Cross cultural training for international engineers, ingenieros por el mundo

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IMWE Interna+onal Master in Water Engineering Keys to succeed in a foreign culture by Cris+na VázquezHerrero Associate Professor at University of La Coruña, Spain [email protected] “For a long *me the individual will understand what the na*onal is saying, but he is not always sure what the na*onal means” Dr. Lalervo Oberg; Anthropologist

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This lecture aims at fostering learning cross cultural training for international engineers, ingenieros por el mundo on linkedIn

Transcript of Cross cultural training for international engineers, ingenieros por el mundo

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 IMWE  

Interna+onal  Master  in  Water  Engineering  

 Keys  to  succeed  in  a  foreign  culture  

   by  Cris+na  Vázquez-­‐Herrero  

Associate  Professor  at  University  of  La  Coruña,  Spain    [email protected]  

“For  a  long  *me  the  individual  will  understand  what  the  na*onal  is  saying,  but  he  is  not  always  sure  what  the  na*onal  means”    

Dr.  Lalervo  Oberg;  Anthropologist  

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Foreword    The  author  expresses  her  gra+tude  towards  engineers  PE  Eduardo  Fernández  de  la  Pradilla,  Genaro  Daroca  and  Jose  Cordovilla,  whose  original  debates  and  accurate  remarks  posted  in  ingenieros  por  el  mundo  (linkedIn)  have  inspired  this  lecture.  

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Purpose  statement  

•  This  lecture  (2  hours)  opens  the  Interna+onal  Master  in  Water  Engineering,  that  welcomes  students  from  Germany  and  Spain.  

•  The  purpose  of  these  clases  is  to  reflect  on  the  interna+onal  character  of  this  master,  and  to  promote  a  good  understanding  among  its  students  and  professors,  given  their  different  background  and  the  exis+ng  genera+on  gap,  which  are  likely  to  generate  some  kind  of  culture  shock.  

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What  is  culture?  

What  is  culture?  •  Culture  is  defined  by  Hofstede,  as  the  collec6ve  mental  programming  (so<ware  of  the  mind)  which  dis6nguishes  one  group  of  people  from  another.    

•  Our  own  culture  is  defined  by  our  values  (learned  in  childhood),  which  are  not  visible.  The  external  manifesta+on  of  our  culture,  its  prac+ces,  include  rituals,  heroes,  and  symbols  (see  next  figure,  according  to  Hofstede,  1991).  

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¿What  is  culture  shock?  •  Culture  shock  is  the  subjec+ve  feeling  of  distress,  or  helplessness  and  of  hos+lity  toward  a  new  cultural  environment,  be  it  a  new  country  or  a  new  organiza+on  (i.e.  “in  laws”).  

•  Culture  shock  usually  happens  several  weeks  or  months  aber  we  contact  this  new  culture.  

Examples:  •  These  romans  are  crazy,  debate  ini+ated  by  Eduardo  Fdez  de  la  Pradilla  at  ingenieros  por  el  mundo  on  linkedin  

•  “Qué  bella  es  la  nieve”,  youtube  

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Phases  of  culture  shock  (Hofstede)  •  Euphoria  (honeymoon)  •  Culture  shock  •  Accultura+on  •  Adapta+on  or  flight!  

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Limbic  system  (emo+ons)    frontal  lobe  (ra+onale)  

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How  could  we  overcome    culture  shock?  

§  Be  self-­‐aware  of  your  personality  and  culture  (i.e.  use  Culture  GPS  to  evaluate  your  personal  culture).  Are  you  flex-­‐humble  or  monumentalist?  Are  you  ethnocentric?  

§  Develop  a  posi+ve  ahtude:  cau+ous,  humble  and  flexible:  Master  Yoda  of  Star  Wars:  May  the  force  be  with  you!  

§  Intensive  study  of  local  language  and  thorough  observa+on  of  local  culture.  

§  Rule  of  100  days:  listen,  watch,  smile,  be  quiet  §  Develop  a  local  I.  Never  judge  the  new  culture  and  country.  §  Get  in  love  with  the  country…  (and)  a  local  alien  

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How  could  we  overcome    culture  shock?  

§ Prac+ce  sports  regularly  (so  as  to  maintain  high  endorphin  levels),  socialize  through  sport  apps,  i.e.  endomondo  

§ Avoid  resennul  expatriates  from  your  country  § Expect  and  learn  to  iden+fy  culture  shock  § Ask  for  help  from  local  new  friends  and  adapted  expatriates  

§ Be  pa+ent  and  delay  dras+c  decisions  for  some  weeks  or  months  (so  as  frontal  lobe  to  decide,  instead  of  our  limbic  system)  

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Cross  cultural  training  

•  Working  abroad  and/or  dealing  with  people  from  other  cultures  (i.e  people  from  Germany  and  Spain)  poses  certain  challenges  that  could  be  addressed  through  cross  cultural  training.  

•  Different  cultures  are  based  on  different  sobware  of  the  mind:  values,  rituals,  heroes  and  symbols,  which  condi+on  the  prac+ces  of  that  par+cular  culture.  

•  In  these  classes  the  differences  among  cultures  will  be  scien+fically  addressed.  

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Mul+culturality  •  Mul+culturality:  development  of  several  local  I  –  It  allows  problem  solving  in  mul+ple  ways  – Mul+cultural  countries:  USA,  Canadá,  Australia,  New  Zealand,  Singapore,  United  Kingdom,  +  innova+ve!  

– Expats’  children:  third  culture  kids  (specific  issues)    

 Example:  Barack  Obama  lived  in  Malaysia  for  5  years,  and  volunteered  in  marginal  Chicago!  

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Dimensions  of  culture  •  Dimensions  of  culture  according  to  Hofstede  Center  

 6th  dimension:  Indulgence  versus  Restraint  Cultures  and  individuals  can  be  represented  by  6D  vectors  Example:  (PDI,IDV,MAS,UAI,LTO,IVR)=(30,70,90,35,15,89)  %  

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What  is  power  distance  index?  

•  Power  distance  is  the  emo+onal  distance  that  separates  subordinates  from  their  bosses  

•  PDI  stands  for  the  extent  to  which  the  less  powerful  members  of  a  society  expect  and  accept  that  power  is  distributed  unequally.  

•  The  use  of  Sie(usted)  vs.  Du(tú)  is  one  sign  of  power  distance  between  genera+ons,  between  social  classes,  and  inside  hierarchies.  How  do  you  address  professors?  Can  you  disagree  with  them?  What  PDI  do  you  expect  in  your  country?  

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Power  distance  index  PDI  

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What  is  individualism?  •  When  the  interest  of  the  group  prevails  over  the  interest  of  the  individual,  a  society  is  collec+vist.  In-­‐groups  (clans,  families,  organiza+ons)  look  aber  the  individual  in  exchange  of  loyalty.  Iden+ty:  We.  

•  When  the  interest  of  the  individual  prevails,  a  society  is  individualist.  Iden+ty:  I.  

•  Exclusionism:  treat  others  depending  on  group  affilia+on  (in-­‐group  and  outsiders)  

•  Universalism:  treat  others  on  the  basis  of  who  they  are,  disregarding  group  affilia+on  

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Individualism  vs.  collec+vism  IDV  

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What  means    masculinity/feminity?  

•  Masculine  cultures  promote  achievement,  heroism,  asser+veness  and  material  reward  for  success.  

•  Asser+veness:  confident  and  direct  approach  in  claiming  one's  rights  or  puhng  forward  one's  views  (wordreference.com).  

•  Feminine  cultures  promote  caring  for  others  and  quality  of  life,  and  modesty.  

•  Modesty:  the  quality  or  state  of  being  modest,  i.e.  having  or  showing  a  moderate  opinion  of  one's  merits,  importance,  etc.  (wordreference.com)  

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Masculinity  vs.  feminity  MAS  

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What  is  uncertainty  avoidance    index?  

•  Uncertainty  avoidance  index  is  the  extent  to  which  the  members  of  a  culture  feel  threatened  by  uncertainty  and  ambiguity  and  try  to  avoid  such  situa+ons.  – High  UAI:  “What  is  different  is  dangerous”    – Low  UAI:  “What  is  different  is  curious”  

•  Should  we  control  the  future  or  let  it  happen?  •  Ways  to  reduce  uncertainty  caused  by  nature  are:  – Technology  (civil  works,  buildings,  energy,...)  – Law  (norms  and  regula+ons)  – Religion  

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What  is  uncertainty  avoidance    index?  

•  UAI  relates  to  anxiety,  stress,  need  for  rules.  Neuro+cism  or  anxiety  is  the  state  of  being  uneasy  or  worried  about  what  may  happen.  Some  cultures  are  more  anxious  than  others.  Anxious  cultures  tend  to  be  expressive  cultures.  Average  alcohol  consump+on  is  high.  

•  Strong  UAI  cultures  require  a  structured  environment:  everything  must  be  predicted  in  advance.  High  UAI  can  present  corrup+on  &  xenophoby.  

•  What  UAI  score  do  you  expect  for  your  country?  

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What  is  uncertainty  avoidance  index?  

•  Weaker  UAI  countries  are  good  at  inven+on:  supplying  new  ideas  

•  Strong  UAI  countries  are  good  at  implementa+on:  developing  ideas  into  products,  services  

•  Coopera+on  between  these  two  types  of  cultures  is  very  produc+ve!!!  A  good  understanding  is  key  towards  success  

•  How  do  you  think  Spain  and  Germany  score,  0%-­‐100%  of  UAI?  Make  an  educated  guess.  

•  How  do  we  engineers  score,  as  a  culture?  

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Uncertainty  avoidance  index  UAI  

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Long  term  orienta+on  (LTO)  

“The  superior  man  goes  through  his  life  without  any  preconceived  ac*on  or  any  taboo.  He  merely  decides  for  

the  moment  what  is  the  right  thing  to  do”    

The  second  *me  Duke  Ching  called  Confucius  to  an  audience,  he  again  asked  him.  “What  is  the  secret  of  

good  government?”  Confucius  replied:  “Good  government  consists  in  being  sparing  with  resources”  

K’ung-­‐tzu  (China,  ≈500  B.C.)  

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What  is  long  term  orienta+on?  •  LTO  stands  for  the  extent  of  which  a  society  shows  a  pragma+c  future-­‐oriented  perspec+ve  rather  than  a  conven+onal  historical  or  short-­‐term  point  of  view.  LTO  fosters  virtues  oriented  towards  future  rewards-­‐in  par+cular,  perseverance  and  thrib.  

•  Short  Term  orienta+on  (STO)  stands  for  the  fostering  of  virtues  related  to  the  past  and  present:  respect  for  tradi+on,  preserva+on  of  face  and  fulfilling  social  obliga+ons.  

•  STO  stresses  on  results/LTO  stresses  on  virtue  •  What  LTO  score  do  you  expect  for  your  country?  

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Long  term  orienta+on,  LTO  

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What  is  indulgence/restraint,  IVR?  

•  Happiness  or  subjec+ve  well  being,  SWB  is  defined  •  Indulgence  stands  for  a  tendency  to  allow  rela+vely  free  gra+fica+on  of  desires  related  to  enjoying  life  and  having  fun  (loose  society)  

•  Restraint  stands  for  a  tendency  to  regulate  gra+fica+on  through  strict  social  rules  (+ght  society)  

•  Higher  SWB  in  a  country  relates  to  fewer  deaths  for  cardiovascular  diseases  

•  What  SWB  score  do  you  expect  for  your  country?  

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Subjec+ve  well  being  Source:  University  of  Leicester  

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Hofstede  Center  h�p://geert-­‐hofstede.com/mobile-­‐apps.html  

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Prac+ce  #1  

•  In  slides  30  and  31  you  will  find  the  average  culture  dimensions’s  scores  of  two  countries.  Can  you  guess    which  country  is  Spain  and  which  country  is  Germany,  and  why?    

•  Remove  the  red  rectangles  from  these  pictures  so  as  to  iden+fy  each  country.  What  common  features  do  these  countries  share,  and  what  are  the  main  differences?  Is  culture  shock  expected  among  their  ci+zens,  and  related  to  which  dimensions?  

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Country  2  Country  1  

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   Comparison  between  both  countries  

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Prac+ce  2  •  In  slide  33  alien  #1’s  culture  is  depicted.  Alien  #1  has  recently  remigrated  to  his/her  own  country,  aber  having  lived  some  years  abroad.  Which  of  the  na+onali+es,  A,  B,  or  C  is  the  most  likely  for  this  alien?  Why?  Do  you  believe  that  people  are  representa+ve  of  their  na+ve  cultures’  average  scores?  

•  Now  remove  the  red  rectangles  from  these  slides.  Considering  the  current  na+onality  of  alien  #1.  Do  you  expect  she  will  experience  reverse  culture  shock  aber  coming  back  to  her  country?  Why  and  how?  

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Alien  #1  

Country  A  

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Country  C  Country  B  

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Final  remarks  to  debate  •  The  existence  of  this  lecture  evidences  the  high  UAI  of  this  lecturer:  that  culture  shock  “should”  be  taught  in  a  structured  way  is  truly  uncertainty  avoidance!  

•  Do  you  think  that  intercultural  differences  should  be  addressed  in  school  and  college?  

•  Are  professionals  such  as  teachers,  professors,  doctors,  policemen,  engineers  aware  of  the  intercultural  differences  where  you  live?  

•  Do  you  believe  in  the  future  of  the  European  Union,  given  the  exis+ng  differences  among  cultures?  

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Recommended  books  •  Geert  Hofstede  et  al.  Cultures  and  Organiza+ons:  Sobware  of  the  Mind  •  Doing  business  report  2014,  2012  •  Global  Compe++veness  report  2013-­‐2014  •  Spencer  Johnson.  Who  moved  my  cheese?  •  Daniel  Goleman.  Emo+onal  intelligence  •  Stephen  R.  Covey.  The  7  Habits  of  Highly  Effec+ve  People  •  Jeffrey  Sachs.  Economics  of  a  crowded  planet  •  Muhammad  Yunus.  Crea+ng  a  world  without  poverty  •  Jack  Welch.  Winning  •  h�p://www.worldwide.edu/travel_planner/culture_shock.html  •  h�p://www.n�d.com.tr/images/faqanswers/a6.pdf  •  h�p://www.clearlycultural.com/geert-­‐hofstede-­‐cultural-­‐dimensions/  

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Gross  Domes+c  Product  (GDP)  Map  Interna+onal  monetary  fund  

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Transparency  interna+onal  A  global  coali+on  against  corrup+on  

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World  literacy  (United  Na+ons)  

•  PISA  report  2006:    Spain  23,  USA  24  •  PISA  report  2009:    USA  17,    Spain  34    ¿2012?  

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Personal  security  Source:  United  Na+ons  

•  USA:  2.3E6  personas  en  la  cárcel,  1%  de  la  población  (HBR,  Jan  12)  •  Centroamérica:  gasto  10%  presupuesto  empresas  en  seguridad  •  España:  uno  de  los  países  de  mayor  seguridad  personal  y  familiar  

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Income  inequality    Gini  coef.:  equal=0,  unequal=1    

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Freedom  of  expression    

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Distance  to  Top  10  in  EU-­‐27  Doing  Business  2013  

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Unemployment,  UE  The  economist,  May  10th  2014