Crop Wild Relatives for multiple stress breeding for FutureVariability in Momordica dioica Spine...
Transcript of Crop Wild Relatives for multiple stress breeding for FutureVariability in Momordica dioica Spine...
N.K. Krishna Kumar Regional Representative Bioversity International
Seed World -2019
Hotel The Vivid Ashok, Bengaluru 20-09-2019
Crop Wild Relatives for multiple stress
breeding for Future
Major Centers of crop diversity
India – A Centre of Diversity
• Rich array - horticultural crops • One of the Vavilovian centre of origin • One of 12 mega biodiversity regions • 18 hot spots of biodiversity • 49000 plant species (141 genera) • 47 families • 50 indigenous fruits and their wild relatives (400 species in different agro-ecological region
But we don’t have all!
Primary Centre of Diversity (20)
• Acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia) • Aonla (Emblica officinale) • Bael (Aegle marmelos) • Banana (Musa balbisiana) • Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) • Citrus (Citrus indica) • Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) • Jamun (Syzygium cuminii) • Karonda (Carissa carandus) • Khirni (Manilkara hexandra) • Khejri (Prosopis cineraria) • Konkam(Garcinia indica) • Lasora (Cordia mixa) • Lemon (Citrus limon) • Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) • Mango (Mangifera indica) • Phalsa (Grewia subinequalis) • Pilu (Salvadora oleoides) • Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) • Wood apple (Feronia limonia)
Secondary Centre of Diversity (10)
• Malus spp.
• Mulberry
• Pomegranate
• Prunus spp.
• Pyrus spp.
• Rubus spp.
• Sweet orange
(Citrus sinensis)
Region wise fruit crops diversity 1. Western Himalayan Region:
Citrus, Punica, Carissa, Malus baccata, Pyrus pashia, P. pyrifolia, Prunus cornuta, P. cerasoides
2. North –Eastern Himalayan Region: Citrus, Musa, Artocarpus, Garcinia, Mangifera, a few taxa of Pyrus viz. P. sikkimensis, Malus sikkimensis
3. Eastern Peninsular Region: Musa,
Vitis, Tamarind, Carambola, Zizyphus, Limonia, Aegle, Emblica, Annona, Spondias, Syzygium, Elaeocarpus and Artocarpus
Region wise fruit crops diversity 4. Western Arid/Semi-arid Region:
Zizyphus, Carissa, Phoenix, Cordia, Capparis, Prosopis, and Grewia spp.
4. Central Region: Zizyphus,
Mangifera, Carissa, Phoenix, Cordia, Capparis, Prosopis and Grewia spp
6. Western Peninsular Region:
Mangifera, Artocarpus, Syzygium,Tamarind, Musa,Citurs, Emblica, Vitis, Carambola, Zizyphus, Limonia, Aegle, Emblica, Vitis, Garcinia
Variation in biodiversity of A & N Islands
Andaman group of Islands Nicobar group of Islands
Most of area surveyed
More species close to NE region of India
Most of area still not surveyed
More species close to Malaysian and Indonesian region
What is a Crop Wild Relative?
Wild plant species closely related to crops, including wild ancestors
Wild “cousins” of cultivated plants
Basis for the present day cultivated crops
Wild relatives of crop plants in India
Tapping ‘the wild’ for adapting the crops to climate change
Many wild species are tolerant to stress
Solanum chilense (tomato CWR)
Solanum incanum (eggplant CWR)
Oryza rufipogon (rice CWR) Many wild species are tolerant to stress
Why they are important ?
Salinity tolerance from Solanum cheesmaniae in tomato (Chetelat, 1995)
CWR utilisation
Solanum chilense (Dunal) Reiche-
Resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus
Manihot glaziovii Müll. Arg.–
improved cassava protein content
Musa itinerans Cheesman –
Water-logging resistance for banana
CWR are estimated to contribute genes to
cultivated crops worth US $115 -196
billion per annum
Economic losses on different vegetable crop by virus infection
Up to now wild relatives have been used in breeding of several crops, but this has been mostly restricted to specific traits (e.g., introgression of disease resistance), especially when looking at commercial varieties One extreme example is tomato
We need to shift the goal posts!
CLIMATE CHANGE ADOPTION
DISEASE RESISTANCE
But this is not an easy task:
Undesirable traits in wild relatives
Wild plants are difficult to manage under “domesticated”
Crossing barriers
Long time requirement
Protocols are needed for screening
Crop wild relatives accessions are much less represented
Access to germplasm (CWR, but also crops) collections
Information on already existing pre-bred materials is often missing or unavailable
Often few available evaluation data on crop wild relatives
The taxonomy of crop wild relatives is sometimes confusing
CWR Breeding – is Difficult but Possible
Steps for introgressiomics:
Identifying the target wild species: -
Primary, secondary and tertiary
genepools
Based on diversity: -
Genetic -Phenotypic -Evaluation -
Environments -Origins -Genepools
Crop wild relatives in different vegetable crops utilized for various biotic/ abiotic stress
tolerance
Interspecific hybridization: -Barriers to hybridization
(pre-zygotic, post-zygotic)
Techniques to overcome the interspecific hybridization :
Direction of the cross
Pollen mixture
Pollen irradiation
Differences among genotypes
Embryo rescue
3) Hybrids fertility:
Different number of chromosomes
Irregular pairing during meiosis
Use hybrid as maternal parent
Genome duplication to restore fertility
4) Backcrossing
Usually fertility is restored during the backcross
process
Some parts may not present recombination
Phenotypic selection (Focused strategy)
Marker assisted selection (Focused and non-
focused strategies)
Combination of genes from different wild species
Intercrossing of introgression lines from different wild species
Development of MAGIC Population
List of resistant varieties identified against viral disease of vegetable crop
Conservation of CWR
In situ Ex situ
BIOVERSITY INTERNATIONAL, BENGALURU.
GENETIC DIVERSITY PARK SITE.
STATUS OF PRESENT COLLECTION (As of 1-11-2016)
Families: 31
Genera: 55
Species: 102
Varieties: 175
Proportion of genetic variation in cultivated tomato and their crossable wild relatives (measured by DNA polymorphism)
Tomato an autogamous species in which germplasm is severely reduced by biotic pressure
GBNV WBNV TSWV M N
Wild type Sample 20.08.2018
GBNV on Tomato TSWV on Tomato
1kb 600bp Control line
Positive line
TSWV-Immunostrip Method RT-PCR for TSWV N-gene
Necrotic rings and ringspots
Concentric rings on fruit of tomato
Differences between the GBNV and TSWV on tomato fruit
C. annuum (hot and sweet pepper)
C. frutescens - source of - large root system
C. baccatum - source of - anthracnose - powdery mildew - mites, aphids
C. chacoense - source of - PMMV,TMV, ToMV
C. chinense - source of - anthracnose - CVMV,TEV,TSWV
Introduction of new genetic variation via interspecific crosses
Variability in Vigna
Wild and Semi-cultivated Cucurbits
Buffalo gourd Sharda melon Kachri
Malabar gourd Lemon cucumber
C. metuliferous C. africanus C. melo sp. agretis C. zeheri
C. segittatus Cucumis
dispaceous
L. graveolens
L. echineta Satputia round
Satputia long
Meetha Kerala C. histivus
M. subangulata M. dioica M. cochinchinensis
C. hardwikki Cucurbita
argyosperma
M. cochinchinensis
Meetha parval
Momordica charantia var. muricata
Variability in pumpkin
Variation in fruit shape
Blossom end rostration (faint to appreciable length) Leaf blade margin (smooth to dentate)
Variability in Momordica dioica
Spine gourd Arka Neelachal Sree: Clonal selection Fruits are light green fruit size - 3.93 x 2 cm Fruit weight - 10.50 g Fruit yield - 4-5 t/ha
Teasel gourd Arka Neelachal Gaurav
Mass selection Fruits are round, dark green fruit size - 6.0 x 3.8 cm Fruit weight – 36.89 g
Fruit yield 15-18 t/ha
Total: ~ 3,900
286
1775
770
1082 (118 spp.)
Indian varieties and parental lines
Tuberosum
Andigena
Wild sps.
National Potato Germplasm Repository
General More than
600 genera
30,000 species
1.25 lakh hybrids
7% of angiosperms
40% of monocotyledons
India 140 genera
1300 species
9% of flora
ORCHIDS
Wild species of okra: Diversity, distribution and utilization
A. ficulneus A. manihot A. moschatus A. crinitus
A. tuberculatus A. esculentus A. angulosus var.
purpureus
A. angulosus var.
grandiflorus
Diversity of Abelmoschus in India
Crop Wild Relative (CWR) of sweet potato for weCrop Wild Relative (CWR) of sweet potato for weevil resistance study
Crop Wild Relative (CWR) of sweet potato for weevil resistance study
Crop Wild Relative (CWR) of sweet potato for weevil resistance study evil resistance study
Ipomoea coccinea
Ipomoea nil Ipomoea aquatica
Ipomoea trifida Ipomoea batatas
Ipomoea palmata
ICA
R G
B M
eetin
g 2
9th
Novem
ber, 2
013
Enation Leaf Curl Virus
• Bacilliform Virus particles
• Transmitted by White Fly
• Not through Seed, Sap or Aphids
• Yield loss 30% to 100%
• Dhanju et al, 1995
ICA
R G
B M
eetin
g 2
9th
Novem
ber, 2
013
YVMV resistance broken-2001
ICA
R G
B M
eetin
g 2
9th
Novem
ber, 2
013
Incidence of bacterial wilt
Resistant to BW Susceptible to BW
Resistant to BW
Susceptible to BW
ICA
R G
B M
eetin
g 2
9th
Novem
ber, 2
013
Plant tall & spreading
Fruits are dark green
Fruit length 22-25 cm
Fruit diameter 3.0-3.5 cm
Fruit weight 60-70g
Resistant to bacterial wilt
Yield t/ha 65-70 t/ha
Bacterial wilt resistant hybrid
Arka Anand
ICA
R G
B M
eetin
g 2
9th
Novem
ber, 2
013
Solanum macrocarpon
Attributes:
1. Fruit borer resistance
2. Nematode resistance
3. Leaf hopper resistance
4. Bacterial wilt resistance
5. Drought tolerance
6. Edible fruits
Interspecific hybrid
Solanum macrocarpon X S. melongena
Sterile F1 interspecific hybrid
Solanum macrocarpon Solanum melongena (2 BMG-1)
↓
Χ
ICA
R G
B M
eetin
g 2
9th
Novem
ber, 2
013
F2- S.macrocarpon x S.melongena
ICA
R G
B M
eetin
g 2
9th
Novem
ber, 2
013
• Brinjal as rootstock for mitigating excess soil moisture/ flooding stress.
• Tomatoes grafted on brinjal rootstock could tolerate flash flood for 4 to 5 days
& yielded 40 to 50% of normal production while seedlings suffered wilting.
ICA
R G
B M
eetin
g 2
9th
Novem
ber, 2
013
Nagpur mandarin (>21 t/ha) Acid lime (> 13t/ha)
Citrus rootstock Alemow : Resistant to Phytophthora (root rot & gummosis)
Two times increased yield
ICA
R G
B M
eetin
g 2
9th
Novem
ber, 2
013
Parents : Arka Surya x V.Cauliflora
Number of progenies under evaluation (F5) :640
Evaluation of intergeneric hybrid progenies of
papaya for PRSV tolerance
Field view of inter-generic progenies evaluated
Dogridge rootstock
Most popular rootstock All table grapes and vine varieties grown on this rootstock
Trend in Area and production of Grape in India ( 1989-2005)
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Dogridge Rootstock in Grapes
Gain Rs. 790 crores
Adoption
56 % area
BC Ratio
Domestic prodn :
2.3
Export prodn :
5.26
How can we consolidate their role as conserver, dynamic innovator and promoter of diversity?
Can such custodian farmers be recognized as community genebank and publicly supported?
Maintain rich diversity
Self-driven by conservation ideology
Knowledge holder
Highly motivated and self-directed
Recognition from community
Custodian Farmers
(Source: Vasudeva, 2011)
Innovations that Pickling industry can ..
Shaji , a farmer in the Tribal belt of Wayanad with one of his Dioscorea collections. He has 68 germplasm of tuber crops conserved.
BIOVERSITY INTERNATIONAL, BENGALURU.
GENETIC DIVERSITY PARK SITE.
STATUS OF PRESENT COLLECTION (As of 1-11-2016)
Families: 31
Genera: 55
Species: 102
Varieties: 175
www.bioversityinternational.org
Thank you
@BioversityInt