsavj cjjdhk`g cref ùstefjrs kld alvjsters `kl mjkd te k rjvasael ec

tbjar pmklljd husaljss fedjm, kmmewali rfs te `bklij tbjar ceùs te ljw fkrgjts ks lj`jsskry, er te

sjjg eut strktjia` pkrtljrsbaps watb ljw suppmajrs er vjlders. Tbj epjl jx`bklij ec alcerfktael kheut

predu`t adjks, husaljss èl`jpts, kld altjldjd fkrgjts drkfkta`kmmy al`rjksjs fkrgjt jffàjlàjs.

: Cer alstkl`j, @rewdljta` kiirjiktjs, klkmyzjs, kld rjperts dktk kld trjlds vak Tbefsel Xjutjrs kld @LH@ (bttp?//www.`rewdljta`.èf).


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Xjsjkr`b bks kmse baibmaibtjd sjvjrkm etbjr kdvkltkijs ec `rewdculdali. Cer alstkl`j, at bks tbj petjltakm

te èllj`t daksperk èffulatajs te jlikij al ferj tbkl rjfattkl`j pkyfjlts te bjmp suppert dylkfa`,

baib-afpk`t jltrjprjljurs kld èfpklajs. Hj`kusj ec al`rjksjd vasahamaty kld ljtwergali, `rewdculdali ec-

cjrs stkrtups k``jss te sgammjd aldavadukms cer jfpmeyfjlt, kld kmmews mkrijr husaljssjs te adjltacy jkrmy stkij

allevktael cer alvjstfjlt er djkm ew.

Typjs ec @rewdculdali

Tedky, tbjrj krj sjvjrkm `rewdculdali fedjms tbkt kmmew dajrjlt mjvjms ec lklàkm jlikijfjlt kld èm-

mkherktael watb kld cref husaljssjs kld hetb lelpret kld cer-pret preoj`ts. Tbjsj al`mudj delktael kld

rjwkrds ̀ rewdculdali, ”prj-skmj‖ ̀ rewdculdali fedjms, kld djht kld jquaty ̀ rewdculd alvjstali.

Delktael kld Xjwkrds @rewdculdali

Delktael `rewdculdali as tbj emdjst kld jksajst cerf ec `rewdculdali te uldjrstkld. Al fkly wkys

at as adjlta`km te tbj delktael dravjs tbkt `bkratajs kld lelprets bkvj meli usjd te rkasj culds usali

spjàkm jvjlts magj `bkraty fkrktbels kld tjmjtbels. Bewjvjr, watb tbj rasj ec tbj Altjrljt kld seàkmljtwergs, tbas pre`jss ec culdrkasali as fevali cref efflalj eff`j peems kld tjmjtbels te elmalj culdali

pmktcerfs. Al k typa`km delktael `rewdculdali jert, kl aldavadukm er ireup semaàts delktaels cer k preo-

j`t tbkt k pjrsel wklts te mkul`b, su`b ks k `rjktavj jldjkver, k èffulaty preoj`t, er k ljw predu`t.

Delktael ̀ rewdculdali ̀ eumd hj usjd hy s`beems sjjgali te pur`bksj suppmajs, crajlds sjjgali te rkasj

culds cer kl alourjd ckfamy fjfhjr, er jvjl lelprets sjjgali te best k rjiaelkm pjk`j èlcjrjl`j al

tbj Faddmj Jkst kfeli @brastakl, Ojwasb, kld Fusmaf èmmjij studjlts. Al delktael `rewdculdali, tbj

`rewd delktjs feljy te suppert k preoj`t watb le jxpj`tktael ec k lklàkm rjturl.

Delktael `rewdculdali bks qua`gmy jvemvjd te k rjwkrds `rewdculdali fedjm al wba`b preoj`t hk`g-

jrs er delers rj`javj rjwkrds er al`jltavjs tajd te tbjar mjvjm ec èltrahutael. Pefj ec tbjsj rjwkrds krjtkliahmj ehoj`ts ‐ k T-sbart, kl atjf ec fjr`bkldasj, k sailjd èpy ec k s`rapt cer k pmky, kld se el. Pefj

ec tbj rjwkrds kmmew kld jlèurkij tbj deler te pkrtaàpktj al tbj predu`tael, kttjld k rjbjkrskm, er

rj`javj k `rjdat er àtktael. Ikfa`ktael kld ikfj fj`bkla`s krj usukmmy kl afpertklt pkrt ec rjwkrds

`rewdculdali? fkgali k rjwkrd ”s`kr`j‖ al`rjksjs tbj djsarj cer hk`gjrs te irkh tbkt rjwkrd hjcerj at as

ielj. Bewjvjr, tbj iekm watb tbas typj ec `rewdculdali as te hetb rjwkrd delers cer tbjar pkrtaàpktael

kld jlèurkij tbjar alvemvjfjlt al tbj preoj`t. Tbjrj as k ferkm ehmaiktael te prevadj tbj prefasjd

rjwkrd, hut le èltrk`tukm ehmaiktaels krj `rjktjd.


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Xjwkrds ̀ rewdculdali as baibmy jxahmj kld kmmews tbj ̀ kfpkail eraialkter te ̀ rjktj k sjrajs ec rjwkrds

tbkt kppjkm te dajrjlt deler djfeirkpba`s kld alèfj mjvjms. Pal`j ̀ kfpkails krj erikla`, tbj spel-

ser ̀ kl kdd ljw rjwkrds, ̀ bklij fjsskiali, er ̀ bklij k vadje durali tbj ̀ kfpkail, prk`ta`js tbkt krj

usukmmy ammjikm al jquaty trklsk`taels, ks jxpmkaljd hjmew. Hy `rjktali ulaquj rjwkrds, kl eriklazktael

`kl kmail tbj rjwkrds watb ats fassael kld `rjktj ulaquj predu`ts er jxpjrajl`js te kppjkm te tkrijtjd

deler ireups wbamj rjalceràli ats hrkld fjsskiali. Delktael kld rjwkrds `rewdculdali kmse kvead

tbj stjjp èfpmakl`j èsts kld mjikm rasgs ksseàktjd watb jquaty-hksjd `rewdculdali. Hj`kusj at asfkalmy ulrjiumktjd imehkmmy, tbas cerf ec `rewdculdali as kmse tbj jksajst te prefetj al tjrfs ec seàkm

al`musavaty, al tbkt at kmmews klyelj te pat`b kl adjk er prj-sjmm k predu`t te tbjar èffulaty kld rkasj

culds watbeut ullj`jsskramy `rjktali mjikm er èfpmakl`j assujs.

”^rj-Pkmj‖ @rewdculdali Fedjms

K vkraktael ec rjwkrds `rewdculdali as k fedjm al wba`b kl eriklazktael er jltrjprjljur ejrs k pred-

u`t cer skmj hjcerj ats fkluck`turj tbreuib k prj-skmj `rewdculdali `kfpkail. Tbj jltrjprjljur tjsts

tbj fkrgjt ‐ ”Ac A huamd at, wamm yeu huy at5‖ ‐ watbeut èffattali tbj upcrelt fkrgjtali, predu`tael, kld

dastrahutael èsts rjquarjd te cummy èffjràkmazj k ljw predu`t. Pefj ec tbj fest su``jsscum prj-skmjpreoj`ts usjd `kfpkails te semaàt let elmy `kpatkm hut kmse cjjdhk`g cref èltrahuters, wba`b wks

alèrperktjd alte tbj predu`t djsail kld fkrgjtali. Pefj rj`jlt `kfpkails, magj tbj ^jhhmj Tafj

sfkrtwkt`b, rkasjd fammaels ec demmkrs, jssjltakmmy culdali tbj pre`jss ec tkgali k pretetypj alte pre-

du`tael.3 Jltrjprjljurs tbkt rul su``jsscum prj-skmj `kfpkails ikal k strelijr bkld wbamj ljietaktali

watb alvjsters, wbamj alvjsters `kl mewjr tbjar rasgs hy fkgali alvjstfjlts al predu`ts tbkt bkvj hjjl

vkmadktjd hy ùstefjrs.

Djht kld Jquaty @rewdculd Alvjstali

Djht kld jquaty `rewdculd alvjstali krj dastal`t cref delktael/rjwkrds/prj-skmj fedjms al tbkt jl-

tatajs krj mjikmmy kmmewjd te assuj sbkrjs, helds, er djht alstrufjlts, wbamj pkrtaàpklts bkvj tbj ep-

pertulaty te pret cref tbjar alvjstfjlts rktbjr tbkl safpmy prevadj lklàkm suppert cer tbj preoj`t,

eriklazktael, er rf sjjgali culdali.

Djht/Fala-held @rewdculdali

Ybjrj de sfkmm fkluck`turjrs er jltrjprjljurs turl cer djht lkl`j kctjr tbjy bkvj jxbkustjd fa-

`rejltjrprasj mjldali ckàmatajs5 Al fest `ksjs, hklgs kld etbjr alstatutaels wamm let mjld te k fa`rejl-

tjrprasj (ac kt kmm) ultam tbjy bkvj k fumta-yjkr trk`g rjèrd ec pesatavj jkrlalis ‐ al etbjr werds, kctjr tbj

ljjd cer irewtb `kpatkm as evjr. Jvjl cer trkdataelkm, su``jsscum PFJs ldali k``jss te wergali `kpatkm er

jxpklsael `kpatkm as k saila`klt `bkmmjlij. Djht `rewdculdali as jfjriali ks k fj`bklasf cer sfkmm

jltjrprasjs te rj`javj djht ̀ kpatkm cer irewtb, alvjltery, er ̀ ksb rjsjrvjs kld ̀ eumd jvemvj ks kl afper-

tklt pkrt ec tbj culdali `y`mj cer allevktael al jfjriali fkrgjts.

3 bttps?//www.ga`gstkrtjr.èf/preoj`ts/:19:>9>;2/pjhhmj-j-pkpjr-wkt`b-cer-apbelj-kld-kldread.


24/84


Al djht-hksjd `rewdculdali, aldavadukms mekl feljy te jatbjr etbjr aldavadukms (^8^) er te sfkmm husa-

ljssjs (^8H). Tbj djht pmktcerfs s`rjjl tbj kppma`klts, uldjrwratj tbj mekls, kssail altjrjst rktjs (usu-

kmmy hksjd el kl ku`tael haddali ec altjrjst rktjs hjtwjjl wammali mjldjrs), kld tbjl `rjktj kl ku`tael

fkrgjt wbjrj alvjsters krj khmj te sjj kvkamkhmj mekls kld suppmy pkrts ec tbj tetkm mekl kfeult te tbj

preoj`ts er husaljssjs. ^8^ pmktcerfs culd jvjrytbali cref djht èlsemadktael, te befj afprevjfjlt,

te mjksjs, te rjkm jstktj, kld jvjl èmmjij tuatael.

Tbjsj pmktcerfs krj irewali rkpadmy k`ress tbj wermd kld bkvj k`bajvjd hammaels ec demmkrs al trklsk`-

taels. Cer jxkfpmj, al 8>;0 Mjldali@muh eraialktjd evjr ZP$ ; hammael al ulsjùrjd mekls cref èlsuf-

jrs. Lerfkmmy, ulsjùrjd mekls èfj kt k baibjr djckumt rktj, hut kt tbj 8>;4 Mjldat @elcjrjl`j al Pkl

Crklàsè at wks sbewl tbkt tbj djckumt rktjs el tbjsj mekls wjrj le irjktjr tbkl trkdataelkm mekls kld

tbjy bkvj k baibjr yajmd. Tbj su``jsscum alatakm puhma` ejralis (AÊs) ec Mjldali@muh kld ElDj`g cur-

tbjr djfelstrktj tbj k``jptkl`j ec tbjsj lklàli pmktcerfs.

@efpklajs kld aldavadukms tbkt usj djht-hksjd `rewdculdali rjpert tbkt tbj s`rjjlali kld uldjr-

wratali pre`jss as ckstjr tbkl trkdataelkm mekl uldjrwratali. Tbas fky hj pkrtaùmkrmy hjljàkm te rfs

tbkt etbjrwasj weumd bkvj te turl te jxpjlsavj rj`javkhmjs dasèultali cer tbj ckstjst kpprevkm wbjlsjjgali `kpatkm. Al èultrajs magj @bamj, wbjrj fkly PFJs ljjd te lkl`j tbjar wergali `kpatkm el `rjdat

al erdjr te stky al husaljss kld k mktj pkyfjlt as k rjksel cer hklgrupt`y, tbas èumd hj tbj dajrjl`j

hjtwjjl macj kld djktb.

Al tbj ZPK, `rjdat alcerfktael as usjd te predu`j CA@E `rjdat sèrali, wba`b as usjd cer jvkmuktael kld

rasg kssjssfjlt wbjl prevadali ulsjùrjd mekls.9 Tbas kssurjs tbkt ieed herrewjrs ijt culdjd, kld

jlsurjs tbj qukmaty ec tbj kssjts tbkt krj al turl huldmjd kld semd ks sjùratajs te alstatutaelkm alvjsters

ks mew-rasg sjùratajs. Ljw elmalj pmktcerfs krj mjvjrkiali kmm kvkamkhmj alcerfktael el petjltakm herrew-

jrs al erdjr te kssjss tbjar `rjdatwertbaljss.

Mkrij alstatutaelkm ireups kmse pkrtaàpktj al tbjsj fkrgjts hy pur`bksali mekl pertcemaes er hy tkgali

pertaels ec k mkrij lufhjr ec mekls (tbj stru`turj ec jk`b krrklijfjlt as ljietaktjd hjtwjjl tbj

lklàkm alstatutael, precjssaelkm kdvasers, kld alvjsters). Elj ec tbj haiijst `bkmmjlijs al tbj djht

`rewdculdali fkrgjt as tbkt tbj djfkld cer mekls lew jx`jjds tbj suppmy ec alvjsters. Tbjrj as epta-

fasf tbkt tbas wamm hj rjsemvjd ks tbj fkrgjt jvemvjs kld fkturjs kld ks alvjster kwkrjljss ec djht-

hksjd `rewdculdali irews kld alstatutaelkm alvemvjfjlt kmse al`rjksjs.

Djht `rewdculdali wamm kppjkm fkalmy te husaljssjs tbkt bkvj ùstefjrs kld `ksb ew. At fky kmse

hjljt rjtkam husaljssjs sjjgali sbert-tjrf mekls. Tbj hjljt ec sjjgali tbas typj ec `kpatkm vak `rewd-

culdali fky hj mewjr yajmds kld irjktjr ùstefjr jlikijfjlt (”A‑f deali fy pkrt te bjmp fy èf-

fulaty husaljss‖). ^mktcerfs al tbj spk`j krj ceùsjd el uldjrwratali hj`kusj tbjy uldjrstkld tbas

fkrgjt as irewali rkpadmy, hut ac tbj uldjrwratali as peer, tbj qukmaty kld yajmds wamm sujr. K`èrdali

te @bkrmjs Femdew ec Ceuldktael @kpatkm, tbas èumd hjèfj k ZP$ ; trammael imehkm fkrgjt watbal ;>

9 bttp?//www.è.èf/jl/.


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yjkrs,2 kl jlerfeus iurj tbkt weumd stamm elmy rjprjsjlt ; pjr`jlt ec tbj ZP$ ;>> trammael imehkm djht

fkrgjt.1

Al @bamj, at fky hj prjcjrkhmj te `rjktj k predu`t tbkt k`ts magj djht hut as k`tukmmy stru`turjd ferj magj k

held. Tbas ̀ eumd rjsemvj tbj assuj ck`jd hy etbjr ̀ eultrajs al wba`b djht ̀ rewdculdali pmktcerfs bemd

culds er fkgj mekls tbkt ckmm watbal hklgali rjiumktaels tbkt prebahat kly èfpkly, etbjr tbkl k hklg,

te bkvj ùstedy ec `majlt culds. Tbas as dasùssjd al irjktjr djtkam mktjr al tbas rjpert.

Jquaty @rewdculdali

Yatb tbj èmmkpsj ec imehkm fkrgjts al 8>>2 kld tbj taibtjlali ec hklg mjldali kld jkrmy stkij lkl`j,

`rewdculd alvjstali bks jfjrijd ks k rehust kmtjrlktavj te etbjr cerfs ec trkdataelkm lkl`j cer stkrt-

ups kld PFJs. Tbas fedjm alvemvjs tbj skmj ec k sjùratajs alstrufjlt (ste`g) al k èfpkly tbreuib k

rjiumktjd, elmalj pmktcerf. Ybjtbjr lklàli kl aldavadukm èfpkly, er lklàli k mkrijr fjdaktali

eriklazktael, `rewdculd alvjstali `kl rkasj fammaels ec demmkrs rkpadmy cref k dastrahutjd hksj ec alvjs-

ters. Zlmagj delktael er rjwkrds `rewdculdali, tbj pur`bksjr ec tbj sjùraty wamm jxpj`t sefj gald ec

lklàkm ikal cref tbj trklsk`tael.

Ks k rjsumt ec tbj saila`klt culds ewali alte `kfpkails watb irjkt adjks, kld tbj su``jss ec rjwkrds

kld prj-skmj `rewdculdali, jltrjprjljurs kld ievjrlfjlts kmagj krj rjèilazali tbj petjltakm cer

ldali alvjsters tbreuib tbjar ljtwergs ec rjmktaelsbaps te rkasj `kpatkm kld kmail meli-tjrf altjrjsts

hy sjmmali jquaty al k vjlturj. Cer jkrmy stkij vjlturjs, jquaty ̀ rewdculdali as tbj jquavkmjlt ec fevali

tbj ”crajlds kld ckfamy‖ reuld ec lklàli elmalj kld al`mudali let oust crajlds kld ckfamy, hut kmse ”cem-

mewjrs kld ckls.‖ At `kl kmse hj k suhstatutj er èfpmjfjlt te klijm alvjstali.

Ks kl kmtjrlktavj, sefj ireups prjcjr te iavj kwky jquaty er tkgj eut mekls rktbjr tbkl damutj ewljrsbap

hy tkgali el alvjsters. At `kl hj k èfpmjfjlt te klijm alvjstali wbjl tbj klijm alvjsters rjquarj tbjèfpkly te djfelstrktj fkrgjt k``jptkl`j hy sbewali su``jss al `rewdculdali. Klijm ljtwergs,

vjlturj `kpatkm (S@) rfs, pravktj jquaty rfs, kld bjdij culds krj kmm jxpjrafjltali watb `rewdculd-

ali. Pefj klijm ljtwergs, magj KlijmMast, bkvj ̀ rjktjd tbjar ewl pmktcerfs ‐ wba`b hmurs tbj heuldkrajs

hjtwjjl tbjsj cerfs ec jkrmy alvjstali. Cer jltrjprjljurs kld sfkmm jltjrprasjs, `rewdculdali pmkt-

cerfs mewjr tbj hkrrajrs rjquarjd cer tbjf te ejr jquaty sbkrjs al tbjar èfpklajs, tbjrjhy jlbkl`-

ali tbjar k``jss te `kpatkm. Hraliali tbj pre`jss ec rkasali culds elmalj al`rjksjs tbj peem ec alvjsters,

jlèurkijs tbj usj ec èffel pmktcerfs kld stkldkrdazjd das`mesurjs, spjjds tbj culdali macj`y`mj,

kld `rjktjs sbkrjd rjpesaterajs ec alcerfktael tbkt `kl hj k``jssjd kt kly tafj hy alvjsters er jltrj-

prjljurs.

Jquaty-hksjd `rewdculdali kmse bks kl afpertklt remj te pmky al suppertali jltrjprjljursbap kld jf-

pmeyfjlt `rjktael al djvjmepali èultrajs. Dktk èmmj`tjd hy @rewdculd @kpatkm Kdvasers sbew tbkt

`rewdculdali hy fa`rejltjrprasjs mjkds te rkpad al`rjksjs al rjvjluj kld `rjktjs jfpmeyfjlt, el

2 bttp?//www.mjldat.è/kssjts/prjsjltktaels/@bkrmjs-Femdew-Ceuldktael-@kpatkm-MjldAt-8>;4.pdc.

1 bttp?//www.hmeefhjri.èf/ljws/krta`mjs/8>;4->0->1/imehkm-djht-jx`jjds-;>>-trammael-ks-ievjrlfjlts-halij-has-skys.


26/84


kvjrkij hy 8.8 ljw jfpmeyjjs tbj yjkr cemmewali k su``jsscum `kfpkail.;> Jkrmy dktk kmse sbew tbkt

wefjl kld fjl krj jqukmmy jj`tavj kt fjjtali tbjar iekms el ̀ rewdculdali preoj`ts.;; Tbas suiijsts

tbkt `rewdculdali hy kld cer wefjl `kl hj k gjy fj`bklasf cer `bklljmali culds te wefjl-rul/

ewljd jltjrprasjs, jspjàkmmy al krjks ec tbj wermd wbjrj wefjl fky hj me`gjd eut ec `kpatkm fkrgjts

hj`kusj ec trkdataelkm husaljss prk`ta`js.

Eriklazktaels tbkt cestjr jltrjprjljursbap er ceùs el jèlefa` eppertulaty sbeumd hj kwkrj tbkttbjsj ljw fedjms fky kttrk`t alvjsters cref eutsadj tbjar èultry er rjiael, ejrali k `bkl`j te rj-

`ruat tbesj alvjsters te prefetj tbj eppertulaty kld bjmp rj`ruat curtbjr ljw alvjsters. Pu`b seàkm

lklàli wks jatbjr let pessahmj er jvjl ammjikm ultam rj`jlt rjiumktery `bklijs epjljd tbj deer te

jquaty-hksjd `rewdculdali al fkly èultrajs kreuld tbj wermd.

;> @rewdculd @kpatkm Kdvasers (8>;4), Bew Dejs @rewdculdali Afpk`t Oeh @rjktael, @efpkly Xjvjluj & ̂ recjssaelkm AlvjsterAltjrjst, bttp?//`rewdculd`kpatkmkdvasers.èf/ljws/prjss-rjmjksjs/;94-`rewdculd-sailkms.btfm.

;; Dkl Fkref, Kmaàk Xehh kld Ermy Pkdj (8>;0), ”Ijldjr Dylkfa`s al @rewdculdali? Jvadjl`j el Jltrjprjljurs, Alvjsters, kldDjkms cref Ga`gstkrtjr,‖ pkpjr prjsjltjd kt Hjrgjmjy K`kdjfa` Pyfpesauf el @rewdculdali Xjsjkr`b, E`tehjr ;3.


27/84


Tbj Cmew ec @kpatkm al Jquaty

kld Djht @rewdculdali

Tbj wkys al wba`b `kpatkm ews al jquaty kld djht `rewdlklàli fedjms vkry sefjwbkt kld krj ammustrktjd

hjmew?

Jquaty s`jlkrae

K èfpkly masts ats ejrali (tbj kfeult at as sjjgali te rkasj kld tbj pjr`jltkij ec jquaty ejrjd) el

k rjiastjrjd `rewdculdali pertkm kctjr at fjjts kmm rjquarjfjlts (assujr vjra`ktael kld hk`gireuld

`bj`g, deùfjlt damaijl`j ̀ bj`g, usj ec pre`jjds, kld se el). Tbj ̀ rewd fkgjs vkryali lklàkm ̀ ef-

fatfjlts te alvjst (leta`j sjlt te `rewdculdali pertkm) kld feljy as trklscjrrjd te kl js`rew kijlt.

Ybjl ;>> pjr`jlt ec tbj culdali tkrijt as rjk`bjd, feljy as trklscjrrjd cref tbj js`rew kijlt te tbj

èfpkly. Tbj èfpkly assujs sbkrjs te alvjsters cer tbjar pertaels ec tbj jquaty pur`bksjd. Zpel jxat,

sbkrjbemdjrs rj`javj tbjar jquaty pjr`jltkij ec tbj vkmuj ec tbj èfpkly.

$8>,>>> $8>,>>> $8>,>>> $8>,>>> $8>,>>>

8>% MM@ALTJXJPT

8>% MM@ALTJXJPT

8>% MM@ALTJXJPT

8>% MM@ALTJXJPT

8>% MM@ALTJXJPT

@XEYCZLDALIÊXTKM

@EF^KLQ

$;>>,>>>


28/84


Djht/held s`jlkrae

K èfpkly masts ats ejrali, tbj kfeult at as sjjgali te rkasj, kld tbj altjrjst rktj ejrjd el k rjiastjrjd

`rewdculdali pertkm. Kctjr at fjjts kmm rjquarjfjlts, assujr vjra`ktael kld hk`gireuld `bj`g, deùfjlt

damaijl`j ̀ bj`g, usj ec pre`jjds, kld se el, tbj `rewd fkgjs vkryali lklàkm èffatfjlts te alvjst (leta`j

sjlt te `rewdculdali pertkm) kld feljy as trklscjrrjd te kl js`rew kijlt. Ybjl ;>> pjr`jlt ec tbj culdali

tkrijt as rjk`bjd, feljy as trklscjrrjd cref tbj js`rew kijlt te tbj èfpkly. Tbj èfpkly assujs letjs tealvjsters cer tbjar pertaels ec tbj mekl sjrva`jd.

Djht/held rjpkyfjlt s`jlkrae

K èfpkly fkgjs rjiumkr pralàpkm kld altjrjst pkyfjlts te tbj js`rew kijlt. Ybjl culds krj rj`javjd tbj

pertkm rj`javjs leta`j. Tbj pertkm alstru`ts tbj js`rew kijlt te dastrahutj tbj pralàpkm kld altjrjst pkyfjlts

te mekl prevadjrs.

@XEYCZLDALIÊXTKM

$;>>,>>>

^XEFAPPEXQ

LETJ$ ;>>,>>>

$8>,>>>^XEFAPPEXQ

LETJ$ 8>,>>>

$8>,>>>

̂ X E F

A P P E X

Q

L E T J

$

8 > , > >

>

$8>,>>>

^ X E F A P P E X Q L E T J $ 8 > , > > >

$8>,>>>

^ X E F A P P E X Q L E T J $ 8 > , > > >

$8>,>>>

̂ X E F

A P P E X

Q

L E T J

$ 8 > , >

> >

@EF^KLQ


29/84


Ybjrj @rewdculdali Catsal tbj @kpatkm Ptk`g

@rewdculdali kddrjssjs k saila`klt ikp al tbj pravktj `kpatkm fkrgjts al @bamj tedky. Ybamj @bamj bks sefj

ec tbj fest allevktavj preirkfs cer prevadali k``jss te `kpatkm al Mktal Kfjra`k, cer fkly husaljssjs at rj-

fkals k saila`klt `bkmmjlij te rkasj `kpatkm te stkrt er irew. Cer ievjrlfjlt preirkfs, at fky e``ksaelkmmy

hj `bkmmjliali, djspatj tbjar hjst jerts, te djmavjr `kpatkm te PFJs. Ptru`turkmmy, kletbjr assuj as tbkt sefj

PFJs kld stkrtups `kllet fjjt tbj uldjrwratali `ratjrak ec mkrij lklàkm alstatutaels. Jvjl ac tbjy krj khmj te,

tbjsj lktaelkm er rjiaelkm lklàkm alstatutaels ectjl bkvj daffùmty, djspatj tbjar hjst jerts, te djmavjr `kpatkm

@XEYCZLDALIÊXTKM

^&A^kyfjlts

^&A^kyfjlts

^&A^kyfjlts

^&A^kyfjlts

^&A^kyfjlts

^&A^kyfjlts

@EF^KLQ


30/84


jffàjltmy te aldavadukm husaljssjs. Tbas as let k pjrcerfkl`j `bkmmjlij el tbj pkrt ec alstatutaels hut, al fest

`ksjs as k s`kmj `bkmmjlij, al tbkt dastrahutali er alvjstali buldrjds ec fammaels ec demmkrs al ZP$ ;>>,>>>-sazjd

alvjstfjlts prjsjlts saila`klt meiasta`km ehstk`mjs. Al tbj @bamjkl èltjxt, tbjsj mekls er alvjstfjlts krj

usukmmy sfkmmjr. K`èrdali te @erce‑s CEIKAL @rjdat Iukrkltjj dktk cref tbj @bamjkl Falastry ec Jèlefy, tbj

kvjrkij mekl kfeult uldjr tbas ckàmaty as ~ZP$ 0;,>>> pjr èfpkly. Tbas as cer rfs watb rjvjlujs ks baib

ks ZC ;>>,>>>.;8 Altjrljt kld fehamj tj`blemeiy `kl lew kddrjss tbas ljjd al k ferj jffàjlt kld jj`tavj

wky. @rewdculdali kddrjssjs tbj culdali ikp hjtwjjl ”crajlds kld ckfamy lkl`j‖ kld ”precjssaelkm alvjs-ters,‖ er ferj ectjl, hjtwjjl ”crajlds kld ckfamy lkl`j‖ kld letbali. Tbas culdali ikp ljjd `kl hj sjjl al

tbj cemmewali irkpba`.

;8 Tbj Zladkd dj Cefjlte (ZC) as k lklàkm ulat ec k`èult usjd al @bamj. At kdousts k`èrdali te alktael.

Adjk/Al`jptael

C u l d a l i I k p

K f e u l t e c @

k p a t k m L j j d s $

@rewdculdali

Alvjstali = ZP$;F

El`j adjks bkvj fjt falafuf va-

khmj tjsts hy tbj `rewd er èffu-

laty kl jquaty er djht-hksjd `rewd-

culdali `kfpkail as kpprepraktj.

At wamm prevadj al`rjksjd `kpatkm

cer irewtb kld vjstjd altjrjst ec

suppertjrs. Klijms `kl kmse pmky kl

afpertklt remj bjrj.

Fkalstrjkf

Calklàli < ZP$;F

Kt tbas stkij, el`j adjks krj prevjl,

fedjms tjstjd kld ùstefjr altjr-

jst jlikijd, tbj rasg cer cemmew el,

mkrijr, ferj trkdataelkm `kpatkm cref

Klijm Alvjsters, Sjlturj @kpatkm. er

^ravktj Jquaty fky hj jlikijd.

Alstatutaelkm @kpatkm

@efpklajs tbkt bkvj prevjd

suffàjlt fkrgjt irewtb kld

trk`tael tbkt krj al`rjksalimy `kpatkm

altjlsavj fky hj khmj te sjjg

culdali cref alvjstfjlt hklgs kt

tbas stkij.

@rewdculdali = ZP$:>G

Delktael er pjrgs hksjd

`rewdculdali as k ieed t cer

adjk/al`jptael kld preec ec

èl`jpt/pretetypali.

At kmmews tbj èffulaty te

djàdj wba`b adjks krj wertb

culdali jkrmy el.

ê@/^retetypj Ptkrtup Jkrmy Irewtb Jxpklsael


31/84


Byhradazktael ec Culdali Sjba`mjs

Al tbj pkst, al fkly `ksjs k stra`t dastal`tael wks kppmajd te dajrjlt typjs ec alvjsters (klijms, vjlturj

`kpatkm, pravktj jquaty, kld se el). Ks ̀ rewdculdali hjèfjs ̀ effel prk`ta`j imehkmmy, at as hjèfali

kppkrjlt tbkt tbj Altjrljt kld `rewdculdali krj `rjktali allevktavj ljw wkys cer dajrjlt alvjster

typjs te èmmkherktj kld alvjst ferj jffàjltmy. Tbas as `rjktali byhrad cerfs ec lkl`j. Jxkfpmjs al-

`mudj?

n Jquaty ̀ rewdculdali prevadjs k wky cer prespj`tavj klijm alvjsters te alvjst al pravktj èfpklajs watb

mewjr kfeults tbkl al k typa`km klijm ireup. Tbas `kl prevadj k pmk`j te jxpjrafjlt kld mjkrl kheut

pravktj èfpkly alvjstfjlts kld stafumktj ferj altjrjst al klijm alvjstali.

n Klijm ireups krj sjldali sefj ec tbj rfs tbjy krj èlsadjrali cer alvjstfjlt te `rewdculdali

pmktcerfs te djfelstrktj predu`t-fkrgjt t, kld/er tbj khamaty te rkasj sefj crajlds kld ckfamy `kpatkm.

n Klijm ireups krj lew usali `rewdculdali pmktcerf tj`blemeiy pravktjmy te strjkfmalj damaijl`j,

deùfjlt pre`jssali, jltrjprjljur prjsjltktaels, djkm reefs, `bj`g pre`jssali, kld meli-tjrfjlikijfjlt watb jltrjprjljurs. Elj ec tbj ̀ bkmmjlijs ec klijm alvjstali ijljrkmmy as tbj cra`tael al tbj

trklsk`tael duj te tbj aldjpjldjlt k`taels ec aldavadukm klijms. Hy utamazali `rewdculdali tj`blemeiy,

tbjsj ireups `kl èltaluj te epjrktj al k pravktj, sjùrj, kld `mesjd jlvarelfjlt, wbamj hjljtali

cref tj`blemeiy te rjdu`j trklsk`tael cra`tael.;0

;0 bttp?//djkmheeg.lytafjs.èf/8>;4/>1/;2/̀ rewdculdali-satj-sjjdalvjst-stragjs-djkm-te-wadjl-ats-rjk`b/.


32/84


Imehkm Trjlds al tbj

Kdeptael ec @rewdculdali

Zlatjd Galidef

Kt tbj tafj ec wratali, tbj fest sepbasta`ktjd `rewdculdali jèsystjf jxasts al tbj Zlatjd Galidef.

Tbj fkal rjksel cer tbas as tbkt, rktbjr tbkl evjr-rjiumktj tbj aldustry kt tbj eutsjt, pema`yfkgjrs kld

rjiumkters kirjjd te mjt tbj fkrgjt jvemvj rst. Ks pmktcerfs ikaljd trk`tael kld vemufj, tbj Zlatjd

Galidef‑s `rewdculdali aldustry kpprek`bjd tbj rjiumkters watb k pmkl te rjiumktj at al k wky tbkt

wks dktk altjlsavj kld prjs`raptavjmy maibt teu`b. Tbas fjklt tbkt k`èultkhamaty wks djpjldjlt el tbj

trklspkrjl`y ec tbj ejrali sterjd al k daiatkm ceetpralt. Yatb rjkdy k``jss te kmm tbj alcerfktael kld

dktk kheut ejralis (hetb djht kld jquaty), tbj rjiumkters al tbj Zlatjd Galidef, ks wjmm ks tbj fkrgjtpkrtaàpklts (alvjsters kld assujrs), bkd tbj èldjl`j te kmmew tbj fkrgjt te jvemvj.

Ks k rjsumt, 8>;4 skw tbj haiijst yjkr cer `rewdculdali al tbj Zlatjd Galidef, watb £09 fammael de-

lktjd vak delktael kld pjrgs-hksjd `rewdculdali pmktcerfs (up 48 pjr`jlt cref 8>;0), £;;; fammael

alvjstjd vak jquaty-hksjd ̀ rewdculdali pmktcerfs (up 0>> pjr`jlt cref 8>;0), kld £;.9: hammael mekljd

vak djht-hksjd (hetb pjjr-te-pjjr kld pjjr-te-husaljss) `rewdculdali pmktcerfs (up 92 pjr`jlt sal`j

8>;0).;4 Pefj ec tbj mjkdali pmktcerfs al tbj Zlatjd Galidef krj Culdali @ar`mj (^8H), Mjldali @muh

(^8^), kld @rewd@uhj (jquaty).

Zlatjd Ptktjs

Ybamj tbj Zlatjd Galidef bks tbj fest djvjmepjd `rewdculdali jèsystjf, tbj Zlatjd Ptktjs mjkds

tbj wermd al hetb tbj sazj kld s`kmj ec delktael kld pjrgs-hksjd ̀ rewdculdali, watb mjkdali pmktcerfs

Ga`gstkrtjr kld Aldajieie. Al 8>;4, Ga`gstkrtjr kmelj bkd 0.0 fammael pjepmj imehkmmy pmjdij ferj tbkl

bkmc k hammael demmkrs. Tbj culds hreuibt evjr 88,8:> preoj`ts te macj. Al tbj djht-hksjd spk`j, ̂ respjr kld

Mjldali @muh fkdj buij stradjs al tbj ^8^ fkrgjt, mjldali evjr ZP$ : hammael al ulsjùrjd mekls,;:

kld ^8H mjldali stkrtjd te ikal trk`tael watb pmktcerfs magj Culdali @ar`mj ZPK, Gkhhkij, kld ElDj`g.

Jquaty `rewdculdali skw ats rst rjkm yjkr ec k`tavaty watb tbj su``jsscum mkul`b ec k``rjdatjd alvjster

`rewdculdali, etbjrwasj glewl ks :>3(`) al E`tehjr 8>;0. K`èrdali te Zlatjd Ptktjs Pjùratajs kld

;4 Xehjrt Ykrdrep, Hrykl _bkli, Xkibkvjldrk Xku kld Fak Irky (8>;:), Fevali Fkalstrjkf? Tbj Jurepjkl KmtjrlktavjCalkl`j Hjl`bfkrgali Xjpert, bttp?//www.ohs.`kf.k`.ug/mjkdfal/usjrUupmekd/rjsjkr`b/`jltrjs/kmtjrlktavj-lkl`j/

dewlmekds/8>;:-ug-kmtjrlktavj-lkl`j-hjl`bfkrgali-rjpert.pdc.

;: Bjktbjr Pefjrvammj (8>;4), ”Mjldali @muh Mekls Jx`jjd $: Hammael‖, Pamaèl Hjkt, Oumy 2, bttp?//www.samaèlhjkt.èf/8>;4/>9/>2/ mjldali-`muh-mekls-jx`jjd-:-hammael/7 Heh âskla (8>;4), ”^8^ Mjldali Pte`gs Ejr Xjwkrds kld Xasgs‖, @LH@, ;> Dj`jfhjr,

bttp?//www.`lh`.èf/ad/;>88:3:30#.


33/84


Jx`bklij @effassael (PJ@) malis, evjr ZP$ 092 fammael wks trklsk`tjd al tbj rst ;8 feltbs ec k`-

`rjdatjd alvjster ̀ rewdculdali. Xjpertali el tbj rjsumts ec tbj rst yjkr jquaty ̀ rewdculdali pmktcerf,

EjrHekrd skad?

Tbj kdvjlt ec tbj :>3(`) puhma`kmmy kdvjrtasjd pravktj pmk`jfjlt bks irkdukmmy hjiul te bkvj sjvjrkm saila-

`klt jj`ts el tbj evjrkmm pravktj pmk`jfjlt fkrgjt. Tbj lufhjr ec k``rjdatjd alvjsters alvjstali al pravktj

pmk`jfjlts bks al`rjksjd, ks bks tbj lufhjr ec ejralis, yjt tbj evjrkmm vemufj ec `kpatkm rkasjd as festmyul`bklijd èfpkrjd te bastera` kvjrkijs. Tbj rktae ec k``rjdatjd te ulk``rjdatjd alvjsters bks smaibtmy dj-

`maljd. Tbj usj ec altjrfjdakrajs rjfkals al malj watb bastera` kvjrkijs. Kt tbas stkij, Tatmj AA ec tbj OEHP K@T bks

let saila`kltmy dasruptjd tbj fkrgjts er rjvemutaelazjd `kpatkm rkasali al tbj Z.P., yjt at bks al`rjksjd k``jss

cer hetb alvjsters kld jfjriali irewtb èfpklajs.;3

Ybamj jquaty ̀ rewdculdali cer ulk``rjdatjd alvjsters wks sailjd alte mkw hy ̂ rjsadjlt Ehkfk al 8>;8,

tbj PJ@ bks hjjl smew te assuj tbj lkm rumjs. Al tbj fjkltafj, tbjrj bks hjjl `rataàsf ec tbj PJ@ cer

evjr-rjiumktael, hurjku`rk`y, kld èfpmakl`j èsts huamt alte tbj jxastali rumjs. Tbj cumm afpk`t ec PFJ

usj ec `rewdculdali te sjjg `kpatkm cref klyelj (suhoj`t te alèfj er ljt wertb rumjs) bks yjt te hj

cjmt.

Hrajc Evjrvajw ec @rewdculdali al Pjmj`tjd @eultrajs

Atkmy

Kctjr tbj Zlatjd Ptktjs, Atkmy wks tbj ljxt èultry te ie mavj watb jquaty `rewdculdali, hut ats crkfj-

werg as bjkvamy rjiumktjd kld lkrrew al ats kppma`khamaty 7 cer alstkl`j, elmy tj`blemeiy ̀ efpklajs qukmacy

cer ̀ rewdculdali, ̀ efpklajs fust hj ec k `jrtkal kij, tbjrj fust hj k ^bD el tbj fklkijfjlt tjkf,

ks wjmm ks etbjr rjquarjfjlts. Ks k rjsumt, ̀ rewdculdali bks yjt te tkgj e kld, se ckr, elmy elj ̀ efpkly

bks rkasjd feljy uldjr tbj ùrrjlt jxjfptael. Kt tbj jld ec 8>;4, tbj ievjrlfjlt rjjxkfaljd kld

rjmkxjd sefj ec tbjsj rjstra`taels, hut let jleuib te ailatj alvjsters kld jltrjprjljurs te tbj usj ec

tbas ljw lklàkm teem.

Fkmkysak

Al mktj 8>;:, Fkmkysak wamm hj tbj rst èultry al Ksak kld tbj rst djvjmepali jèlefy te ie mavj watb

jquaty `rewdculdali. Xjiumkters usjd k systjfkta` kpprek`b te jlikij kmm stkgjbemdjrs wbamj `rkctali

ats pema`y kld bemdali jvjlts watb imehkm jxpjrts te sbkrj hjst prk`ta`js kld mjssels mjkrljd. Fkmkysak

dad let rjstra`t tbj typjs ec husaljssjs tbkt èumd mjvjrkij `rewdculdali kld bks hjjl `krjcum let te

evjrhurdjl su``jsscum èfpklajs watb èfpmakl`j èsts.

;3 bttp?//www.ejrhekrd.èf/wbatjpkpjr.ksp.


34/84


Fjxaè

Fjxaè as kl jxkfpmj ec k Mktal Kfjra`kl èultry tbkt bks èldu`tjd rjsjkr`b el `rewdculdali, kld

as lew hjiallali te turl te tbj qujstael ec rjiumktael kld jdu`ktael watb tbj kssastkl`j ec Klkbuk`

Zlavjrsaty, tbj Altjr-Kfjra`kl Djvjmepfjlt Hklg, kld @rewdculd @kpatkm Kdvasers. At as jfhkrgali el k

twe-yjkr preirkf te alùhktj, jdu`ktj, jvemvj, kld s`kmj `rewdculdali al Fjxaè.

Asrkjm

Ybamj ulk``rjdatjd `rewdculdali as stamm al k rjiumktery `rjktael `y`mj al Asrkjm, k``rjdatjd `rewdculd-

ali bks kmrjkdy tkgjl e. Eur@rewd, tbj mjkdali jquaty `rewdculdali pmktcerf al Asrkjm, bks tkgjl k

byhrad kpprek`b te `rewdculdali. Ats fedjm as vjry fu`b magj k vjlturj `kpatkm rf? at pjrcerfs duj

damaijl`j, kld mjkd alvjsts al djkms. Bewjvjr, at sylda`ktjs tbjsj djkms eut te daksperk alvjsters vak ats

`rewdculdali pmktcerf. At bks bkd fu`b su``jss, kld bks rkasjd tbj fest ec kly jquaty `rewdculdali

pmktcerf imehkmmy (ZP$ ;>> fammael) cer tbjar pertcemae èfpklajs. At bks cerfjd strktjia` pkrtljrsbaps

watb Certulj :>> èfpklajs, su`b ks IJ, kld bks sjjl tbj rst `rewdculd AÊ cer Xjwkmg, kl jxesgjm-jtel èfpkly.

Ljw _jkmkld

Ljw _jkmkld èfpjtjs cer `kpatkm kld tkmjlt watb ats ljaibher, Kustrkmak. Ybamj Kustrkmak wks tbj rst

èultry te mjkd watb jquaty `rewdculdali, preirjss bks stkmmjd, al pkrt hj`kusj ats `rewdculdali rumjs

krj hksjd el mkws tbkt wjrj let wrattjl jxprjssmy cer `rewdculdali. Elj jxkfpmj ec wbjrj tbjsj rumjs

krj let kdjquktj as tbj rjstra`tael el tbj lufhjr ec alvjsters (ùrrjltmy mafatjd te mjss tbkl :>). Ljw

_jkmkld mjkrljd cref tbj jaibt yjkrs ec `rewdculdali jxpjrajl`j al Kustrkmak, kddjd pjrspj`tavj cref

tbj ̀ rewdculdali crkfjwergs al tbj Zlatjd Ptktjs, kdeptjd tbj ”maibt-teu`b‖ kpprek`b cref tbj ZlatjdGalidef, kld `rjktjd k systjfkta` kpprek`b kpprepraktj cer ats alvjsters kld jltrjprjljurs. Yatb tbas

jxpjrajl`j, Ljw _jkmkld‑s rjiumkters `rjktjd k crkfjwerg cer sjùratajs-hksjd `rewdculdali tbkt as

hetb maibt teu`b al ats kpprek`b te rjiumktael wbamj jlsurali èfpmakl`j kld rehust alvjster pretj`-

tael vak tj`blemeiy kld das`mesurj rjquarjfjlts. Pal`j pkssali al Kuiust 8>;4, elj jquaty kld elj

djht pmktcerf bkvj mkul`bjd al Ljw _jkmkld, watb ferj al djvjmepfjlt. Al tbj rst 3 feltbs ec epjrk-

tael, tbjy bkvj rkasjd k èfhaljd tetkm ec evjr ZP$ 8: fammael vak `rewdculdali cref k èultry ec oust

4.4 fammael pjepmj.


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0


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TBJ@XEYDCZLDALI

J@EPQPTJF AL

@BAMJ


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Bew Dejs @bamj @efpkrj5

@rewdculd @kpatkm Kdvasers survjyjd aldavadukms cref ievjrlfjlt kld djvjmepfjlt eriklazktaels

ks wjmm ks jltrjprjljurs, alvjsters, kld etbjr `kpatkm fkrgjt k`ters te dasèvjr tbjar vajws el bew te

kpprek`b tbj afpmjfjltktael ec k `rewdculd alvjstali crkfjwerg al @bamj.;9 [ujstaels kddrjssjd

rjiumktery assujs, kttatudjs tewkrds jltrjprjljursbap kld rasg tkg ali, seàkm kld ùmturkm ck`ters, kld

tbj khamaty te ùmtavktj k hrekd-hksjd alvjstfjlt èffulaty. Bkvali klswjrs te kmm tbjsj qujstaels

dejs let lj`jsskramy iukrkltjj su``jss, hut at `kl bjmp te adjltacy assujs tbkt ljjd te hj kddrjssjd

al k su``jsscum afpmjfjltktael ec `rewdculdali7 cer alstkl`j, tbj ljjd cer ljw seàkm er jèlefa`

stru`turjs kld prk`ta`js te suppert rasg tkgali kld jltrjprjljursbap er te prefetj aldavadukm alvjs-

ters.

@efpkrali @bamj te etbjr jèlefajs tbkt bkvj rehust `rewdculdali jèsystjfs kmrjkdy al pmk`j

(tbkt as, watb `rewdculdali pmktcerfs pre`jssali ferj tbkl ZP$ ; hammael pjr yjkr al trklsk`taels),

@bamj bks 23 pjr`jlt ec kmm tbj vkrakhmjs lj`jsskry cer `rewdculdali te su``jjd. Tbas as k vjry pesatavj

ldali. Al pkrtaùmkr, @bamj bks kmfest kmm tbj tj`blemeiy kld rjiumktery vkrakhmjs lj`jsskry te fevj

cerwkrd watb k `rewdculdali crkfjwerg. Tbj haiijst hkrrajrs (kt 2> pjr`jlt ec tbj imehkm kvjrkij)

krj tbj ̀ umturkm vkrakhmjs lj`jsskry cer ̀ rewdculdali te su``jjd. Pal`j ̀ rewdculdali rjmajs el streli

seàkm ljtwergs kld trust, tbas èumd fjkl tbkt jvjl watb tbj raibt crkfjwerg al pmk`j, kdeptael ec

`rewdculdali al @bamj èumd hj smew. Bewjvjr, ̀ kpatkm sjjfs te hj al pmk`j (24 pjr`jlt skad at as kvkam-

khmj) te kmmew tbas fkrgjt te jvemvj sbeumd tbj raibt pema`y hj jlk`tjd.

Cer `rewdculdali te su``jjd, k streli, seàkmmy èllj`tjd jèsystjf as ljjdjd, ks wjmm ks k culdali

ikp. @rewdculdali rjsadjs elmalj kld mjvjrkijs tbj seàkm ljtwerg. @bamj bks k baib utamazktael ec

seàkm ljtwergs (2.3/;>) kld k baibjr utamazktael tbkl etbjr jèlefajs tbkt bkvj k rehust `rewdculd-

ali jèsystjf (2.0/;>). Xjikrdali tbj culdali ikp, tbj survjy dktk sbew tbas fky jxast, ks jkrmy stkij

vjlturj culds krj let pjr`javjd ks hjali k`tavj al @bamj (0.;/;>), sailkmali tbkt lklàli cer stkrtups

(3.1/;>) kld sfkmm husaljssjs (:.>/;>) ̀ efjs cref crajlds kld ckfamy ks eppesjd te ievjrlfjlts kld

hklgs.

@bamj bks irewtb eppertulatajs al rasg temjrkl`j al alvjstali (4.1/;>), trust hjtwjjl aldavadukms

(0.2/;>), kld kl k`tavj jkrmy stkij alvjstfjlt fjltkmaty (0.8/;>). Tbas èumd baldjr `rewdculdali er,

alstjkd, wbjl afpmjfjltjd, `rewdculdali èumd hj k `ktkmyst te bjmp afprevj tbjsj vkrakhmjs. Hj-

;9 @@K survjyjd ;9 @bamjkl aldavadukms rjprjsjltali gjy stkgjbemdjr ireups tbkt weumd hj afpk`tjd al k `rewdculdalijèsystjf? jltrjprjljurs, alùhkters, k``jmjrkters, klijm alvjsters, vjlturj `kpatkm, hklgali rjiumkters, sjùratajs rjiumkters,

pema`yfkgjrs, ievjrlfjlt effàkms, seàkm fjdak jxpjrts kld k`kdjfa`s. Caldalis cref tbas survjy wjrj èfpkrjd watb k

hrekdjr sjt ec imehkm dktk èfpamjd hy @@K. Xjsumts wjrj tkmmajd ks kvjrkijs (a.j. ;9 rjspelsjs el k s`kmj ec ; te ;>7 tbj suf

ec tbesj rjspelsjs davadjd hy ;9 jqukms tbj @bamjkl kvjrkij) kld èfpkrjd watb tbj cumm dktksjt. K ferj èfpmjtj dktksjt

ec @bamjkl rjspeldjlts weumd bkvj hjjl prjcjrkhmj hut, ljvjrtbjmjss, tbj rjsumts de sailkm spjà` ldalis watb k djirjj ec

èldjl`j.


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`kusj `rewdculdali bjmps prefetj jltrjprjljursbap kld allevktael al kl elmalj, trklspkrjlt sjt-

tali kfeli streli seàkm ljtwergs, ac @bamj `kl prefetj sefj wallali adjks tbkt bkvj tbj hk`gali

ec tbj `rewd, `rjktj k fjdak stery kreuld at, kld cestjr cemmew-el lklàli, at as magjmy tbkt tbas wamm

al`rjksj tbj kfeult ec rasg `kpatkm @bamjkls kmme`ktj cer `rewdculdali, al`rjksj trust kfeli pmkyjrs,

kld jlèurkij ferj jkrmy stkij alvjstfjlts.

Jlikiali Culdjrs kld Ptkgjbemdjrs

Yatb kl k`tavj kld irewali stkrtup ùmturj, streli Yjh tj`blemeiy utamazktael, epjlljss te ùmturkm

sbacts, kld ievjrlfjlt alstatutaels kmailjd watb `rjktali k suppertavj mjiasmktavj jlvarelfjlt, @bamj

`kl mjkd Mktal Kfjra`k al `rjktali k streli kld vahrklt `rewdculdali jèsystjf cer atsjmc, kld pe-

tjltakmmy hjèfj k buh cer `rewdculdali allevktael al tbj rjiael. @rewdculdali kmse ejrs tbj ep-

pertulaty te hetb k``jmjrktj gjy kld jfjriali sj`ters ec tbj jèlefy ks wjmm ks prevadj trkdataelkmmy

fkrialkmazjd ireups watb k``jss te kmtjrlktavj seur`js ec culdali. Cer tbas te e`ùr, gjy stkgjbemdjrs

fust hj jlikijd kld uldjrstkld bew `rewdculdali `kl hjljt tbjf.

At as let pessahmj te `rewdculd watbeut k `rewd, ler `kl k husaljss irew watbeut `kpatkm. Bjl`j at as

afpertklt te kmse uldjrstkld wbjrj trkdataelkm `kpatkm rjsadjs al tbj @bamjkl jèsystjf, tbj remj at bks

pmkyjd, tbj `bkmmjlijs at bks bkd, kld tbj eppertulatajs te altjirktj at watb `rewdculdali.

Ievjrlfjlt Culdali kld @erce

Tbj @erperkàðl dj Cefjlte dj mk ^redu`àðl dj @bamj, @erce, ejrs tbj cemmewali preirkfs tbreuib

ats Davasael ec Calklàli kld Alvjstfjlt?

n CEIKAL, Alvjstfjlt kld Irewtb `rjdat iukrkltjj s`bjfj,

n Puppert cer Futukm Iukrkltjj Peàjtajs,

n Culdali cer lelhklg altjrfjdakrajs, kld

n @rjdat maljs cer vjlturj `kpatkm culd fklkijrs.

Tbj Alvjstfjlt kld Irewtb @rjdat Iukrkltjj P`bjfj (CEIKAL) as k iukrkltjj culd fklkijd hy @erce

tbkt kddrjssjs tbj ikp al kvkamkhamaty ec èmmktjrkm rjquarjd hy PFJs. CEIKAL as kl epjl waldew wbjrj

rjiastjrjd lklàkm alstatutaels `kl `mkaf rjpkyfjlt el djckumtjd sbert-tjrf kld meli-tjrf mekls cer


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PFJs. Durali 8>;4, tbjrj wjrj 32,:0; epjrktaels ec iukrkltjj. Fa`re kld sfkmm husaljssjs k`èultjd

cer evjr 28 pjr`jlt ec tbj tetkm ec CEIKAL `rjdat iukrkltjj epjrktaels.

Futukm Iukrkltjj Peàjtajs (AIXs), `rjktjd al 8>>1 hy mkw 8>,;91, krj pravktj alstatutaels tbkt bjmp PFJs k`-

`jss lkl`j hy kddrjssali tbj mk`g ec èmmktjrkm rjquarjd hy lklàkm alstatutaels el mekl kppma`ktaels.

Tbj remj ec Futukm Iukrkltjj Peàjtajs as te s`rjjl kld kssjss tbj rasg ec k petjltakm herrewjr. Zpel

kpprevkm, tbj seàjtajs prevadj PFJs watb `jrta`ktjs tbkt `kl hj pmjdijd ks èmmktjrkm te k lklàkmalstatutael al erdjr te sjùrj k mekl kppma`ktael. Ac tbj jltjrprasj djckumts el ats djht, tbj iukrkltjj `kl

hj pkad eut watb rjseur`js cref tbj culd, wba`b bjmps te rjdu`j tbj djckumt rasg pjr`javjd hy `rjdaters.

Ks tbj AIX preirkf bks jvemvjd, @erce bks pmk`jd k baibjr afpertkl`j el èultjr-iukrkltjjs (kssjts

pmjdijd ks èmmktjrkm hy PFJs) te rjdu`j tbj djckumt rasg kld al erdjr te al`rjksj tbj davasahamaty kld

fehamaty ec tbj èmmktjrkm tbkt PFJs `kl pmjdij. Zldjr tbj mktjst `rjdat malj (AIX AS), @erce iukrkltjjs

tbj rjpkyfjlt ec tbj `jrta`ktjs assujd hy AIXs watb ats ewl culd, kld prevadjs k `rjdat ckàmaty malj te

jlsurj maquadaty.

Puppert cer lelhklg altjrfjdakrajs? @erce prevadjs `rjdat maljs te lelhklg lklàkm altjrfjdakrajs. Tbaspreirkf ùrrjltmy prevadjs culdali te fa`relkl`j alstatutaels kld `rjdat ulaels (@eepjrktavks dj

Kberre y @rádate).Ac sjùratajs-hksjd `rewdculdali wjrj te hjèfj cummy mjikmazjd al @bamj, at èumd hj

afkialjd tbkt at fky hj kpprepraktj cer @erce te èlsadjr al`mudali `rewdculdali watbal tbas typj ec

ckàmaty. Tbas weumd kppjkr te hj kmailjd watb tbj preirkf‑s iekm te hrali èfpjtatael te tbj ̀ rjdat fkr-

gjt hy prevadali culdali te kmtjrlktavj mjldjrs.

Etbjr Ievjrlfjlt Puppert ^reirkfs cer PFJs

Pjrètj`

Pjrvaàe dj @eepjrkàðl Tá`la`k (Pjrètj`) as k puhma` sjrva`j eriklazktael, pkrt ec tbj Falastry ec Jèl-

efy, tbkt ceùsjs el suppertali fa`rejltjrprasj. At prevadjs fa`rejltjrprasjs watb irklts, suppert sjr-

va`js te hemstjr tbjar fklkijfjlt kld altjrlkm `kpkàtajs, kld trkalali al dajrjlt fkttjrs su`b ks

fkrgjtali kld fklkijfjlt. Pjrètj` supperts tbj djvjmepfjlt ec fa`rejltjrprasjs watb mattmj er le

trk`tael al ferj trkdataelkm aldustrajs kld rjmktavjmy sfkmm s`kmj. Twe etbjr preirkfs at ejrs al`mudj?

n Jltrjprjljursbap sjjd ̀ kpatkm (j.i. irklts ec up te @M^ 0.: fammael) cer jltrjprjljurs watb husaljss adjks.

Tbas ckàmaty rjquarjs 8> pjr`jlt è-lklàli cref tbj jltrjprjljur, hut dejs let rjquarj k su``jsscum

”trk`g rjèrd‖ cref tbj jltrjprjljur).;2

n ”Khjok,‖ kletbjr allevktavj preirkf tbkt prevadjs sjjd `kpatkm te jltrjprjljurakm wefjl meegali te

afpmjfjlt husaljss pmkls.

;2 bttp?//4w.sjrètj`.`m/ r̂edu`tes/@kpatkmPjfammkUXjia%@0%H0lFjtrepematklk.kspx


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Al kddatael, Pjrètj` as rjspelsahmj cer afpmjfjltali tbj rj`jltmy `rjktjd @jltres dj Djskrremme dj Lj-

ieàes, wbesj djsail as fedjmjd el tbj su``jsscum jxpjrajl`j ec tbj Pfkmm Husaljss Djvjmepfjlt @jl-

tjrs al tbj Zlatjd Ptktjs. Pefj ec tbj husaljssjs tbas preirkf supperts faibt ̀ beesj te utamazj rjwkrd/

prjskmj hksjd ̀ rewdculdali (sfkmm-s`kmj preoj`ts er predu`ts), er jvjl ijt culds cref ̂ 8H pmktcerfs ks

pkrt ec tbjar culdrkasali strktjiy.

Ks pkrt ec kl altjirktjd `rewdculdali strktjiy, Pjrètj` fky kmse `beesj te ejr ats `majlts elmaljtrkalali el prjskmj kld rjwkrd-hksjd `rewdculdali. Tbjy faibt kmse prevadj cemmew-el culdali te

husaljssjs tbkt su``jsscummy rul `rewdculdali `kfpkails el rjèilazjd pmktcerfs (cer alstkl`j, Dkmj

Afpumse). Tbas weumd jlkhmj tbesj husaljssjs tbkt prevj trk`tael watb `majlts kld tbj `rewd te ikal

kddataelkm `kpatkm cref eriklazktaels magj Pjrètj`, wba`b fky al`rjksj tbjar kttrk`tavjljss te etbjr

precjssaelkm alvjsters. Tbj kfeults tbkt `kl hj rkasjd vak Dkmj Afpumse krj watbal tbj rklij ec suppert

tbkt husaljssjs `kl rj`javj cref Pjrètj` (~@M^ ; fammael er baibjr)

^mkl @

Al 8>;; ̂ re@bamj, tbj @bamjkl jxpert prefetael kijl`y, stkrtjd k pamet preirkf ̀ kmmjd ̂ mkl @,

;1

al wba`bhusaljssjs wjrj bjmpjd te rul `kfpkails el altjrlktaelkm rjwkrd/prjskmj-hksjd `rewdculdali pmkt-

cerfs, su`b ks Aldajieie kld Ga`gstkrtjr. Zldjr ^mkl @, ^re@bamj suppertjd jltrjprjljurs al?

n Pjmj`tali tbj raibt pmktcerfs cer tbjar `kfpkails (cer alstkl`j, sefj ZP-hksjd pmktcerfs rjquarjd k ZP

kddrjss er hklg k`èult)7

n ^reduàli vadjes te prefetj tbjar predu`ts7

n Djsailali k fkrgjtali strktjiy7 kld

n ^refetali tbjar predu`ts el seàkm ljtwergs kld tbreuib evjrsjks ^re@bamj eff`js kreuld tbj wermd.

^re@bamj kmse meegjd te rjdu`j sbappali èsts hy ejrali dasèults el sbappali cjjs tbreuib pkrtljr-

sbap watb `krie kar trklspertktael èfpklajs.

K`èrdali te ^re@bamj, ec tbj lalj husaljssjs tbkt pkrtaàpktjd al tbj pamet preirkf, tbrjj rkl su``jss-

cum `kfpkails (elj ec tbj jltrjprjljurs tbkt rjk`bjd ats culdali iekm el Ga`gstkrtjr ejrjd predu`ts

fkdj ec Kmpk`k weem cref Lertbjrl @bamj). ^re@bamj as ùrrjltmy rjdjsailali ^mkl @, kafali te alèrpe-

rktj at watbal k mkrijr alataktavj `kmmjd ”Daiatkm ^mktcerfs (^mktkcerfks Daiatkmjs)‖ tbkt wamm al`mudj, kmeli

watb altjrlktaelkm rjwkrd-hksjd pmktcerfs, etbjr ljtwergali pmktcerfs ejrjd hy tbj PHD@ Ljtwerg

ec tbj Kfjra`ks kld Altjr-Kfjra`kl Djvjmepfjlt Hklg, kld j-èffjr`j fkrgjtpmk`js, su`b ks jHky

kld Kmahkhk. ^re@bamj as kmse wergali al pkrtljrsbap watb tbj @bamjkl êst Eff`j (@errjes dj @bamj) te

ckàmatktj jxpert pre`jdurjs kld rjdu`j tbj èst cer djmavjrali tbj predu`ts uldjr k preirkf `kmmjd

”Jxpertk Cëàm.‖

;1 bttp?//www.pre`bamj.ieh.`m/pmkl`/.


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Alùhkters kld K``jmjrkters

Ks prjvaeusmy fjltaeljd, k irewali lufhjr ec aldavadukms krj tryali tbjar bklds kt jltrjprjljursbap kld

fkly krj sjjgali suppert cref puhma` kld pravktj alùhkters kld k``jmjrkters kreuld tbj èultry. Fest ec

tbjsj epjrktj al tbj skfj wky, hy k``jptali prefasali husaljss adjks, alùhktali tbjf, prevadali mafatjd

culdali, kld bjmpali tbjf irkduktj hjyeld tbj alùhktael pbksj.

Alùhkters kld k``jmjrkters (puhma` er pravktj) fky `beesj te usj `rewdculdali al sjvjrkm wkys tbkt `kl bjmp

kddrjss tbjar `bkmmjlijs, al`mudali?

n Kdfassael te tbj preirkf? Jltrjprjljurs fky hj rjquarjd te rkasj k sfkmm kfeult ec feljy cref

aldavadukms te djfelstrktj tbkt tbjy bkvj k èffulaty ec suppert hjbald tbjf, kld tbkt tbjy krj khmj

te rkasj sefj fedjst sjjd ̀ kpatkm. Elj ec tbj fest afpertklt oehs ec kl jltrjprjljur as te rkasj feljy.

Caldali eut ac tbjy `kl de tbas cref tbj hjiallali `kl hj k bjmpcum `ratjrael cer kdfattali tbjf te kl

alùhkter er k``jmjrkter.

n

^reec ec èl`jpt culdali? Jltrjprjljurs krj ectjl sjjdjd kt alùhkters er k``jmjrkters te kssast tbjfal huamdali k preec ec èl`jpt. Tbjsj culds èumd hj fkt`bjd hy tbj `rewd, er tbj `rewd èumd hj

mjvjrkijd te rkasj culds te bjmp tkgj tbj preec ec èl`jpt te fkrgjt cer k tjst rul.

n Jxat cref tbj preirkf/trklsatael hjtwjjl preirkfs? Ks as ̀ effel al fkly ̀ eultrajs, al @bamj at bks

prevjl daffùmt cer jltrjprjljurs te oufp darj`tmy cref tbjsj suppertavj jlvarelfjlts darj`tmy te klijm

er S@ alvjsters. @rewdculdali èumd prevadj sustkalali culds cer èfpklajs ks tbjy jxat k``jmjrkters

er alùhkters. At èumd kmse hj k wky cer èfpklajs te ikal tbj kttjltael ec ljw @erce ckàmatajs er culds

tkrijtjd kt bjmpali jltrjprjljurs al tbj trklsatael pjraed.

Ptkrt-Zp @bamj

Ptkrt-Zp @bamj as kl jxkfpmj ec k stktj-hk`gjd k``jmjrkter preirkf (culdjd hy @erce) djsailjd te spur

tbj djvjmepfjlt ec k stkrtup jèsystjf al @bamj. Pal`j ats mkul`b al 8>;>, at bks sjjdjd kheut 8:>

preoj`ts pjr yjkr kld irkduktjd evjr ;,>>> stkrtups cref ats k``jmjrkter preirkf, watb 4:-:> pjr`jlt ec

èfpklajs stamm epjrktali. At ejrs k pmktcerf cer jdu`ktael kld mjkrlali tbkt al`mudjs ZP$ 4>,>>> al jq-

uaty-crjj lklàli ac jltrjprjljurs tjfperkramy fevj te Pkltakie. Pjvjrkm vjrta`km sj`ters bkvj jfjrijd

watbal Ptkrt-Zp @bamj? sjlsers, Altjrljt ec Tbalis, kld `bjfa`km pre`jss allevktael watb hai èfpklajs.

Ptkrt-Zp @bamj sjjgs te trapmj tbj lufhjr ec èfpklajs alvemvjd te 9>> pjr yjkr.

Ybamj rj`javali jx`jmmjlt prjss kld bkvali sjvjrkm ec ats ̀ efpklajs ie el te rj`javj fammaels ec demmkrs al

cemmew-el culdali, tbj preirkf bks ck`jd ats ckar sbkrj ec `bkmmjlijs. Carst, huamdali k stkrtup jèsystjf

tkgjs tafj. Pjèld, tbjrj as k djkrtb ec me`km alvjsters, rjsumtali al fkly ec ats irkduktjs su`ùfhali


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te k prjfkturj djktb. Tbard, culds te s`kmj husaljssjs bkvj hjjl bkrd te ld defjsta`kmmy kld culdali

bks alstjkd ectjl hjjl ceuld eutsadj ec @bamj, tbjrjhy mafatali afpk`t el tbj @bamjkl jèlefy.8>

Te djkm watb tbj s`kmali assuj, Ptkrt-Zp @bamj bks djvasjd k semutael hy culdali stkrtups atsjmc tbreuib

k cemmew-el culd `kmmjd Ptkrt-Zp @bamj P@KMJ. Tbreuib P@KMJ, Ptkrt-Zp @bamj wamm ejr @M^ 3> fammael

(kheut ZP $;>>,>>>) al ljw lklàli te tbrjj irkduktjs pjr hkt`b ec 0> upel èfpmjtael ec k tbrjj-

feltb preirkf. Oust magj tbj k``jmjrkter, tbj P@KMJ culdali as jquaty crjj. Tbj feljy wamm hj iavjltbreuib k èlkl`jd irklt, al wba`b tbj ZP $;>>,>>> wamm k`èult cer 9> pjr`jlt ec tbj tetkm culdali

kld tbj rjàpajlts ec tbj irklt fust rkasj tbj rjfkalali 0> pjr`jlt tbjfsjmvjs.8;

@rewdculdali èumd hj kl jj`tavj kld jffàjlt wky cer stkrtups te rkasj tbkt 0> pjr`jlt, hy prevadali

k s`kmkhmj fj`bklasf cer rkasali feljy cref ùstefjrs, pkrtljrs, crajlds, kld ckfamy, ks wjmm ks ferj

trkdataelkm alvjsters cref @bamj kld cref etbjr èultrajs. At fky kmse prevadj kl eppertulaty te jxpkld

tbj preirkf cref oust tbj tep tbrjj stkrtups pjr hkt`b, djpjldali el tbj kvkamkhamaty ec `rewdculdali

al @bamj. Puiijstjd strktjiajs cer tbas krj dasùssjd mktjr al tbas rjpert.

Ykyrk

Ykyrk, bestjd hy Tjmjcela`k, as kl jxkfpmj ec k pravktj sjjd `kpatkm k``jmjrkter. Ykyrk as iavjl ZP$

:>>,>>> jk`b yjkr hy Tjmjcela`k watb tbj iekm ec adjltacyali kld alvjstali ZP$ :>,>>> (al sjjd `kpatkm) al

prefasali stkrtups, s`kmali tbjf, kld dastrahutali ljw predu`ts er sjrva`js te Tjmjcela`k‑s 0>> fammael

ùstefjrs wermdwadj. Tbj stkrtups fust bkvj k t watb Tjmjcela`k (cer jxkfpmj, al sfkrtpbeljs, H8H,

H8@, Tjrrk Ljtwergs Altjrljt pertkm, kld se el). Ykyrk bks tbj das`rjtael te alvjst ferj tbkl ZP$ :>,>>>.

@efpklajs tbkt krj k``jptjd rj`javj kl kddataelkm ZP$ 8:,>>> al sjrva`js (eff`j spk`j, fjlterali, kld

se el). Zlmagj etbjr culds, Ykyrk‑s alvjstfjlt al k èfpkly as bjmd al js`rew kld dastrahutjd te tbj

èfpkly hksjd el rjk`bali qukrtjrmy famjsteljs. Tbj alvjstfjlt as al tbj cerf ec k èlvjrtahmj letj

tbkt irklts Ykyrk hjtwjjl 9 kld ;> pjr`jlt jquaty al tbj èfpkly. Ac k stkrtup dejs let kttrk`t kl

alvjstfjlt watbal twe yjkrs, Ykyrk as jltatmjd te ;> pjr`jlt ec tbj husaljss. Ac at dejs ijt eutsadj alvjst-

fjlt, tbjl Ykyrk rj`javjs ats pjr`jltkij ec tbj ùrrjlt vkmuktael. Skmuktael as hksjd el irewtb al skmjs

ec rjkm stkrtup er jxtjrlkm lklàli.

Ykyrk epjrktjs al sjvjl èultrajs al Mktal Kfjra`k ks wjmm ks Ppkal, tbj Zlatjd Galidef, Arjmkld, tbj

@zj`b Xjpuhma`, Ijrfkly, kld @balk. Al tbj tbrjj yjkr

Crowdfunding-In-Chile CCA July 2015

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