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Criteria for classification as reported in an ancient Chinese encyclopedia (Lakoff 1987):
“…it is written that animals are divided into:
those that belong to the Emperor
embalmed ones
those that are trained
suckling pigs
mermaids
fabulous ones
stray dogs
those that tremble as if they were mad
those that have just broken a flower vase
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Taxonomy- the field of science that classifies life into groups
Systematics- studies diversity of life
It is the study and classification of organisms with the goal of reconstructing their evolutionary history
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Biological Kingdoms
2 Kingdoms
Traditional view
plants animals
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Biological Kingdoms
5 Kingdoms
Whittaker, 1969
Plantae Fungi Animalia
Protista
Monera
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Five kingdom system:
Monera Protista FungiPlantae Animalia
Six kingdom system:
Eu-bacteria
Protista FungiPlantae AnimaliaArchae-bacteria
Three domain system:
Eu-bacteria
Archae-bacteria
E U K A R Y A
Eight kingdom system:
Eu-bacteria
Arc
hez
oa
FungiPlantae AnimaliaArchae-bacteria
Ch
rom
ista
Pro
tist
a
Biological Kingdoms
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Classification: Six kingdom system:
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Archaebacteria
E. coli Cyanobacteria
Paramecium Diatom Slime mold
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Six kingdom system:
Eu-bacteria
Protista FungiPlantae AnimaliaArchae-bacteria
Monera
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Plantae Fungi Animalia
Protista
Monera (Eubacteria & Archaebacteria)
Primary Grouping Criterion
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Cellular complexity
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Other Grouping Criteria
Single-celled vs. multicellular
Mode of nutrition
absorption
photosynthesis
ingestion
Plantae Fungi Animalia
Protista
Monera
Note: Criteria can overlapNote: Criteria can overlap
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Other Grouping CriteriaMode of Reproduction
sexual
asexual
Respiratory System
gas exchange across skin
lungs
gills
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Other Grouping Criteria
Skeleton
internal/external
bone/cartilage/chitin…
Circulatory System
none
open/closed
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Age of Systematics
Flair for creative simplicity
1700’s
Carl Linnaeus
Incurable classifier
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Linnaeus
Swedish doctor
14 books in 3 years
Fish book: 3,000 pages
Professor of Medicine & Natural History
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Linnaeus
1753: published book describing World’s plants
Start of naming process
ID: flowers - number &structure of the parts
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Linnaeus
Descriptions: “poetic precision”
Result: easily applied system
2 word names:“binomial nomenclature”
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Binomial Nomenclature
2 word name (genus + species)
1st level classification
Loxodonta africanasLoxodonta africanas
Elephas maximusElephas maximus
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Tiger = Panthera tigris
Leopard = Panthera pardus
Lion = Panthera leo
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Panda Bear = Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Black Bear = Ursus americanus
Polar Bear = Ursus maritimus
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Linnaean Hierarchy
KingdomPhylum (or Division)ClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
Plantae & FungiPlantae & Fungi
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Linnaean Hierarchy
“King Philip came over from Germany stoned.”
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Common names
Confusing
Ambiguous
Scientific names
Agreed upon system
Names
• Portuguese Man-of-War
• Bluebottle
• Physalia physalis
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Names
Language
Latin or Latinized
Giving names
A highly technical process
Name is author’s choice
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Commemorate People
Gardenia jasminoides (Dr. Alexander Garden)Camellia japonica (Joseph Kamel)Strelitzia reginae (Queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz)Siegesbeckia orientalis (Dr. Siegesbeck)
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Descriptive
Cardinalis cardinalis (red)Railus aquaticus (watery)Passer domesticus (house)
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Geographic Location
Kuhlia sandwicensis (Hawaii)Periplanata americana (American cockroach)Zosterops japonica (Japanese white-eye)
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Pronunciation
Divide into syllables
Choose where to place emphasis
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Example of Coral Classification
Example of Coral Classification
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnidaria
Class AnthozoaOrder Scleractinia
Family FungiidaeGenus Fungia
Species scutaria
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnidaria
Class AnthozoaOrder Scleractinia
Family FungiidaeGenus Fungia
Species scutaria
The Mushroom CoralFungia scutaria
The Mushroom CoralFungia scutaria
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Biological Species
Organisms that are genetically similar, and have ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring
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Offspring is sterile
mule
horse
donkey
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Kingdom Monera
Species number low (~17, 000)
Changing as we learn more
Two Divisions
Eubacteria (Bacteria & Cyanobacteria)
Archaebacteria
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Kingdom Monera Prokaryotic
Single-celled
Diverse energy types:
Chemoautotrophic- Purple sulfur bacteriaPhotoautotrophic- cyanobacteriaHeterotrophic- E. coli
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Some with cell walls, but cell walls composed of peptidoglycan, not cellulose (as in higher plants).
Asexual reproduction
Kingdom Monera
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Kingdom Monera
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anthraxanthrax
pneumoniapneumonia cyanobacteriacyanobacteria
Eubacteria
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Archaebacteria
Purple sulfur bacteria
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Eukaryotic
Generally single-celled; if multicellular, cells not organized into tissues
Heterotrophic & autotrophic forms
Kingdom Protista
~ 45,000 species
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3 informal groups
Plant-like (algal) protists
Animal-like protists
Fungus-like protists
Kingdom Protista
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Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Plant-like Protists
• Diatoms
• Dinoflagellates
• Green algae
• Brown Algae
• Red algae
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Halimeda opuntia
Chlorophyta: Green Algae
Caulerpa racemosa
Caulerpa sertularioides
Dictyosphaeria cavernosa
Codium edule
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Sargassum polyphyllum
Sargassum echinocarpum
Phaeophyta: Brown Algae
Turbinaria ornata
Padina japonicaHydroclathrus clathratus
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Hypnea chordacea
Asparagopsis taxiformis
Galaxaura fastigiata
Acanthophora spicifera
Ahnfeltia concinna
Rhodophyta: Red Algae
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Amoeba
Cilliates
Flagellates
Animal-like Protists
13,000 species
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Fungus-like Protists
475 species
Downey mildew
Slime molds
Mildew
Water molds
Blights
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Kingdom PlantaeKingdom PlantaeEukaryotic
Multicellular organisms
True tissues.
Photoautotrophic nutrition.
Most adapted for a terrestrial existence and possessing vascular tissues.
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Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae
Cells with chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls.
Includes mosses, ferns, pine trees, cycads, ginkgos, and flowering plants.
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Sea grassesKingdom Plantae
Halophilia hawaiiana- only form of seagrass in Hawaii
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Mangroves
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Kingdom Fungi
Eukaryotic
Generally multicellular, organisms (a few species, e.g., yeast are unicellular).
Nutrition:
Heterotrophic
Saprophytic (absorptive)
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Kingdom Fungi
Most with cell walls (usually composed of chitin) and complex life histories.
Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and mushrooms, marine fungi
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Shelf fungus
Yeast
Toad stool
Rhizopus
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Fungus infection in fish
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Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia
Eukaryotic
Multicellular organisms
True tissues.
Heterotrophic nutrition
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Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia
Most exhibit significant capacity for locomotion.
Cells not surrounded by cell walls.
Includes sponges, sea anemones, snails, insects, sea stars, fish, reptiles, birds, and human beings.
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Phylogentic Relationships of Animals
Ancestral Protist
segmentation
true tissue
radial symmetry
bilateral symmetry
Deuterostomes:eucoelom
Protostome: schizocoelem
pseudocoelom
Porifera
Cnideria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Mollusca
AnnelidaEchinodermata
ChordataArthropoda
no true tissues
acoelom
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Phylum Porifera
Class Hexactinellida
Class Calcaria
Class Desmospongia
Purple and yellow tube sponge
Boring sponge
Class Sclerospongia
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Phylum Cnidaria
Class Anthozoa
Class Hydrozoa
Class Scyphozoa
Class Cubozoa
CoralsAnemones
HydraPortuguese Man-Of-War
Stinging LimuFire Coral
True jellyfish Box jelliesSea wasps
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Phylum Ctenophora
Phylum Platyhelminthes
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Phylum Mollusca
Class Polyplacophora
Class Gastropoda
Class Bivalvia
Class Cephalopoda
More than 500,000 known species
chitons Snailsnudibranchs
clams SquidOctopusCuttlefishNautilus
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Phylum Mollusca
Well developed circulatory system
Nervous system with brain
Some with good eyes
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Three main parts:
• Muscular foot- for movement• Visceral mass- contains most of the
internal organs
• Mantle cavity- houses gills
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mantle
foot
visceral mass
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• Grazers (radula- scraping tongue)
• Filter feeding
• Egg eaters
• Active predation
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Spanish Dancer (nudibranch) & egg mass
Class GastropodaSubclass Opithistobranchia
Class GastropodaSubclass Opithistobranchia
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Cone shell
Triton’s trumpet
Cowery Opihi
periwinkle
Class GastropodaSubclass Prosobranchia
Class GastropodaSubclass Prosobranchia
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Class PolyplacophoraChitins
Class PolyplacophoraChitins
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Class BivalviaClass Bivalvia
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Class Cephalopoda
Day octopus
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Octopus Intelligence
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Mimic octopus from Indonesia
flatfish
lionfish
Sea snake
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Blue-ringed octopus
Highly venomous
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Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum trilobita
Subphylum Chelicerata
Subphylum Uniramia
SubphylumCrustacea
trilobites Horseshoe crabSea spidersspiders
Crabs KrillShrimp LobsterIspod amphipod
InsectsMillipedesCentipedeBeetles
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Insects, crabs, spiders, barnacles
Most species; 80% are insects
Hard chitin exoskeleton (must shed to grow)
Circulatory system with blood, heart
10,000,000? species
Phylum Arthropoda
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Class Crustacea
Banded coral shrimp
Spiny lobster Hawaiian cleaner shrimpYellow spotted guard crab
Anemone carrying hermit crab
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Phylum Echinodermata
Class Astroidae
Class Ophiuroidae
Class Echinoidae
Class Holothuroidae
Class Crinoidae
Sea stars Brittle stars
Crinoids
Sea urchins Sea cucumbers
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Phylum Echinodermata
No circulatory system
No respiratory system
Excretion (N elimination) by diffusion
Simple nervous system, no brain
Water-vascular system
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Phylum Echinodermata
Tube feet & associated plumbing
Used for walking, clinging to substrate & holding food
Water Vascular System
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Class Echinoidea: sea urchins
Echinometra mathaei
Colobocentrotus atratus
Echinothrix calamaris
Slate pencil urchin
Collector urchin
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Class Holothuroidea: Sea Cucumbers
Holothuria atra
Polyplectana kerfersteninii
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Linckia sp.
Acanthaster planci
Class Asteroidea: Sea Stars
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Class Ophiuroidea: Brittle Stars
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Class Crinoidea: Feather Stars
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Phylum Chordata
SubphylumUrochordata
SubphylumCephalochordata
SubphylumVertebrata
tunicates lancets AgnathansFishSharkstetrapods
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SubphylumUrochordataSubphylumUrochordata
tunicate
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SubphylumCephalochordata
SubphylumCephalochordata
lancet
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Phylum Porifera
Class Hexactinellida
Class Calcaria
Class Desmospongia
Purple and yellow tube sponge
Boring sponge
Class Sclerospongia
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• No true tissues or organs• No symmetry• No nerves or muscles• Sessile• Reproduce sexually and asexually• Skeletons composed of CaCO3 or SiO2
spicules or spongin• Filter feeders
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Consists of organized cells supported by a skeleton of:
• spongin fibers• calcareous spicules• silica spicules• a combination of these, or perhaps no skeletal
structure at all
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No GutSponges
Phylum PoriferaSponges
Phylum Porifera
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• A few species of fish• seaslugs • hawks bill and loggerhead turtles
• Can use toxins to ward off predators
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• Sponges provide habitat for wide variety of animals.
• As many as 16,000 different species of animals have been found in one loggerhead sponge.
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Phylum Cnidaria
Class Anthozoa
Class Hydrozoa
Class Scyphozoa
Class Cubozoa
CoralsAnemones
HydraPortuguese Man-Of-War
Stinging LimuFire Coral
True jellyfish Box jelliesSea wasps
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Close Up of a Portuguese Man-Of-War
Class Hydrozoa
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Class Scyphozoa
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Box Jellies
SeawaspClass Cubozoa
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Subclass ZoanthariaOrder ActinariaSea Anemones
Class Anthozoa
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Subclass HexacoralliaOrder Antipatheria
Black Coral & Wire Coral
Wire coral
Black coral
Class Anthozoa
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“True” Stony Coralslobe
finger
mushroom
Porites rus
Class Anthozoa
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Phylum Ctenophora
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
Blind digestive cavity
Bilaterally symmetrical
Thin, simple circulation
Sensory organs at front
Many parasitic
10,000 species
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flatworm
nudibranch
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• Staurosporine
• Tetrodoxin
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Pseudoceros dimidiatus
Pseudoceros cf. rubroanus
Pseudoceros ferrugineus
Pseudobiceros sp.
Planocera cf. oligoglena
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Phylum Nematoda
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Phylum NematodaRoundworms
Primitive body cavity
Gut & Anus
No circulatory system
Nervous system
Very successful- well adapted to every ecosystem
Many are parasites500,000? species
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Phylum Nematoda
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Phylum Annelida
Class Hirudinea
Class Oligochaeta
Class Polychaeta
earthworms leachesmarine worms
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Spaghetti worms
Sabellastarte sanctijosephi
Fireworm
Fan worms (feather duster)
Eurythoe complanata
Christmas tree worm
Spirobranchus giganteus
Lanice conchilega
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Phylum Mollusca
Class Polyplacophora
Class Gastropoda
Class Bivalvia
Class Cephalopoda
More than 500,000 known species
chitons Snailsnudibranchs
clams SquidOctopusCuttlefishNautilus
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Phylum Mollusca
Well developed circulatory system
Nervous system with brain
Some with good eyes
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Three main parts:
• Muscular foot- for movement• Visceral mass- contains most of the
internal organs
• Mantle cavity- houses gills
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mantle
foot
visceral mass
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• Grazers (radula- scraping tongue)
• Filter feeding
• Egg eaters
• Active predation
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Spanish Dancer (nudibranch) & egg mass
Class GastropodaSubclass Opithistobranchia
Class GastropodaSubclass Opithistobranchia
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Cone shell
Triton’s trumpet
Cowery Opihi
periwinkle
Class GastropodaSubclass Prosobranchia
Class GastropodaSubclass Prosobranchia
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Class PolyplacophoraChitins
Class PolyplacophoraChitins
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Class BivalviaClass Bivalvia
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Class Cephalopoda
Day octopus
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Class Cephalopoda
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Octopus Intelligence
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Mimic octopus from Indonesia
flatfish
lionfish
Sea snake
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Blue-ringed octopus
Highly venomous
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Phylogeny of Arthropods
Arthropoda
Worm-likeAncestor
Trilobites(extinct)
Annelids(worms)
Onychophorans(worms w/legs)
Chelicerates(spiders)
Crustaceans(lobsters)
Insects(butterflies)
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Insects, crabs, spiders, barnacles
Most species; 80% are insects
Hard chitin exoskeleton (must shed to grow)
Circulatory system with blood, heart
10,000,000? species
Phylum Arthropoda
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Existed 550-250 mya
Trilobites
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ostracodbrine shrimp
mantis shrimps
copepods
barnacles
Crustacea
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Banded coral shrimp
Spiny lobster Hawaiian cleaner shrimpYellow spotted guard crab
Anemone carrying hermit crab
Crustacea
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Phylum Echinodermata
Class Astroidae
Class Ophiuroidae
Class Echinoidae
Class Holothuroidae
Class Crinoidae
Sea stars Brittle stars
Crinoids
Sea urchins Sea cucumbers
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Phylum Echinodermata
No circulatory system
No respiratory system
Excretion (N elimination) by diffusion
Simple nervous system, no brain
Water-vascular system
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Phylum Echinodermata
Tube feet & associated plumbing
Used for walking, clinging to substrate & holding food
Water Vascular System
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Class Echinoidea: sea urchins
Echinometra mathaei
Colobocentrotus atratus
Echinothrix calamaris
Slate pencil urchin
Collector urchin
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Class Holothuroidea: Sea Cucumbers
Holothuria atra
Polyplectana kerfersteninii
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Linckia sp.
Acanthaster planci
Class Asteroidea: Sea Stars
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Class Ophiuroidea: Brittle Stars
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Class Crinoidea: Feather Stars
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Classification
Phylum Chordata
SubphylumUrochordata
SubphylumCephalochordata
SubphylumVertebrata
tunicates lancets AgnathansFishSharkstetrapods
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Chordate Characteristics
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SubphylumUrochordataSubphylumUrochordata
tunicate
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SubphylumUrochordataSubphylumUrochordata
tunicate
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SubphylumCephalochordata
SubphylumCephalochordata
lancet
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SubphylumCephalochordata
SubphylumCephalochordata
lancet
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Hagfish
Class Agnatha
SubphylumVertebrata
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Class Agnatha
SubphylumVertebrata
lamprey
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Characteristics
• Posses jaws with teeth, cartilaginous skeleton, paired fins• Scales (denticles) have same origin and composition as teeth• Possesses 5-7 gills• Spiral valve intestine• Ureoosmotic strategy• Lateral line• No swim bladder• Heterocercal tail• Relatively unchanged (480 mybp)
Sharks, skates, rays, chimera
Class ChondrichthyesClass Chondrichthyes
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Class Chondrichthyes
SubphylumVertebrata
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Characteristics• Posses jaws with teeth, bony skeleton, paired fins• 4 paired gill arches covered by operculum• Intestine- simple, no spiral valve• Swim bladder• Lateral line• Homocercal tail• Scales- cycloid, ctenoid
Class OsteichthyesClass Osteichthyes
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680 species of fish in the islands' waters.About 30% of these fish are endemic to the area .
Class Osteichthyes
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Domino damsel
Trigger (Humu)
Dwarf moray
Porcupine
trumpetfishAchilles tang
White mouthed
morey
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Class AmphibiaClass Amphibia
Characteristics
• Cold blooded• Returns to water to breed• Metamorphosis• Some toxic• Estivation-dry and hot• Hibernation- cold
3,500 species
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Class AmphibiaClass Amphibia
Rana cancrivora
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Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia
Characteristics
• Cold blooded• Have scales• Amniotic egg• Dry skin• 3 chambered heart (except crocks)
6,500 species
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Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia
Sea snake
Marine turtle
Marine iguana
Saltwater crocodile
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Class AvesClass Aves
Characteristics
• Warm blooded• Feathers and wings• Hollow bones• Horny bill• Lungs have air sacks• Hard egg shell
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Class AvesClass Aves
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Class MammaliaClass Mammalia
Characteristics
• Warm blooded• Have fur or hair• Suckle young• 3 middle ear bones
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Class MammaliaClass Mammalia
Dugong
manatee
Sea otter
Whales & Dolphins
Polar bear
Seals & sealions
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Inquiry
1. What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote?
2. Which kingdoms are prokaryote and which are eukaryote?
3. Define a species.
4. How do fungus feed?
5. What are some key characteristics of mammals?
6. Which class of cnideria are true jellyfish?
7. Name four mollusk classes.