PISD AT - HOME LEARNING

NAME: ______________________________

GRADE: 6TEACHER: __________________________

CAMPUS: CROCKETT INTERMEDIATE

PACKET #5WEEK OF APRIL 20, 2020

Prepositions

A preposition is a word or group of words that relates space, time, cause, or

manner between its object or another word in the sentence. A preposition with its

object is known as a prepositional phrase.

Check out the sentences below. The prepositional phrases are in bold. The prepositions are

underlined.

Exhausted after work, Jason fell asleep at the kitchen table.

The Cumby's will be in Cancun for two weeks.

The football game is at Washington High at 8 p.m.

Tara gave up chocolate for Lent.

Think outside the box.

Audrey runs at 5:30 in the morning during the summer.

The paint above the window is peeling.

The movie starts at the theater on Campbell Road in 20 minutes.

The sandwich in my locker got squished between my history book and science

book.

The train station is around the corner.

The squirrel in the treetop is throwing acorns at people around his tree.

Let's keep this secret between you and me.

Sandra works at The Wiener Roundup in the food court at Springdale Mall.

That cat is up to no good.

Jacques spends a lot of time primping in front of the bathroom mirror.

*Note that the prepositions in the last two examples consists of more than one word.

Prepositions with more than one word are called phrasal prepositions.

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Flash Cards

The movie that Jami likes, Terror Night 3, is showing at the Jupiter Theater.

Which phrase in the sentence above is a

prepositional phrase?

A. at the Jupiter Theater

B. that Jami likes

A. at the Jupiter Theater The prepositional phrase at the Jupiter Theater provides information about where the movie is

showing. The answer choice "that Jami likes" is a subordinate clause.

preposition

• a word that links with a noun or pronoun to form a phrase

• shows the space, cause, time, or manner in which something happens

• a prepositional phrase is a preposition with its object

• a phrasal preposition is a preposition that consists of more than one word

Let's keep this discussion a secret between you and me.

Which phrase in the sentence above is a

prepositional phrase?

A. this discussion

B. between you and me

B. between you and me The prepositional phrase between you and me

provides details about who is keeping the secret.

It is the individual's responsibility to return books that are borrowed the library.

Which preposition best completes the

sentence?

A. between

B. from

B. from The preposition from completes the sentence by

explaining where the books came from.

Chanel volunteers at the hospital every other Saturday.

Which word in the sentence above is a

preposition?

A. at

B. other

A. at

The preposition at links the verb "volunteers" with the location. In this sentence, "other" is an

adjective.

The paint is peeling.

Which prepositional phrase best completes

the sentence?

A. above the window

B. on the water

A. above the window The prepositional phrase above the window

shows the location of the peeling paint.

The tour guide told us that the train station was the corner.

Which prepositional phrase best completes

the sentence?

A. around

B. inside

A. around The preposition around shows the location of the

train station.

Michelle visited the new shopping mall her neighborhood yesterday.

Which preposition best completes the

sentence?

A. during

B. near

B. near The preposition near shows the location of the

shopping mall in relation to Michelle's neighborhood.

Emily spends several hours a day getting dressed in front of the bathroom mirror.

Which phrase in the sentence above is a

prepositional phrase?

A. a day

B. in front of the bathroom mirror

B. in front of the bathroom mirror The only prepositional phrase in this sentence, in

front of the bathroom mirror, provides details about Emily's location.

The squirrel the treetop is disturbing our picnic.

Which preposition best completes the

sentence?

A. in

B. about

A. in The preposition in links the squirrel to its location

in the tree.

Prepositions Question 1 .

Which of these is a prepositional phrase from the sentence below?

The cardboard plane my sister made flew over my head.

A. my sister

B. made flew

C. the cardboard plane

D. over my head

Question 2 .

Select the prepositional phrase from the sentence that shows place.

May I have one ticket for the first show at Lee's Theatre?

A. at

B. for

C. for the first show

D. at Lee's Theatre

Question 3 .

Select the prepositional phrase from the sentence that shows place.

Jordan and Nicole first met in 2009 during a game in the gym on the south side of town.

A. in the gym

B. in 2009

C. during a game

D. south side of town

Question 4 .

Which of the following words from the sentence below form a complete prepositional phrase?

The stratosphere is above the troposphere and contains the ozone layer.

A. the ozone layer

B. above the troposphere

C. the stratosphere is

D. and contains

Question 5 .

Which of these is a preposition in the sentence below?

Arnold bought a pony for his daughter who was about to turn 16.

A. to

B. turn

C. for

D. who

Question 6 .

Which of the following words is a preposition?

A. online

B. excerpt

C. accept

D. except

Question 7 .

We need to take care of our town. The bridge across the river is falling apart. The clock

tower needs to be painted.

"Across" is a preposition because it describes

A. the needs of the town.

B. the color of the clock tower.

C. the position of the bridge.

D. the appearance of the river.

Question 8 .

What is the prepositional phrase in the sentence below?

If my brother is too quiet when he stands behind me, then I won't know he is there, and I

may knock him over when I turn around.

A. behind me

B. he stands

C. too quiet

D. may knock

Question 9 .

Which of these prepositions best completes the sentence?

Arushi thought that the puppy's leash was _______ her reach.

A. on

B. through

C. by

D. within

Question 10 .

Select the prepositional phrase from the sentence that shows location.

To the right, you will see the tallest building in Houston, Texas, the JP Morgan Chase Tower,

at 75 stories tall.

A. the tallest building

B. at 75 stories tall

C. To the right

D. in Houston, Texas

Complete the sentence to show place.

My piano teacher Ms. Dean gives lessons _______.

A. with her mother

B.during the summer

C. at 302 Lamb Avenue

D. to many children

Which of the following words from the sentence below form a complete prepositional phrase?

The stratosphere is above the troposphere and contains the ozone layer.

A. the ozone layer

B. the stratosphere is

C. and contains

D. above the troposphere

Writing Prompt

Get creative. Using your imagination, write a recipe for people to make that will cure

COVID-19 (the coronavirus). Be sure to give directions on how to use what is created from the

recipe to cure the virus.

Example:

Recipe for the Cure of Covid-19

(must follow exactly)

1. Follow Government Guidelines

2. Two large bags of flour….

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Pronouns

Because a pronoun refers to a noun or takes the place of that noun, make sure that you use the correct

pronoun. This way, the reader clearly understands the pronoun and its reference. The noun that a

pronoun replaces is called the antecedent. Below are some basic rules for pronouns:

1. Pronouns should agree in number.

• If the pronoun takes the place of a singular noun, you have to use a singular pronoun. • If a student parks a car on campus, he has to buy a parking sticker.

(Not: If a student parks a car on campus, they have to buy a parking sticker.)

• Remember: The words EVERYBODY, ANYBODY, ANYONE, EACH, NEITHER, NOBODY, SOMEONE, A PERSON, etc., are singular and take singular pronouns.

• Everybody ought to do his best. (Not: their best)

• Neither of the girls brought her umbrella. (Not: their umbrellas)

2. Pronouns should agree in voice or person.

• If you are writing in the first person (I), don't confuse your reader by switching to the second person (you) or third person (he, she, they, it, etc.).

• Similarly, if you are using the second person, don't switch to first or third person.

• When a person comes to class, he should have his homework ready. (Not: When a person comes to class, you should have your homework ready.)

3. Pronouns should refer clearly to a specific noun.

• Don't be vague or ambiguous. The sentences below are examples of vague and ambiguous pronoun references.

• Although the motorcycle hit the tree, it was not damaged. (Is "it" the motorcycle or the tree?)

• I don't think they should show violence on TV. (Who are "they"?)

• Vacation is coming soon, which is nice. (What is nice, the vacation or the fact that it is coming soon?)

• George worked in a national forest last summer. This may be his life's work. (What word does "this" refer to?)

• If you put this sheet in your notebook, you can refer to it. (What does "it" refer to, the sheet or your notebook?)

The Forms and Functions of Personal Pronouns

1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person

Masculine

3rd Person

Feminine

3rd Person

Neuter

Subjective Case Singular

(doer of action) I you he she it

Subjective Case Plural

(doer of action) we you they they they

Objective Case Singular

(receiver of action) me you him her it

Objective Case Plural

(receiver of action) us you them them them

Possessive Case Singular

(without noun) mine yours his hers its

Possessive Case Plural

(without noun) ours yours theirs theirs theirs

Possessive Case Singular

(with noun) my your his her its

Possessive Case Plural

(with noun) our your their their their

Compound Personal Singular

(reflexive and intensive) myself yourself himself herself itself

Compound Personal Plural

(reflexive and intensive) ourselves yourselves themselves themselves themselves

Flash Cards

antecedent

• the noun that a pronoun replaces

• must agree in number and voice with the pronoun

• should be specific

singular/plural indefinite pronouns

take a singular or plural verb depending on whether what they refer to is singular or plural Here are some examples: all, any, more, most, none, and some.

All of the planets have orbits around

the sun.

Which pronoun best completes the sentence?

A. its

B. their

B. their

"Their" is the third-person possessive case plural pronoun and refers to every "planet" possessing

an "orbit."

Some of the people want to go on a hike.

Which word is an indefinite pronoun?

A. people

B. some

B. some

The word "some" can act as a singular or plural indefinite pronoun. The noun "people" is plural,

so the sentence requires a plural verb.

Anybody can play guitar if they practice.

Which word is an indefinite pronoun?

A. anybody

B. Can

A. anybody

"Anybody" is a singular indefinite pronoun that

requires a singular verb.

The river has frozen over, which

allows to go ice skating.

Which pronoun best completes the sentence?

A. us

B. yours

A. us

"Us" is the first-person objective case plural and refers to the speaker among a group.

When the season changes, most of the

birds fly south because they like the

warmth.

Which word is an indefinite pronoun?

A. they

B. most

B. most

The word "most" is an indefinite pronoun that can take a singular or plural verb.

indefinite pronoun

• a word that replaces a noun without specifying which noun it replaces

• can be singular, plural, or both

pronoun

• refers to a noun or takes the place of that noun

• should agree in number and in voice (or person) with the noun to which it refers

plural indefinite pronouns

take plural verbs

Here are some examples: both, few, many, others, and several.

Pronouns Question 1 .

Read the sentence.

The teacher told the children that they themselves must do their laundry.

In the sentence, what is the purpose of the intensive pronoun?

A. to emphasize that the children must do the teacher's laundry

B. to emphasize that the teacher must tell students to do their laundry

C. to emphasize that the teacher must teach children how to do laundry

D. to emphasize that the children must do their own laundry

Question 2 .

Which noun or pronoun does herself emphasize in the sentence below?

Mary herself brought the group project homework to our class and gave it to me.

A. me

B. class

C. our

D. Mary

Question 3 .

_______ was an important part of the baseball team because of his pitching skills.

Which antecedent best fits in the blank?

A. Groups

B. Guys

C. Matt

D. Winning

Question 4 .

Write the correct pronoun in the blank.

Which pronoun best completes the sentence?

Study Hall

At my school, we have one hour of study hall at the end of the each day. During this hour,

everyone must do homework quietly. Almost all of my classmates like study hall because it gets

their homework out of the way. I _________________________________

dislike study hall because of one person who reads aloud under his breath. He says reading aloud

helps him concentrate. I think he should be allowed to skip study hall and go home early instead

of bothering me.

Question 5 .

Write the correct pronoun in the blank.

Which pronouns correctly complete the sentences?

What is a Clan?

A group of people who share a common ancestor is called a clan. When people are part of a

clan, _________________________________________

often will gather on a regular basis. For example, there are Scottish heritage groups that meet in

California. One of the groups, House of Scotland, hosts _________________________________

annual event called Gathering of the Clans every June.

Question 6 .

Which noun or pronoun does himself emphasize in the sentence below?

Judah himself brought the cake to Ryan's party and gave it to me.

A. Ryan's

B. me

C. Judah

D. it

Question 7 .

Which pronoun belongs in the blank?

Although the bike was _______, Anna let her brother use it.

A. hers

B. mine

C. theirs

D. she

Question 8 .

Which pronoun belongs in the blank? Joey asked Michelle, "The cat is so adorable. Is the cat

_______?"

A. yours

B. theirs

C. your's

D. ours

Question 9 .

Which pronoun best completes the sentence below?

When a daughter is at the grocery store, _______ should stick to what is on the shopping

list.

A. she

B. you

C. I

D. they

Question 10 .

Claire and Antonia left their bags at the ticket counter, but they weren’t sure if they were safe. So, both

of them hurried back to the counter and requested a fellow passenger, who was waiting at the counter,

to keep an eye on the bags.

Which underlined pronoun is vague or unclear and should be changed?

A. their

B. who

C. them

D. they

Study Island --- ORDER OF OPERATIONS

1. Simplify:

19 - (4 + 5) - 6 ÷ 3

A. 6B. 8C. 20D. 16

2. Simplify:

12 ÷ 3 + 22 × 3 - 2

A. 8B. 14C. 80D. 254

3. Simplify:

48 - 16 ÷ 8 × 2 + 6

A. 38B. 53C. 41D. 50

4. Simplify:

19 - (1 + 5) - 8 ÷ 4

A. 9B. 13C. 11D. 17

5. Simplify:

10 - 3 + 7 - 12 ÷ 4

A. 8B. 14C. 11D. 13

6. Simplify:

(2 + 7) × 9 - 9

A. 72B. 18C. 0D. 56

7. Simplify:

4 × 22 + 6 ÷ 3 - (5 + 3)

A. 10B. 20C. 22D. 16

8. Simplify:

14 - 2 × 6 + 42

A. 18B. 22C. 88D. 42

9. Simplify:

46 - 4 × (6 - 4)3

A. 22B. 70C. 14D. 78

10. Simplify:

20 - 3 + 8 - 6 ÷ 3

A. 25B. 20C. 17D. 23

Study Island --- AREA & VOLUME

1. In the figure below, a = 11 in, b = 10 in, and c = 16 in.

What is the area of the parallelogram?

Note: Figure is not drawn to scale.

A. 160 sq inB. 110 sq inC. 37 sq inD. 176 sq in

2.

The formula to find the area of a rectangle is A = lw. If l = 10 in and w = 4 in, then what is the area of the blue portion of the rectangle? A. 28 sq inB. 14 sq inC. 40 sq inD. 20 sq in

3. The volume of a rectangular prism is 540 cu in, the width is 9 in, and the height is 4 in. Which equation could be used to find the length of the rectangular prism?

A.

B.

C.

D.

4.

Note: Figure is not drawn to scale.

If x = 3 units, y = 13 units, and h = 7 units, then what is the area of the trapezoid shown above? A. 91 square unitsB. 38.5 square unitsC. 56 square unitsD. 21 square units

5.

Note: Figure is not drawn to scale.

If x = 7 units and h = 5 units, then what is the area of the triangle shown above? A. 17.5 square unitsB. 35 square unitsC. 52.5 square unitsD. 12.5 square units

6. The area of a rectangle is 36 sq in and the length of the rectangle is 9 in. Which equation could be used to find the width of the rectangle?

A. 36 = 9wB. w = (9)(36)C. 9 = 36wD. w = 9 + 36

7.

11 units

3 units

What is the area of the rectangle above?

A. 28 square unitsB. 33 square unitsC. 36 square unitsD. 14 square units

8.

Note: Figure not drawn to scale.

If L = 8 cm, W = 5 cm, and H = 4 cm, what is the volume of the rectangular prism?A. 200 cm3

B. 128 cm3

C. 17 cm3

D. 160 cm3

9.

Note: Figure is not drawn to scale.

If x = 8 units, y = 4 units, and h = 3 units, then what is the area of the parallelogramshown above? A. 32 square unitsB. 26 square unitsC. 24 square unitsD. 8 square units

10. Which of the following formulas can be used to determine the area of the trapezoid?

A.

B.

C.

D.

Biotic & Abiotic Factors

Ecosystems can be characterized by their biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factors are the living components of

an ecosystem. Abiotic factors are nonliving components of an ecosystem.

Biotic Factors

The biotic factors of an ecosystem are the living components. Plants, animals, and all of the other organisms

that live in an ecosystem are biotic factors.

Plants and fungi are both biotic components of this ecosystem.

Abiotic Factors

The abiotic factors of an ecosystem are the nonliving components. These include rainfall, temperature,

sunlight, water, soil, rocks, and air.

Sunlight is an abiotic component of this ecosystem.

Link Between Biotic & Abiotic Factors

The biotic and abiotic factors of an ecosystem are interrelated. Living things interact not only with one

another, but also with the nonliving parts of their ecosystems.

The abiotic factors of an ecosystem often determine what living things can live there. For example, animals

that can survive in the Arctic are adapted to cold climates, while animals that can survive in deserts are

adapted to dry climates. The abiotic factors of an ecosystem also provide the most of the basic needs of plants

and animals.

Biotic factors can also impact abiotic factors in an ecosystem. For example, plants add oxygen to the

atmosphere, worms living in the ground aerate the soil, and algae growing in lakes can reduce the sunlight

reaching the bottom of the lake.

Levels of Organization in Ecosystems

Ecologists organize ecosystems into four major levels. These levels of ecosystem organization are

organism, population, community, and ecosystem.

Organism

An organism is any single living thing that grows, reproduces, responds to stimuli, and maintains a stable

internal environment. An organism can be an individual plant, animal, fungus, or bacterium. An organism is

the smallest biotic, or living, unit of an ecosystem. A maple tree, blue whale, mushroom, and single E.

coli bacterium are all examples of organisms.

The arctic fox is a single organism in an arctic ecosystem.

Population

A population is a group of individuals of the same species living and interacting in the same area at the same

time. An example of a population of organisms is a grove of orange trees.

All of the orange trees that live in this grove belong to the same population.

Populations can be defined at different levels of size. A local population could occupy a very small habitat,

such as a puddle, or a population could include every member of a species that occupies a large island.

Because a population includes all of the members of a species that interact with one another, there is

generally a boundary between populations. For example, most land-dwelling organisms cannot freely cross

an ocean.

Community

A community includes all of the populations that live and interact in the same area. A community makes up

an ecosystem's biotic factors. For example, all of the plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms that co-exist

inside of a forest make up a community. All of these organisms depend on one another for survival.

All of the organisms that interact with each other within this forest belong to the same community.

There are many types of interactions between organisms within a community. For example, predator-

prey and consumer-producer interactions occur at this level. Competition and cooperation between different

species are also part of community ecology.

Ecosystem

An ecosystem includes not only the interacting populations, or community of organisms; it also includes all

of the abiotic, or nonliving parts of an ecosystem. Rocks, air, dirt, sunlight, water, weather, and even fire are

abiotic factors.

An example of an ecosystem would include all of the living and nonliving factors that are inside a pond. The

water in the pond, the algae and plants that grow in the water, the animals and bacteria that live in the water,

the dirt and rocks on the bottom of the pond, and the sunlight that hits the water would all be considered a

part of this ecosystem.

This pond ecosystem includes all of the biotic and abiotic components. This includes all of the interacting populations, as well as the

water, minerals, and the amount of sunlight.

Ecosystems can vary greatly in size and conditions. The abiotic factors that make up an ecosystem determine

what kinds of organisms can live there. For example, a desert ecosystem that is very hot and does not receive

much water can only support certain kinds of organisms, such as cacti and lizards.

Changes in Ecosystems

Any changes to either the biotic or abiotic factors can impact an ecosystem. Some changes that might appear

to be minor could have a large effect. For example, minor changes in the pH of a body of water can cause

huge numbers of fish to die.

Not all changes are negative, however. For example, by simply moving through the soil, worms are able to

help break up the soil and add air. This improves the quality of soil, which benefits plants.

Want more information on biotic and abiotic factors? Try this video: t.ly/PgYnr

Want more information on levels of organization in ecosystems? Try these videos: t.ly/LgWng or t.ly/Rgznq

Interactions & Organization within Ecosystems

1. Which of the following involves only abiotic factors?

A. a spider building a web in the corner of a building

B. a pine tree absorbing light from the Sun

C. an otter using a stone to break open a sea urchin

D. a large rock being weathered by wind and rain

2. A certain plant requires moisture, oxygen, carbon dioxide, light, and minerals in order to survive. This

statement describes a living organism that depends on _______.

A. abiotic factors

B. carnivore-herbivore relationships

C. living factors

D. biotic factors

3. The Great Lakes are home to many species of fish. Brook trout, freshwater drums, lake herring, largemouth

bass, northern pike, and white perch are just a few of the species that can be found there.

Which of the following is an example of a population of fish that can be found in the Great Lakes?

A. a group of freshwater drums spawning in the same area

B. all of the fish in the Great Lakes region that are alive at this time

C. a group of largemouth bass and a group of lake herring feeding in the same area

D. two brook trout swimming beside a group of white perch

4. Taiga Biome Features

Animals bears, foxes, raccoons, birds, insects

Plants pine trees, fir trees, spruce trees, mosses

Average Annual Rainfall 200 to 750 mm

Average Annual Temperature Range -58°F to 86°F

Geographic Features mountains, lakes

The table above lists many features of an ecosystem in the taiga biome. Based on this table, what are the biotic features of

the taiga?

A. mountains, lakes, wide range of temperature, very little annual rainfall

B. wide range of temperature, very little annual rainfall, foxes, bears, raccoons, birds, insects

C. mountains, lakes, spruce trees, fir trees, pine trees, mosses

D. bears, foxes, raccoons, birds, insects, pine trees, fir trees, spruce trees, mosses

5. A fish tank is a type of human-made ecosystem.

Which of the following lists only biotic factors found in a fish tank ecosystem?

A. snails, tank, water filter

B. fish, plants, snails

C. water, fish, constant temperature

D. water filter, rocks, plants

6. Which of the following involves only abiotic factors?

A. an otter using a stone to break open a sea urchin

B. a large rock being weathered by wind and rain

C. a spider building a web in the corner of a building

D. a pine tree absorbing light from the Sun

7. A population is

A. the sum of all individuals of a species that live in different ecosystems.

B. all plant species that exist in a single region at a single time.

C. all individuals of a single species that exist together in a given region.

D. all similar animal species that live in the same ecosystem.

8. A community includes

A. all of the living organisms in a specific place at a specific time.

B. only the animals in a specific place at a specific time.

C. all plants, animals, minerals, and water in a specific place at a specific time.

D. only the plants in a specific place at a specific time.

9. Which of the following ecological levels of organization includes abiotic factors?

A. ecosystem

B. community

C. population

D. all of these

10. Which of the following lists only biotic components of an ecosystem?

A. bird, water, grass

B. water, dirt, air

C. elephant, bird, grass

D. elephant, bird, water

11. In a rainforest, a single howler monkey would be an example of

A. an ecosystem.

B. an organism.

C. a population.

D. a community.

12. Which of the following is an example of a population?

A. all plants and animals in Grand Canyon National Park

B. all of the western diamondback rattlesnakes in Big Bend National Park

C. all of the trees in Yellowstone National Park

D. all leopard frogs in the world

13. In a forest ecosystem, 24 gray wolves live together. These 24 wolves make up a _______.

A. habitat

B. niche

C. species

D. population

14. Fredrika's science teacher asked her to bring in three biotic items from her backyard ecosystem. Which of

the following groups of items should she bring?

A. a ladybug, a spider, and some water from a mud puddle

B. a smooth rock, some red dirt, and an empty bird's nest

C. a caterpillar, a pine cone, and a piece of a robin's egg

D. a lightning bug, a plug of grass, and a worm

15. In an ecosystem, a population can be defined as

A. all individuals of a species that exist or have existed in a given place.

B. all the individuals of a species that exist together at a given place and time.

C. all individuals of a species born in a specified month in every region of the world.

D. all the individuals of every species at a given place and time.

16. Which of the following statements is true?

A. Temperature range is always a biotic component of an ecosystem.

B. Animals are always biotic components of an ecosystem.

C. Some plants are considered abiotic components of an ecosystem.

D. In many ecosystems, water is considered a biotic component of the ecosystem.

17. _______ is an example of a biotic factor in an environment.

A. Temperature

B. Fungus

C. Humidity

D. Soil composition

18. Which of the following choices gives examples of biotic factors in an ecosystem?

A. water and air temperature

B. water and soil pH

C. humidity and precipitation

D. snails and soil bacteria

19. The Great Lakes region has both biotic and abiotic components.

Abiotic components include water, temperature, rainfall, and geological features. Biotic components include all

of the animal and plant species in the area.

The ecosystem of the Great Lakes includes _______.

A. only the plant and animal species that live in the Great Lakes region

B. only the animal species that live in the Great Lakes region

C. only the abiotic components of the Great Lakes region

D. all of the biotic and abiotic components of the Great Lakes region

20. A fish tank is a type of human-made ecosystem.

Which of the following lists only abiotic factors found in a fish tank ecosystem?

A. water, oxygen, constant temperature

B. water, fish, constant temperature

C. snails, tank, water filter

D. water filter, rocks, plants

Concepts of Cultural Change

Cultures influence one another in many ways. Cultural change is verycommon and occurs in a few ways. The lesson below explains more aboutcultural change.

Cultural Convergence The mixing of two cultures is known as cultural convergence. Usually, this term is used todescribe when two cultures become more similar. Some people argue that the sharing ofcultural traits throughout the world could have negative consequences. Particularly, theybelieve that as cultures become more similar, there could be a loss in cultural diversity.

Cultural Diffusion Cultural convergence is related to an idea called cultural diffusion. Cultural diffusion can bebest defined as the spreading of cultural traits like language, food, religion, and music. Thisidea explains how an American movie could become popular in Japan or how Mexican food ispopular in Canada.

Cultural Divergence Cultural divergence is different from the other ideas. This is because cultural divergenceoccurs when a culture tries to stop cultural change. This usually happens when a culture cutsitself off from contact with other cultures.

Cultural Expressions

Cultural expressions are ways to show culture through art, music, andliterature. These cultural expressions can preserve, influence, and evenchange culture.

Cultural Expressions:art: sculpture, painting, architecture, and folk art (masks, baskets, pottery, jewelry).Impressionism, Minimalism, Surrealism, and Futurism are all styles of art expression.

Relationships Among World Cultures

music: chants, religious songs, and popular music. One example includes the "BritishInvasion," which refers to British influence on American music, particularly rock 'n' roll.

literature: poetry, plays, novels, non-fiction, essays, and short stories. Edgar Allan Poe, RalphWaldo Emerson, James Fenimore Cooper, and Mark Twain are known for their contributions toNorth American literature.

Effects of Cultural Expressions on Culture:Cultures change and evolve partly because of cultural expressions, and cultural expressionschange partly because of culture. It is a cycle, and it continues throughout the world today. Aseach culture is preserved, influenced, or changed, so are the expressions of that culture.

preserve culture: writing stories, playing songs, or creating art about ways of life or events is away to ensure the culture of a people. It helps to record their history and keep people aware oftheir ancestors, as well as to keep traditions current.

influence culture: music, literature, and art, as they move from one culture to another, caninfluence events in a new culture. They can bring a type of art to popularity or show a new styleof music. They can also bring parts of one culture into another, so that more people can learnof different cultures. Some cultures will adapt things from others. For example, the Greeksinfluenced much of the Western world, and African masks are now in historical museums.

change culture: in addition to cultures adapting parts of a culture and making it their own,cultural expressions can change how a culture deals with an event or way of life. Newtechniques in art, along with technology, can change the way materials are made. As musichas changed, so have how many holidays, including Cinco de Mayo, are celebrated. TheHarlem Renaissance brought African American culture to new cultural groups and dramaticallychanged the music scene in the United States.

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Relationships Among World Cultures

1. Which of the following cultural traditions is the main reason for conflict in the Middle East?

A. language

B. economics

C. religion

D. government

2. Which of the following is most likely true of the impact of increased interaction and contact

between world cultures?

A. The sharing of traits and traditions has become more common.

B. Political boundaries between countries are becoming meaningless.

C. Different cultures are becoming more distinct from one another.

D. Prejudice and ethnic tensions are becoming a thing of the past.

3. As transportation improves, people can connect with other cultures and experience their foods,

languages, way of life, and religious practices. Which of the following is the best example of

how improvements in transportation helped make this possible?

A. Improvements in transportation enabled people to easily receive newspapers and books

from other countries to learn about their cultures.

B. The jobs created by new transportation technologies gave people the money to take trips

to other countries and meet with the people.

C. Improved modes of transportation enabled classical performers to share their cultural

artistry with the people in nearby nations.

D. The introduction of new modes of transportation helped people to learn about other

cultures by traveling abroad and through international trade.

4. How have satellite transmissions affected communications among different cultures around

the world?

A. They have enabled the transmission of a few television programs around the world.

B. They relay signals around Earth and communicate between widely separated geographic

areas.

C. They use waves to observe changes on the surface of Earth and communicate them to

scientists.

D. They have made space travel and space communications from great distances possible.

5. Traditional African storytelling and tribal music began to have an impact on American culture

and music due to

A. the Age of Exploration.

B. the trans-Atlantic Slave Trade.

C. the American Civil War.

D. the Second Great Awakening.

6.

• Christianity

• Smallpox

• Horses

The list above can best be described as items brought to the Americas by

A. Puritans.

B. African slaves.

C. Native Americans.

D. Europeans.

7. How has new communication technology, such as Internet home offices and international

work teams, changed economic dealings in the Eastern Hemisphere?

A. The global market has shifted, making it personal.

B. Interaction can be quick and impersonal.

C. Global business deals can be made over the Internet.

D. There is no need for business travel anymore.

8. Which invention of the late Middle Ages helped improve communication?

A. printing press

B. horseshoes

C. chainmail

D. spinning wheel

9. Which is the best example of how social media has improved communication for many people

around the world?

A. It has enabled people from diverse regions to have opportunities to share ideas,

knowledge, values, and culture.

B. It has enabled terrorist groups to spread propaganda and misinformation to influence

people's beliefs.

C. It has created a friendly environment in which people can express their political and

religious views without criticism.

D. It has created a challenging and unprofitable environment for businesses to sell their

goods and services.

10. An American clothing line becomes incredibly popular in Saudi Arabia.

Which of the following terms fits best with the scenario above?

A. cultural diffusion

B. cultural divergence

C. industrialization

D. globalization

Creative Expressions

Cultural expressions are ways that societies around the world celebratequalities that make their culture different and special. In various parts of theworld, cultures have distinct and exceptional ways that they reflect theirreligion, art, and customs.

Latin AmericaLatin American culture has been heavily influenced by European culture as a result ofcolonization by European countries. Throughout Latin America, European cultures haveinfluenced things such as language, religion, and architecture.

In Mexico, the mestizo and native people are the two largest ethnic groups today. The nativepeople of Mexico are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Theyinclude descendants of the Aztec Empire, which once ruled Mexico. The Aztec were aMesoamerican culture.

The mestizo of Mexico are a product of mixed marriages between Europeans and the nativepeoples. This is the largest ethnic group in Mexico.

Most Latin Americans speak Spanish or Portuguese. This is because Spain and Portugalcontrolled most of the territory in Latin America during colonial times. Spanish is the languagespoken in Mexico and other areas that were colonized by Spain, while most people who speakPortuguese live in Brazil.

Roman Catholicism is the religion most commonly followed by the people of Latin Americancountries. This is due to the heavy Spanish and Portuguese influence in the region.

Cinco de Mayo is a celebration on May 5th that commemorates the Mexican Army's victoryover France during the Franco-Mexican War.

Europe

Roman Catholicism: a form of Christianity that is widely practiced in western, southern, andparts of Eastern Europe. The base of the Roman Catholic Church is Vatican City, which islocated in Rome, Italy.

Nearly all of the languages in Europe are in the Indo-European language family. Greek,Romance, Germanic, and Slavic languages are the four main branches of the Indo-European

Creative Expressions

languages which are used today. Greek is in its own category. Romance languages formed outof the Roman Empire's Latin. Romance languages include Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, andFrench. Germanic languages can be traced back to a language that goes back to 500 B.C.Germanic languages include German, Dutch, and English. Slavic languages are languagesthat, today, are spoken in eastern Europe and northern Asia. Slavic languages includeRussian, Polish, and Serbian.

Europe's history of literature is very rich. The Nobel Prize in Literature is given each year inSweden.

Europe has had many different painters who used different styles. Pablo Picasso, a Spanishartist, painted in the early 20th century. He is most well-known for cubism, a form of abstractart. Abstract art, including cubism, is a style in which the pictures are not meant to be realistic.Another famous painter was Vincent Van Gogh, from the Netherlands. Van Gogh was a post-Impressionist artist who painted scenes, landscapes, and still lifes. Only one of his paintingswas sold while he was alive, but today he is extremely well-known all over the world.

Music has been a part of European culture for years. Three styles are distinctly European—classical, opera, and modern musicals. Classical music includes artists like Beethoven, Mozart,and Wagner. Opera is a musical style that began in Italy around the 17th century. It tells adramatic story through music and song onstage. Modern musicals tell a story through acting,dancing, and song.

Africa

Africa is the second largest continent in the world and is divided geographically and culturallyby the Sahara Desert, the world's largest desert. African history has been rich and varied.Northeastern Africa was home to one of the world's first great civilizations, the EgyptianEmpire. The countries of modern Africa have had many issues with political instability, ongoingwar, and diseases.

Throughout the 1800s, European countries created great empires by expanding their territorialclaims in Africa. In general, Europeans justified their expansion into Africa and other areas withthe belief that they were bringing their own superior civilization to the lands they conquered.For this reason, one important aspect of European imperialism was the spread of Christianity.

Stories and lessons passed down from generation to generation explain the vibrant and richhistory of the many groups in Africa throughout history. Folktales are culturally important andreflect the values of people. Art is also a common way to share the ideas and values of Africancultures. Masks are used to show the personalities and important figures in the stories andfolktales.

Islam is one of the most popular and common religions in North Africa.

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Creative Expressions

1. Which European country is thought to have the most influences on early forms of Western art,

architecture, and literature?

A. Greece

B. Denmark

C. Germany

D. France

2. Great works of European art and literature are housed in private and public collections across Europe. The creative abilities of Europeans in the arts and literature throughout history have been greatly affected by the free flow of people and ideas throughout Europe. People have moved and mixed together as a result of wars, changing economic and political conditions, and people migrating for better opportunities in other countries. http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-200428

What conclusion can be drawn from this passage?

A. Art and literature are not influenced by social and cultural developments.

B. Art and literature are influenced by social and cultural developments.

C. Art and literature are kept in museums and libraries, so people can learn.

D. Art and literature are confined to different countries within Western Europe.

3. One of the ways enslaved Africans passed the time, maintained their history, and distracted

themselves from their difficult circumstances was by

A. telling African folktales.

B. holding African religious services.

C. reading about African animals.

D. playing African games.

4. The "British Invasion" that began in 1964 refers to

A. the British invasion of Southeast Asia after World War II.

B. British influence on rock 'n' roll music in the United States.

C. the British invasion of Western Europe during World War II.

D. British influence on national politics in the United States.

5. Which of the following most influences trends in popular art, music, and culture in the

Americas and Europe today?

A. television

B. libraries

C. stage plays

D. museums

6. Edgar Allan Poe, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Mark Twain are all known for

A. their contributions to Western European literature.

B. their contributions to African American literature.

C. their contributions to Eastern European literature.

D. their contributions to North American literature.

7. Small communities in Northeast Guatemala are famous for their colorful weavings, traditional dress, and November horse races. Although most of the population is illiterate, 95% still speak Mam, one of the 23 Maya languages spoken in Guatemala. New efforts in the community are focusing on saving traditional culture. The mission is to help the local community by using modern technology, including computers and a radio station. http://209.200.101.189/publications/csv/csv-article.cfm?id=56

Which statement best describes a way modern technology might help the Mam people preserve

their culture?

A. Radio programs in native languages help keep traditions alive.

B. Computer programs can teach about art, history, and other cultures.

C. Learning how to use computers will help them learn to read other languages.

D. Listening to radio programs will help them learn about world cultures.

8. The holiday of Cinco de Mayo celebrates the victory of the Mexican army over the French army at the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862. This holiday includes music, food, and dance. Cinco de Mayo is celebrated differently in different areas.

http://teacher.scholastic.com/lessonrepro/results/view.asp?SubjectID=2&SubheadID=6&TopicID=39&GradeID

Cinco de Mayo is an example of cultural expression that stems from

A. Chicano life in the Americas.

B. Mexican cultural holidays.

C. modern life in Mexican cities.

D. important historical events.

9. Throughout history, art has been used to tell stories and share messages. One of the most

famous paintings that conveyed an antiwar message was entitled, Guernica. This was painted by

which famous artist?

A. Claude Monet

B. Pablo Picasso

C. Salvador Dali

D. Jackson Pollock

10. A masquerade in Africa might combine what forms of cultural expression?

A. art, music, and storytelling

B. religion, trade, and literature

C. food, athletics, and literature

D. music, science, and medicine