CRM 1204CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Lecture 6 : Interpersonal Skills: Teamwork

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Learning Outcomes• At the end of this lecture, student should be

able to:

– Practice the concepts of good teamwork and appreciate the importance of teamwork as elements of the flight operations

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Outline for the Presentation1. CRM skills (review)2. Teamwork3. Synergism4. Element in the Team5. Skills of Teamwork6. Advantage of Effective Teamwork7. Challenge of Teamwork8. Group Activity (Case Study)9. Conclusion

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CRM skills• CRM is concerned not so much with the technical skills but

rather with the cognitive and interpersonal skills needed to manage the flight.

• Cognitive skills are defined as the mental processes used for gaining and maintaining situational awareness, for problem solving and decision making.

• Interpersonal skills are regarded as communications and a range of behavioral activities in the teamwork

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Cognitive and Interpersonal SkillsCognitive Skills • Situational Awareness• Problem Solving &Decision Making

Interpersonal Skills • Communications • Teamwork

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Lack of Situational AwarenessPoor Decision Making

Lack of CommunicationLack of TeamworkLack of Resources

Lack of KnowledgeLack of Assertiveness

DistractionPressure & Stress

Crew Fatigue

Major Causes of Human Error in Aircraft Accidents

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Teamwork

• Team: a cooperative unit

• Teamwork: The process of working together with a group of people, in order to achieve a goal.

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Synergism

• Synergism: Successful Teamwork

• Produced by a process of *interaction between crew members, whereby each of individual is empowered (give or delegate power or authority to) and encouraged in the most effective way to the overall task of the team.

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• Interaction unlikely to occur unless all individual members of the team fully understood their role within the group, decision making and action taking.

Cont.

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Cont.

• Succesful Teamwork can be achieved when:

• Prerequisite for Synergy:– Good communication– High degree of situational awareness– Good decision making process

Output or product of teamwork

Greater ThanSum of the efforts of

the INDIVIDUAL CREW MEMBERS acting in ISOLATION (alone)

Of the group/crew members

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Elements in the Team

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• Why do people follow leaders? If we can understand this, then we will be a long way down the road to creating those followers and hence becoming an effective leader.

• People don't just follow anyone. You can't just say 'follow me' and expect people to follow out of the goodness of their hearts. You have to give them good reason for them to follow.

Cont.

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Leader• Leader: A person whose ideas and actions

*influence the thought and the behavior of others.

• *How to influence others??– Use example and persuasion– Understanding the goals and desires of the group.

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• Leadership: The ability to direct and coordinate the activities of other crew members, and to motivate the crew to work together as a team in order to ensure a safe, efficient and successful outcome

• Relation between Leadership and Teamwork– Leadership involves teamwork– Quality of leaders depends on the success of the

leader’s relationship with the team members.

Cont.

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• All crew members must adopt a leadership role because at certain emergency situation they must take over the role.(e.g. co-pilot takeover captain role; junior flight

attendant takeover chief flight attendant role)

• In fact, all of us must have a leadership skill to manage ourself. So everyone is a leader for their own.

Cont.

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Follower

• Follower: A person who *accepts the leadership of another.

• *How to accept?– Exercise supporting role– Not undermine the leader

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• Followership: the capacity (capability) or willingness to follow a leader.

Cont.

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Team• Team: A cooperative unit

• Must function effectively from the moment they are formed (e.g. perhaps only an hour or so before the flight)

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• Requirement: – Establish mutual (common/same/share)

expectation(What is your expectation for your flight??)

– Encourage open communication.• Team members (crew members) should not be

afraid/embrassed to speak up.• They must be *assertive

Cont.

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*Assertiveness• Assertiveness: ability to express your opinion without ignoring

or hurting the opinions, needs, and feelings of others.

• How to be assertive?– Providing relevant information without being asked.– Making suggestions.– Asking questions as necessary.– Maintain position when challenged.– Stating opinions on decisions (clearly and firmly)– Refusing an unreasonable request (Able to say “NO”)

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• Remember!!!– Each aircrew member must be willing to act

assertively if they are going to fulfill their responsibility towards mission success

– Use assertive statements rather than aggressive or passive behavior

–It’s what you don’t say that can kill you

Cont.

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Teamwork Skills

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Leadership and Managerial Skills

• Effective leadership/managerial skill is needed to achieve joint task completion within a motivated, fully functioning team through co-ordination and persuasiveness.

• Main skills:I. Authority and AssertivenessII. Providing and Maintaining the StandardsIII. Planning and Coordination

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Leadership Skill: Authority and Assertiveness Skills

• Authority: The power or right to give orders or make decisions.

• This skills infers the ability to create a proper challenge and response atmosphere.

• The given command authority of the Captain should be adequately balanced by assertiveness and crew members participation.

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Cont.

Poor Practice Good PracticeHinders(blocks)/withholds crew involvement

Takes initiative to ensure involvement and task completion

Passive (does not show initiative for decisions; own position not recognizable)

Takes command if situation requires.

Does not show appreciation for the crew; coaches very little or too much

Motivates crew by appreciation and coaches when necessary

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Leadership Skill: Providing and Maintaining the Standard Skills

• Refers to comply with Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for the task completion.

• Supervision and intervention on crew members in following the standards

• If the situation requires, non-standard procedures might be necessary but it shall be discussed and announced to other crew members first.

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Cont.Poor Practice Good Practice

Does not comply to SOPs Ensures SOP apply

Does not monitor crew for SOP Intervene if task completion not follow standard

Does not intervene in case of error Consult the crew if not apply not apply non-standard procedure.

Apply non-standard procedure without w\announcement or consultation of crew members

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Leadership Skill: Planning and Coordination

• Refers to apply an appropriate concept for organized task-sharing and delegation in order to achieve top performance and to avoid over workload.

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Poor Practice Good PracticePlans only for self, does not involve crew

Encourage participation in planning and task completion.

Intentions not stated or confirmed

Clearly states intentions and goals.

Change plan without informing crew or follows plans blindly

Having consulted crew, changes plan if necessary.

Cont.

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• Other skills:– Make suggestions– Balance Assertiveness– Assign tasks to all the crew– Making the crew want to perform activities– Leading by inspiration and example– Focus attention on critical aspects of the situation– Keep crew informed of mission information– Ask crew for mission relevant information– Admit mistakes

Cont.

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Followership Skills• To be effective follower, the crew must:

– Respect the authority (Leader)

– Balance Assertiveness– Accept Orders– Admit Errors– Provide Feedback

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Co-Operation skills

• Co-operation is the ability to work effectively between the crew/team members.

• Skills needed:I. Team Building and Maintaining II. Consideration of OthersIII. Support of OthersIV. Conflict Solving

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Co-Operation Skill: Team Building and Maintaining Skill

• Ability to establish positive interpersonal relation between crew members and their active participation in fulfilling the tasks.

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Poor Practice Good PracticeBlocks open communication Establish open atmosphere

for open communication and participation.

Keep barriers between crew members

Encourages inputs and feedback from others.

Compete with others Does not compete with others.

Cont.

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Co-Operation Skill: Consideration of Others

• Consideration of others involves the acceptance of others and understanding their personal condition.

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Poor Practice Good PracticeIgnores suggestion of other crew members.

Takes notice of the suggestions of other crew members even if you do not agree.

Ignores the condition of other crew members.

Takes condition of other crew members into account

Show no reaction to other crew members problem.

Gives appropriate personal feedback

Cont.

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Co-Operation Skill : Support of Others

• Support of others relates to giving help to other crew members when they need assistance.

Poor Practice Good PracticeHesitate to help other crew members in demanding situations

Help other crew members in demanding situations

Do not offer assistance Offer assistance

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Co-Operation Skill : Conflict Solving

• Articulation (joint) different interpersonal positions and giving suggestions for solution.

*Conflict means a serious disagreement or argument. It can have a serious effect on decision making quality.

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Poor Practice Good PracticeOveracts in interpersonal conflicts

Keep calm in conflicts

sticks to own position without considering a compromise (agreement)

Considering a compromise and suggest conflict solution

Simply blame other crew members of making errors

Concentrate on what is right rather than who is right.

Cont.

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Crew Coordination Skills

• Advantage of teamwork over a collection of highly skilled individuals

• For example:– Professional football team

• Every coach and manager must know the best player for each position.

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• Skills needed:– Recognize the pilot posses the maximum capacity

for the primary task of flying the aircraft and making decision.

– workload is equally distributed among the crew members (avoid excessive workload)

– ensure co-ordinated co-operation including exchange of information.

– support from the fellow crew members and monitoring of each others performance .

Cont.

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• Advantage of crew coordination:– Increase in safety by redundancy to detect and

remedy (correct) error.– Increase in efficiency by the organized use of all

existing resources.

Cont.

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Advantage of Effective TeamworkEffective teamwork has several positive sides• The more eyes and ears the better• Fewer and shorter delays• Increases in morale• Increase in job satisfaction• Increase efficiency

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Challenge in TeamworkDifferent team members• Flight crews do not always involve the same individuals on a

regular basis. Teams, therefore, have little opportunity to grow and form over time, perhaps only an hour before the flight.

Different age an experience• There may be a large difference in age and experience

between the various team members. Examples:– younger, less experienced co-pilot may be unwilling to

challenge or query the Captain's actions in any way. – cabin crew may be unwilling to 'bother' the cockpit crew

with concerns.

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Group Activity(Case Study):

Teamwork in Flight 232, (July 19, 1989

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Group Activity(Case Study):

Teamwork in Flight 232, (July 19, 1989)

• A United Air Lines DC-10 crashed at Sioux City, Iowa after an engine explosion caused the total loss of all hydraulics system.

• Although the aircraft crashed, the crew managed to land on a runway saving 187 of 298.

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Sioux city crash chronology:• 2.09 p.m. : take-off from Denver Airport to Chicago.

• 3.16 p.m. : – While passenger finishing their meal sudden blast (loud bang sound)

heard and felt by all the occupants of the airplane. But no sign in any visible damage inside the plane.

– In cockpit, captain check the engine instrument and identisfy no. 2 engine is mulfunction.

Cont.

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• 3.17 p.m.:– Captain shut down no. 2 engine (*there is 3 engine on DC-10 aircraft)– Flight engineer spot all *hydraulic system of the airplane are empty.– *Hydraulic system: operate flap, rudder, aileron and elevator.– Without these control, the pilot not be able to sail the plane (pitch

up, pitch down, roll)– Co-Pilot identify flight control no longer respond– Now aircraft is 11,000 meters on the sky.– The pilot have no choice except to find long runaway to make an

emergency landing.

Cont.

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• In your group please:– Identify/study the error.– Make the emergency plan:

• Make a milestone (step) from the beginning when the error spotted and to the emergency landing. (ignore emergency landing standard procedure by FAA)

– Assign the role for each crew members in this emergency situation.

– Make a dialog-script form for this situation and try to practice them (apply communication skills)

Cont.

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Key Player

• Key Player:– Cockpit Crew: Captain, First Officer (co-

pilot) & Flight Engineer– Air Traffic Controller– Ground Crew: Aircraft Fire & Rescue

Services, Ambulance & Health professionals

Cont.

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Conclusion

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• Consequently, good communications within the group, a high degree of situational awareness and a full understanding of the decision-making process by all members of the group are all fundamentals for create the effective performance of the team as a whole.

Key Points

1. Teamwork2. Synergism3. Element in the Team4. Skills of Teamwork5. Advantage of Effective Teamwork6. Challenge of Teamwork

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End of Presentation #5Q/A session

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Quotes of the Day

• There is no “I” in “TEAMWORK”.• Teamwork divides the task and doubles the

success.• None of us is as smart as all of us.• Coming together is a beginning.

Keeping together is progress.Working together is success.

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