Crop-livestock integration through no-tillage on cover ...
Transcript of Crop-livestock integration through no-tillage on cover ...
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Crop-livestock integration throughno-tillage on cover-crop
in Vietnam
O. Husson a , Ha Dinh Tuan b
C.Martin a, J.C Castella b,c, Ph. Lecomte a , A. Chabanne a and L. Séguy a
a CIRAD, Montpellier, France; b VASI, Hanoi, Vietnam; c IRD, Paris, France and IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines.
Context
• Northern Viet Nam• 50 inh./km2: “empty”• Farm size: 2-3 ha• Increasing population • Various ethnic groups
Inh./ km2
10
30
50
1960 1980 2000
Ban Cuon "DAO"
Ban Dieu "TAY"
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
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Sub-tropical climate
0
2,5
5
7,5
10
Ave
rage
dai
ly ra
infa
ll (m
m)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
Jan.Feb.
MarchApril
MaiJune
JulyAug.
Sept.Oct.
Nov.Dec.
Max.
Min.
Average: 1 800 mm/year, high variability in space and timeHot rainy season : April to SeptemberCold dry season: October to March
• Acid ferralsols (pH KCl: 4)• Steep slopes (30 °)
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
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Strong erosion
Context
• Mountainous area (remoteness, no access to market or information, low investment capacity, etc.)• De-collectivisation • Land tenure reforms
==> Fast changes in production systems
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
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• Irrigated ricein lowlands (Tay)
• Maize (Tay)Rice and cassava in upland (Dao)
Agricultural systems
Fast changes in production systemsReturn to slash and burn
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
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Cattle raisingFree grazingMarket (meat, not milk)Traction
Tay Dao
• Poor performances (crops and animals) • Mining of the environment• Vicious cercle of soil degradation and declining yields
No longer sustainable under the present situation
The crisis
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
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SAM (Moutainous Agrarian Systems) ProjectVASI/CIRAD/IRD/IRRI
Initial objective (1998):Finding alternatives to slash-and-burn systemsin order to stop de-forestation
The only hope relied in adaptation of CA (DPPSC) to the difficult environment of mountainous areas (1999)
Competition crop/livestock
Destruction of crops by animalsCompetition for limited natural resources
Free grazingForage/mulch
A real revolution Need of an important work at all scalesFrom competition to integration crops/livestock
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
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Finding technical solutions at field level
Developing sustainable and profitable cropping systems
Finding technical solutions at field level
Developing sustainable and profitable cropping systems
Simple mulching: risk on steep slope
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
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Finding technical solutions at field level
Developing sustainable and profitable cropping systems
Producing mulch in the field: crop residues or cover crop
Finding technical solutions at field level
Maize and Arachis pintoï Maize and Brachiaria ruziziensis
Developing sustainable and profitable cropping systems
Living mulch- Miniterraces
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
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Finding technical solutions at field level
Growing in difficult conditionsHigh biomass production
Soil regeneration by plants
Finding technical solutions at field level
Strong root systemSoil regeneration by plants
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
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Finding technical solutions at field level
Increasing biomass production and forage quality
cutting interval : 28 daysunit surface : 4 m²
cut at : 5 cm
Fodder trials (5 plots) 48 grasses & 2 legumes species4karstic & ferralitic soils 4young fallows & degraded meadow4with or without fertilisation
Finding technical solutions at field level
0200400600800
100012001400
Brachi
aria bri
z.
Brachi
aria ruz
.
Brachi
aria de
c.
Brachi
aria hu
.
Paspa
lum atr
.
Panicu
m max.
Penni
setum
pur.
Stylos
anthes
guy.
Cassia r
otundi
folia
Natural
vegeta
tion
Average monthly fodder production from April to October
Kg DM/ha/month
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
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Finding technical solutions at field level
Forage value
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1UFL
PD
IB. briz
B. dec
B. humB. ruz
NativeP. purp
P.max
P. atratC. rotun
S. guy
Legumes
Grasses
PDI = Digestible Protein content (g/kg dry fodder) ; UFL = Energy Unit.
Finding technical solutions at field level
3 main systems enabling increase and share of produced biomass:
Perennial systems: Meadows , cover crops in orchards and plantations
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
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Finding technical solutions at field level
3 main systems enabling increase and share of produced biomass:Perennial systems: Meadows , cover crops in orchards and plantations
Intercropping, associations
Maïs /Arachis pintoïMiniterraces
Cassava + Stylosanthes guy.
Finding technical solutions at field level
3 main systems enabling increase and share of produced biomass:Perennial systems: Meadows , cover crops in orchards and plantationsIntercropping, associations
Relay cropping, rotations (use of winter periods)
Brachiaria ruzi . after maize Oats in paddy fields
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
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Finding technical solutions at field level
Forage conservation
Bana grass on hedgerows
Finding technical solutions at field levelA set of alternatives, including crops and forage production
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
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• Farm typology• Need to jointly design solutions, adapted to farmers ’ strategy and based on opportunities given by DPPSC•Need a common understanding of the problems
• Need to have a common spatial representation of the territory as tool for awareness raising and mediation
Everyone acts firstly as an individual, according tohis own project and strategies
We rarely perceive fully the impact of the sum ofindividual behaviors at the scale of a village
Integrating solutions at farm and village levels
Expert meetings
Participatorymapping
Villagers’ view point
Household typologies
Land use maps, SIG
Researchers’ viewpoint
Reconciling…
….into a common spatial language
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
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Elevation 3D model
Extracting and representing information
Spatial data transfer
Lowland (rice)
Village & gardens
Piedmonts
Slopes
Communalpasture
Graphic representation with simple
symbols
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
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Land cover 2001
0%
50%
100%1
2
3
1
2
3
Simplified quantitative representationModel with compartments
Graphic representation
Feeding animals by playing on resources complementarity, spatialyand timely…
Natural resourcesArachis pintoï in orchards Associated
trees and fodder
Oats OatsIrrigated lowland rice
Oats in paddy field
Designing feeding systems at farm level
Stylosanthes guyanensisunder cassava
Improved meadowsMini-terraces
Rotated orintercropped
fodder production
Plu
ri-a
nn
ual
syst
ems
An
nu
alsy
stem
sP
eren
nia
lsy
stem
s
Riz pluvial Bracharia sp.Brachiaria ruzi. Brachiaria ruzi.Rainfall upland rice
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
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nbu/2 bung 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 zone notesbrachiaria 1.0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.2brach.ass 0.5 1 1 1 1 1.2
stylosanthes 1.0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.2 1 year to settlearachis 1.0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.2 1.5 years to settle
treated maize straw 1.0 1 1 1 1 1.2 need 5kg of urea for 100 kg of strawavoine 1.0 1 1 1 1 3 no water logging
treated rice straw 2 1 1 1 1 3 need 5kg of urea for 100 kg of straw
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
WinterSummer
4321
WinterSummer
4321
RS
BTX
Arac.
Oat
Farmer’s Field boundaries
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
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Farmers experimentsWork on management and practices
Fencing or not fencing?
populationforest
Individualbehavior
Aggregated result
1
2
3
77
120
43
1
2
3
1
2
3
7777
120
4343
Raises awarenessMediation tool
Integrating solutions at village levels
MAS
Role play
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
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Conclusions
• Technical solutions (even if economicaly attractive) often are not sufficient
• But necessary: DPPSC brings solutions for integration of animals, crops and trees
Benefited to animals, crops, farmers, trees, and soils
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
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Conclusions
• The conflict over the resources sharing between animals and crops became a strength for extension of DPPSC
•For very different situations ( South America, Africa, Asia), solutions are based on the same principles. Only the application conditions change. Behind heterogeneity, some universal processes exist. Importance of exchanges and transmission of experiences.
Muito Obrigado!Xin Cam On!
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
Document obtenu sur le site Cirad du réseau http://agroecologie.cirad.fr