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Crop Spec, A Collaborative Partnership
A real time integrated plant nutrient monitoring and application system for
Agricultural equipment
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• Founded 1905• World’s Largest
Manufacture of Fertilizer
• 2008 – $ 7+ Bil in Sales– 20+ Bil tonnes
• Research on N uptake dating to 1960’s
• Founded 1932• World Leading Company
in Optical and Positioning Technologies
• 2008 $ 1 Bil in Sales• PA business since 2007,• 20+ years experience in
Ag Applications, Rate Control, VRA, Consoles
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The Challenge• Nutrient supply within a field can be highly variable• Soil Ability to exchange nutrients can vary• Uniform Blanket application of nitrogen fertilizer
can result in over- and underfertilization• Measure the current local nitrogen supply• Adapt Application Rate to Meet Crop Requirement
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Yara Electronic Products ,1995 - Present
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Date: 2006-01-31 - Page: 5
The measurement principleThe N-Tester measures the total chlorophyll content of the leaf which is closely related to the nitrogen concentration in the leaf.
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
N-Tester readings
µg
Ch
loro
ph
yll (
a+
b)/
sqcm
r² = 0.95
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
N-Tester readings
N %
in
lea
ve
s
r² = 0.88
Objective: To decide on a N fertilizer requirement based on N-Tester reading
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MeasurementCalculation of
N fertilizer demandN application
Plant Nutrition, Based upon Crop Need“Just In Time” Plant Nutrition
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Yara N-Sensor ® adoption
Number of units by countries as of spring 2009: 800+
49
73
29
349
137
16 22Czech Republic/Slovakia
Denmark/Sweden
France
Germany
UK
Others Europe
Outside Europe
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SpecularReflectance
DiffuseReflectance
Chlorophyll pigments
AbsorptionCells
Bottom layer
Interaction of Light with Leaves
Sensing Chlorophyll in the Plant
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Multiple transmitters, one receiver• Modulated light source => Pulse Laser Diodes• 2 spectral channels• Temperature control
Modu-lation
High Pass Filter
De-modu-lation
control unit
temperature controlled
Pulse Laser Diode (1W) 10kHz
optics
Photo Diode
CropSpecTM - Sensing Head
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400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
W ave le ngth 1 /nm
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Wa
vele
ng
th 2
/n
m
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
r2 valuesfor the correlation betweenmeasurements using respective waveband combinationsand cropcharacteristics(e.g. crop biomass, N-uptake)optimum waveband
combination
Waveband to Chlorophyll relationship
The basis for getting meaningful crop information • accurate measurements in various crops and
over a wide range of crop densities• based on know-how and extensive field trial work by Yara• 730-740 nm & 800-810 nm
Source: Reusch, 2005
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Date: 2006-01-31 - Page: 11
N status of crops can be measured by analysing reflectance spetral data => non-destructive, non-contacting
IR450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
Wavelenght, nm
Reflectance
60 kg/ha
120 kg/ha
200 kg/ha
Increase due to increased biomass
Decrease due to increased chlorophyll content
N Supply
N response trail, 1994
Impact of different N supply on the reflectance spectra of winter wheat
IR
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N1
N2
N3
N4N5
N6N7
N8N9
N9N8N7N6N5N4N3N2N1N0
19181716151413121110
29282726252423222120Ludwig
39383736353433323130
19181716151413121110
29282726252423222120Drifter
39383736353433323130
19181716151413121110
29282726252423222120Batis
39383736353433323130
19181716151413121110
29282726252423222120Hattrick
39383736353433323130
N9N8N7N6N5N4N3N2N1N0
19181716151413121110
29282726252423222120Ludwig
39383736353433323130
19181716151413121110
29282726252423222120Drifter
39383736353433323130
19181716151413121110
29282726252423222120Batis
39383736353433323130
19181716151413121110
29282726252423222120Hattrick
39383736353433323130
3 m
Tramline
15 m
System testing
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CropSpecTM – specifications
Environment IP 67 compliant
Laser safety Class 1 or Class 1M
Physical Dimensions 200 mm x 80 mm x 80 mm
Mounting height 2 - 4 meters
Viewing angle 45°- 55°
Temperature 0 - 60°Celsius
Operational wavebands 730-740 nm and 800-810 nm
Supply voltage 10-32 VDC
Supply current 5 A
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d/2
h
x1
x2
sensedarea
v
sensedarea
16°50°
Sensor Viewing geometry
H X1 X2 Footprint (width)
2m 0.89m + d/2
2.97m + d/2
2.08m
3m 1.34m + d/2
4.45m + d/2
3.11m
4m 1.78m + d/2
5.93m + d/2
4.15m
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Large Sensor Footprint
3m
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Cab Mounted Sensors• Geometry provides largest footprint per sensor
in the industry• Sensing Larger % of Area to be Applied
– Redundancy in Left and Right viewing areas
• Safety and Stability of Sensors– Less potential for damage
• Viewing crop at an angle, rather than from 90 degrees directly above– Minimize affects of shadowing, crop movement, etc.
• Light Source and Detector at Uniform Angle to Crop– Minimize affects of crop movement, weak crop
stands.
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Crop Spec System Diagram
Implement with Liquid or Granular Application
RS232CANBUS
Topcon X20
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X20 as Controller and Data Collector
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2 2
2 6
3 0
3 4
3 8
4 2
4 6
5 0
5 4
5 8
6 2
6 6
0 m 1 0 0 m 2 0 0 m 3 0 0 m 4 0 0 m
kg N /ha
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 m 100 m 200 m 300 m 400 m
Biomass map N application map
Field size: 60.6 haMinimum: 0 kg/haAverage: 62 kg/haMaximum: 110 kg/ha
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Reliable measurements day
and night
0 m 2 5 m 5 0 m 7 5 m 1 0 0 m
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 0
5 5
Measured at 5pm Measured at 10pm
Wheat, April 24th, 2007
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0 m 1 0 0 m 2 0 0 m 3 0 0 m 4 0 0 m
1 52 02 53 03 54 04 55 05 56 06 57 07 58 08 5
April 19th, 2007 April 25th, 2007
Average S1: 47 Average S1: 56
Designed to facilitate Accuracy and Repeatability
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• Read and Record– allows the user to collect and store data for offline
analysis and creation of prescription maps– Use of various tools to develop prescription
• User Determined Rate Control – 2 point Calibration, User sets High and Low– Field Observation point and use existing algorithm– “On the Go” Averaging with User determined target
rate
• “On-the-Go” Application using Yara Agronomics– uses Yara’s crop specific algorithms to determine
optimum amounts of fertilizer for real time variable rate application
CropSpec Operational Modes
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Achievable Yield Advantage
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Yie
ld D
iffe
ren
ce
[d
t/h
a]
CZ
DK
FR
DE
HU
IT
SE
UK
US
Average: 1.8 dt/ha = 2.3 %
1999-2002, 160 Yara N-Sensor trials
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Advantages of N-Sensor Controlled Nitrogen Application
• Yield increase 2-3%• Easier and better harvesting• More homogeneous grain
quality• Lower risk of lodging• Better nitrogen use
efficiency
• Full documentation of the fertilizer application
Achievable profit: 30 – 100 €/ha
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Research Centre Hanninghof - JJa - Date: 2006-07-20 - Page: 25
Relationship between reflectance measurements and N uptake
y = 0,75x1,29
R2 = 0,96
y = 0,39x1,46
R2 = 0,99
y = 0,22x1,60
R2 = 0,99
y = 0,31x1,51
R2 = 0,97
0
50
100
150
200
250
10 20 30 40 50 60
100 * (ln R760 - ln R730)
y = 0,08x1,69
R2 = 0,98
y = 0,04x1,88
R2 = 0,99
y = 0,11x1,61
R2 = 0,97
y = 0,04x1,91
R2 = 0,98
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
10 20 30 40 50
100 * (ln R760 - ln R730)
N uptake (kg N
ha
-1)
EC 31 EC 39
◆Bussard■Drifter▲Ludwig●Ritmo
◆Bussard■Drifter▲Ludwig●Ritmo
active measurement(N-Sensor ALS)
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Preliminary research results
y = 13.201x + 0.283R2 = 0.7643
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Topcon NDVI
Pla
nt
N (
%)
y = 306.73x - 3.8666R2 = 0.8758
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Topcon NDVI
SP
AD
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