Yaseen kanju Roll NO 44B.Sc (Hons) AgricultureCollege of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bahadur Sub Campus , LayyahSession 2012-2016

Crop Yield Limiting Factors

Uncontrolled water table within one to two

metres of the ground surface Roots does not take oxygen due to

waterlogging. Accumulation of salts on upper layer. Increase of electrical conductivity due to

sodium ions. Less drainage of water leads to logging

conditions by which plant death or yield loss.

Salinity

Rainfall and Water Rainfall is the most common form

of precipitation. Other forms of precipitation are freezing

rain, sleet or ice pellets, snowfall, and hail . The amount of rainfall vary with climate types

and affect the dominance of vegetation as well as crop growth and yield.

Climatic Factors

Light Light is a climatic factor that is essential in the

production of chlorophyll and in photosynthesis, the process by which plants manufacture food in the form of sugar (carbohydrate).

Synthesis of ATP, ADP, and other necessary molecules are synthesized due to light.

Climatic Factors

Temperature The degree of hotness or coldness of a substance

is called temperature. This climatic factor influences all plant growth

processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, breaking of seed dormancy, seed germination, protein synthesis, and translocation.

At high temperatures the translocation of photosynthate is faster so that plants tend to mature earlier.

Climatic Factors

Air The air is a mixture of gases in the atmosphere. Oxygen is essential in respiration for the production

of energy that is utilized in various growth and development processes.

Carbon dioxide is a raw material in photosynthesis. The air also consists chemical air pollutants such as

CO, CO2, SO2, SO3, CFCs, solid particles of dust, soot, asbestos and lead, ozone and many more.

Climatic Factors

Relative Humidity The amount of water vapor that the air can

hold depends on its temperature; warm air has the capacity to hold more water vapor than cold air.

It affects the opening and closing of the stomata.

It is also important in plant propogation.

Climatic Factors

Biotic factors refer to the living organisms,

both macro and microorganisms.  Macro organisms refer to the animals such as

humans and other mammals, birds, insects, arachnids, molluscs, and plants while microorganisms include fungi, bacteria, virus and nematodes.

These include mutualism,herbivory, parasitism, and allelopathy.

Biotic and Abiotic Factors and Their Interaction with the Plant

 Abiotic factors that affect plant growth and

development include topography, soil, and climatic factors.

They are the nonliving components of the environment which, along with the biotic or living factors, determine the extent in which the genetic factor is expressed in the plant.

Biotic and Abiotic Factors and Their Interaction with the Plant