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Principle of Charity Helping your opponent to clear his/her argument

Burden of Proof Obligation to produce good reason for claim

Attacking the Fallacy

1. Allowing the argument to destroy itself2. Counterexample Method3. Absurd Example Method

Rules of the Game

1. Dont be a fallacymonger2. Do not point out insignificant fallacies3.

Admit mistake if caught committing a fallacy

4. As much as possible, avoid the word fallacy

Fallacies of Irrelevance

1. Irrelevant or Questionable Authority (Quoting one who is not an expert in the field)2. Appeal to Common Opinion (Majority basis)3. Genetic Fallacy (Carrying ancient times to present)4. Rationalization (Defense with false reasons and on another ground)5. Using the Wrong Reasons6. Drawing the Wrong Conclusion

Irrelevant Emotional Appeals

1. Appeal to Pity (Getting sympathy)2. Appeal to Force or Threat (Threatening with undesirable state of affairs)3. Appeal to Tradition (Respect for tradition or culture)4. Appeal to Personal Circumstances or Motives (Attacking personal interest to persuade)5. Exploitation of Strong Feelings and Attitudes (Manipulating attitudes towards ideas)6. Use of Flattery (Excessive praise)7. Assigning Guilt by Association (Opposing view is held by those with bad reputation)

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FALLACIES THAT VIOLATE THE ACCEPTABILITY CRITERION

Fallacies of Linguistic Confusion

1. Equivocation (Statements phrased differently to look similar)2. Ambiguity (Can be interpreted in two ways but is not cleared which way is intended)3. Improper Accent (Wrong or improper emphasis)

Begging-the-Question Fallacies

1. Arguing in a Circle (Pretends to establish a claim A is true because A is true)2. Loaded or Complex Question (Assumes an answer to a prerequisite question)3. Question-Begging Definition (Holds truth by definition True love never ends with divorce)

Unwarranted Assumption Fallacies

1. Fallacy of Continuum (Failure to recognize the importance of small details)2. Fallacy of Composition (If the parts are true, the whole is true for it is made up of true parts)3. Fallacy of Division (Opposite of Composition Whole-Part)4. False Alternatives (Limited alternatives and assuming the correct alternative is there)5. Is-Ought Fallacy (Because it is already there, it is ought to be there; and the neg.)6. Wishful Thinking (Because one wants it to be true, it will be true; and the neg.)7. Misuse of the General Principle (Rule has no exceptions)8. Fallacy of the Golden Mean (Middle view is best)9. Faulty Analogy (Because they are alike in some parts, they are the same)10.Fallacy of Novelty (New things are good)

FALLACIES THAT VIOLATE THE SUFFICIENT GROUNDS CRITERION

Fallacies of Missing Evidence

1. Insufficient Sample (Generalization from small sample of cases)2. Unrepresentative Data (Conclusion from biased data)3. Arguing from Ignorance (It is true because there is no proof that it is false)4. Contrary-to-Fact Hypothesis (What might have happened if)5. Improper Use of a Clich (Use of Aphorism)

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6. Inference from a Label (Identifying words used to draw conclusions)7. Special Pleading (Applying rules to everyone except self)

Casual Fallacies

1. Confusion of a Necessary with a Sufficient Condition (Condition for an event to occur)2. Post Hoc Fallacy (B is a result of A because A happened first)3. Domino Fallacy (An action will lead to a series of consequences)4. Gamblers Fallacy (Chance event has occurred many times, the other would occur next)

FALLACIES THAT VIOLATE THE REBUTTAL CRITERION

Ad Hominem Fallacies1. Abusive Ad Hominem (Attacking in a personal way)2. Poisoning the Well (Rejecting clam because of special circumstances or supposed motives)3. You Do It, Too Argument (Accusing of acting the same)

Fallacies of Diversion

1. Attacking the Straw Man (Misinterpreting the POV of the argument)2. Trivial Objections (Focusing on less significant points)3. Red Herring (Hide weakness by drawing attention away from the real issue)4. Resort to Humor or Ridicule (Cover up inability or unwillingness to respond to position)