Crisscrossing the River

7/27/2019 Crisscrossing the River

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C r i s s c r o s s i n g t h e R i v e r :

An In terview with Caryl PhillipsC A R O L M A R G A R E T D A V I S O N

TXAKENTOENGLANDa t t h e " p o r t a b l e " a g e o f 1 2 we e ks f r o mS t . K i t t s , o n e o f t h e Le e wa r d I s l a n d s i n t h e C a r i b b e a n , 3 5 - y e a r -o l d C a r y l P h i l l i p s g r e w up i n L e e d s , wa s e d u c a t e d a t O x f o r d ,a n d h a s s p e n t h i s l i t e r a r y c a r e e r p r o b i n g t h e r a mi f i c a t i o n s o fd i s p l a c e me n t , a c o mpl e x c o n d i t i o n t h a t h e c l a i ms c h a r a c t e r i z e s

t h e t we n t i e t h c e n t u r y a n d " e n ge n de r s a g r e a t d e a l o f s u f f e r i n g ,a g r e a t d e a l o f c o n f u s i o n , a g r e a t d e a l o f s o u l s e a r c h i n g . " Des c r i b i n g wr i t e r s a s " b a s i c a l l y j u s t p e o p l e who a r e t r y i n g t o o r g a n i z e t h e i r c o n f u s i o n , " he h a s o p t e d , i t wo u l d s e e m, f o r t h er i g h t c a l l i n g . T h e r a p i d l y g r o wi n g l i s t o f ho n o ur s f o r h i s p r o l i f i co u t p u t c e r t a i n l y v a l i d a t e s h i s c h o i c e . Th e a u t h o r o f f i v e n o v e l s ,P h i l l i p s wa s t h e r e c i p i e n t o f t h e Ma l c o l m X Awa r d f o r h i s f i r s tn o v e l , Th e F i n a l Passage ( 1 9 8 5 ) , a n d t h e Ma r t i n L u t h e r K i n gMe mo r i a l P r i z e f o r h i s t r a v e l - c o mme n t a r y Th e Eur opea n T r i b e( 1 9 8 7 ) . Wh i l e The F i n a l Passage a n d A S t a t e o f I ndependence( 1 98 6) wer e " wr i t t e n o u t o f a s e n s e o f g r e a t e l a t i o n a t h a v i n g' r e - d i s c o v e r e d ' t h e C a r i b b e a n , " h i s t h i r d n o v e l , Hi g h e r Gr ound( 1 98 9) , e n c ompa s s e s e v e r y t h i n g f r o m A f r i c a i n t h e days o f s l a v et r a d i n g t o p o s t - Wo r l d W r I I Eur o p e a n d t h e B l a c k Po we r Mo ve me n t . Wi t h t h e p u b l i c a t i o n i n 1 9 9 1 o f h i s f o u r t h n o v e l , Camb r i d g e , whi c h c h r o n i c l e s t h e s t o r y o f E mi l y , a n i n e t e e n t h - c e n t u r ywo ma n who e s c ape s a n a r r a n g e d ma r r i a g e b y t r a v e l l i n g t o h e rf a t h e r ' s W s t I n d i a n p l a n t a t i o n whe r e s h e i s e x p o s e d t o t h ee f f e c t s o f s l a v e r y a n d c o l o n i a l i s m, P h i l l i p s g a r n e r e d mo r e s e r i o u sa t t e n t i o n i n N o r t h A me r i c a . B a c k " ho me " i n E n g l a n d , he wa ss u b s e q u e n t l y n a m e d ( London ) Sunday Ti mes ' Young Wr i t e r o f t h eYea r i n 1 9 9 2 a n d l i s t e d a mo n g GRANTA' s B e s t o f Young B r i t i s hNo v e l i s t s o f 1 9 9 3 . He i s a l s o a we l l - e s t a b l i s h e d p l a y wr i g h t a n d

ARI EL: A Revi ew o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n g l i s h L i t e r a t u r e , 2 5 : 4 , October 1 9 9 4


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NTERVEWWTHCARYLPHLLIPS 9 3e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r y , t o A c t Two i n t h e 1950 s . You a l s o d e a l t h e r e wi t hi n t e r r a c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s .Tha t ' s i n t e r e s t i n g . Mo s t p e o p l e haven' t made a n y r e f e r e n c e s t oTh e S h e l t e r , a p l a y I wr o t e b a c k i n 1 9 8 2- 8 3 , b e c a u s e t h e y don ' tk n o w o f i t . I t ' s n o t a s e a s i l y a c c e s s i b l e a s mo s t o f t h e n o v e l s , b u t i f Iwer e t o l o o k a t o n e p i e c e o f wo r k o f mi n e whi c h h a s t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h i s s t r u c t u r a l p a r a n o i a a n d s c h i z o p h r e n i a , t h a t wo ul d b ei t . Yo u c o u l d s a y t h a t I ' v e b e e n wr i t i n g o r e x p l o r i n g t h e wa y o fwr i t i n g a n d c o n n e c t i n g a c r o s s c e n t u r i e s f o r t e n y e a r s .Wha t wa s y o u r p r i n c i p a l a i m i n wr i t i n g C r o s s i n g t h e R i v e r ? Wha t d i dy o u f e e l y o u want ed t o d o her e t h a t y o u hadn' t done i n y o u r e a r l i e r wor k ?We l l , I wa n t e d t o ma ke a c o n n e c t i o n b e t we e n t h e A f r i c a n w o r l dwhi c h wa s l e f t b e h i n d a n d t h e d i a s p o r a n w o r l d whi c h p e o p l e h a de n t e r e d o n c e t h e y c r o s s e d t h e w a t e r . I wa n t e d t o make a n a f f i r ma t i v e c o n n e c t i o n , n o t a c o n n e c t i o n b a s e d u p o n e x p l o i t a t i o n o rs u f f e r i n g o r mi s e r y , b ut a c o n n e c t i o n b a s e d u p o n a k i n d o fs u r v i v a l . T h i s i s a n u n u s u a l l y o p t i mi s t i c b o o k f o r me . I do n' t havea d e l i b e r a t e l y d o wn b e a t f e e l , b u t t h e r e ' s neve r b e e n a r ed empt i v e s p i r i t t o t h e t h i n g s t h a t I ' v e wr i t t e n . The r e ' s al ways b e e n as e n s e t h a t t h i n g s have b e e n r o ug h a n d p e o p l e have j u s t a b o u tma n a g e d t o l i mp b y a n d s u r v i v e , b u t I do n' t t h i n k t h e r e ' s a n yr e a s o n why o n e s h o u l d b e " p o s i t i v e . " I have neve r r e a l l y ha d av e r y o p t i mi s t i c v i e w o f t h i n g s .I n s ome o f y o u r e a r l i e r i n t e r v i e w s , however , y o u have e x p r e s s e d s u r p r i s eabout b e i n g pegged a s a p e s s i mi s t .I ha ve b e e n s u r p r i s e d b e c a u s e I ' v e neve r r e a l l y c o n s i d e r e d my s e l ft o b e a p e s s i mi s t , b u t I ' v e neve r r e a l l y g i v e n p e o p l e a n y g o o dr e a s o n t o t h i n k o t h e r wi s e .5 y o u r w o n d e r f u l p o r t r a i t s o f t h e e l d e r l y Wste rn p i o n e e r , Ma r t ha , a n d

t h e r e s t r a i n e d B r i t i s h h o u s e w i f e , J o y c e , a t t e s t i n C r o s s i n g t h e R i v e r , y o uhave a t r emendous a b i l i t y t o do c r o s s - g e n d e r wr i t i n g . By t h a t I a mr e f e r r i n g t o t h e a b i l i t y t o e n t e r t h e c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f a wo ma n n d i n t h ec a s e o f J o y c e , h e r e , a n d E mi l y i n Ca mb r i d g e , y o u have t h e addedd i f f i c u l t y o f t r a v e r s i n g r a c i a l d i f f e r e n c e t o o . Do y o u have a n y t h o u g h t sabout a s s umi ng a f e ma l e v o i c e ? Do y o u t h i n k t h i s i n v o l v e s a s p e c i a la b i l i t y a t a l l ?


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9 4 CAROLMARGARETDAVSONI don ' t f e e l i t r e q u i r e s a n y p a r t i c u l a r s t r e n g t h s . The d e a l i s r e a l l yt h a t we a l l p l a y t o o u r o wn s t r i n g s , a n d y o u f i n d o u t wher e y o uf e e l mo s t c o mf o r t a b l e . Women' s p o s i t i o n o n t h e e d g e o f s o c i e t yb o t h c e n t r a l i n s o c i e t y , b u t a l s o ma r g i n a l i z e d b y me n e e mst o me , i n s o me wa y , t o mi r r o r t h e r a t h e r t e n uo us a n d o s c i l l a t i n gr e l a t i o n s h i p t h a t a l l s o r t s o f p e o p l e , i n t h i s c a s e , s p e c i f i c a l l y , b l a c kp e o p l e , have i n s o c i e t y , a n d ma y b e t h e r e i s s o me k i n d o f unde r c u r r e n t o f c o mmun i c a b l e empa t hy t h a t ' s g o i n g o n . A g a i n , Idon ' t want t o ma ke t o o muc h o f a n y t h i n g b e c a u s e I don ' t r e a l l ys e e i t a s t h a t muc h o f a my s t e r y . I t do es n ' t appea r t o b e t h a t wa y t ome , a n d I don ' t wa n t t o f i n d a l o g i c a l r e a s o n i n c a s e t h e a b i l i t y t od o s o s o me ho w goe s a wa y. I d o t h i n k t h a t t o wr i t e o n l y f r o m t h ep o i n t o f v i e w o f a ma l e i s t o e x c l u d e h a l f o f t h e w o r l d a n d Io b v i o u s l y want t o i n c l u d e a s many d i f f e r e n t p o i n t s o f v i e w a s Ic a n , s o F m v e r y p l e a s e d t h a t l ' v e neve r r e a l l y f e l t a pr o b l e m d o i n gt h a t .Ther e a r e c e r t a i n l y many d i f f e r e n t l i t e r a r y i n f l u e n c e s i n C r o s s i n g t h eR i v e r . S e v e r a l c r i t i c s ment i on t h e echoes o f T o n i Mo r r i s o n ' s B e l o v e d i nt h e Ma r t ha S e c t i o n . I t a l s o seems t o me t h a t t h e f a t h e r f i g u r e her e whos ev o i c e f r ame s t h e f o u r n a r r a t i v e segment s enc ompas ses t h e v o i c e s o f t h eA f r i c a n d i a s p o r a j u s t a s Sal eem S i n a i encompas s es t h e whol e o f I n d i a i nSa l man Ru s h d i e ' s Mi d n i g h t ' s C h i l d r e n . Co u l d y o u speak a b i t aboutt h e v a r i o u s l i t e r a r y i n f l u e n c e s a t wor k h e r e ?I have n' t s a t down a n d t ho ught t o o c l e a r l y a b o u t wha t b o o k s havepe r ha ps i n f l u e n c e d me i n p u t t i n g t h i s n o v e l t o g e t h e r , b u t y o uhave c e r t a i n l y n a me d s o me a u t h o r s who a r e b i g i n f l u e n c e s .B e l o v e d h a s b e e n p a r t i c u l a r l y i n f l u e n t i a l . I t ' s al ways e a s i e r f o r a na u t h o r t o s e e t h e s e t h i n g s i n r e t r o s p e c t a n d , l o o k i n g b a c k , y e s , Ic a n s e e t h e i n f l u e n c e s o f a l l o f t h e s e p e o p l e . I t ' s a n o v e l whi c h i sf r a g me n t a r y i n f o r m a n d s t r u c t u r e , p o l y p h o n i c i n i t s v o i c e s ,whi c h me a n s t h a t a l o t o f my r e a d i n g a n d a l o t o f t h e p e o p l ewhos e wo r k I ' v e e n j o y e d have made t h e i r wa y i n . Ob v i o u s l yt h e r e ' s a mpl e r o o m f o r e c ho e s o f a l l s o r t s o f p e o p l e . I t ' s g r e a t f o rme a s a wr i t e r b e c a u s e i t a l l o w s me t o s w i t c h g e a r o r s w i t c hd i r e c t i o n , s h i f t p e r s p e c t i v e , a n d a t e a c h n e w t u r n I ' m a b l e t oe mpl o y s o me t hi n g e l s e w h i c h , o b v i o u s l y , I have l e a r n e d b y r e a d i n g o t h e r p e o p l e ' s wo r k .


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NTERVEWWTHCARYLPHLLIPS 95Ano t her book t h a t k e p t comi ng t o mi nd w h i l e I was r e a d i n g C r o s s i n gt h e R i v e r was Edwa r d Br a t h wa i t e ' s j a z z y C a r i b b e a n p o e m- t r i l o g y , TheA r r i v a n t s . I d e c i d e d f i n a l l y t o p u l l i t o f f t he s h e l f a n d , l o a n d b e h o l d , Id i s c o v e r e d t h a t Ch a p t e r F i v e i s e n t i t l e d " C r o s s i n g t he R i v e r . "I s i t ? I k n o w h i m. He' s g o i n g t o mur d e r me . I s i t r e a l l y ? I ' m g o i n gt o wr i t e t h a t down . Tha t ' s p r o b a b l y whe r e I go t t he o r i g i n a l t i t l eb e c au se I f i r s t t ho ug ht o f t h i s t i t l e t o o r 11 y e a r s a g o .Ther e i s a h a u n t i n g , r e i t e r a t e d B i b l i c a l q u e s t i o n t hr oughout t h i s n o v e l ,namel y, " F a t h e r , why h a s t t h o u f o r s a k e n me"?" Na s h ment i ons t h i s abouth i s wh i t e " f a t h e r " E d wa r d ; Ma r t ha seems t o be a d d r e s s i n g Go d when sher e p e a t s t he s a me phr as e i n S e c t i o n Two. I n t he l a r g e r p i c t u r e , o f c o u r s e ,t h e y a r e a d d r e s s i n g t h e i r f l e s h - a n d - b l o o d f a t h e r who has s o l d t hem t o t hes l a v e t r a d e r s . The c o n n e c t e d i s s u e s o f p a t e r n a l i s m a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t y ar eo f t e n medi t a t ed upon h e r e . Wha t e xa c t l y f a s c i n a t e s y o u about t heses u b j e c t s ?I t s ee ms t o me t h a t t he ve r y n a t u r e o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t wee nt h e ma s t e r a n d t he s l a v e , t he c o l o n i z e r a n d t he c o l o n y , B r i t a i na n d t he C a r i b b e a n , i s p a t e r n a l i s t i c . The whol e q u e s t i o n o f r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t wee n b l a c k a n d w h i t e h i s t o r i c a l l y ha s t e n d e d t o b ep a t e r n a l i s t i c a n d pe r ha ps e n s hr o ud e d i n some a i r o f pa t r o na gea t t i me s , a n d s o I ' ve a l ways b e e n i n t e r e s t e d i n t ho s e k i n d s o fpower r e l a t i o n s h i p s . I t ha s s u c h B i b l i c a l o ve r t o ne s as we l l because i t i s a l s o a r e f e r e n c e t o r e l i g i o u s t he me s . I n t he i mmi g r a n te x p e r i e n c e i n B r i t a i n , t h e f a t h e r was o f t e n p r e t t y a b s e n t f r o m t heh om e . The r e a r e s o many b r o ke n f a mi l i e s i n t he b l a c k c o mmun i t y i n g e n e r a l , n o t j u s t i n t he mi g r a n t c o mmun i t y . The r e t e n dst o b e a pr e po n de r a n c e o f s i n g l e mo t he r s . I ' m ve r y i n t e r e s t e di n t he who l e q u e s t i o n o f how, o n t he p e r s o n a l l e v e l , t h a t ha se me r g e d o u t o f t h e l a r g e r d e v e l o pme n t o f s l a v e r y a n d a l l o f t h o s ek i n d s o f d i a s p o r a n mo v e me n t s . The r e i s a ve r y c o mmo n l y h e l dt h e o r y t h a t o n e o f t h e r e a s o n s t h e r e i s su ch a pr e po n de r a n c e o fs i n g l e mo t he r s i s because o f s l a v e r y , a n i n s t i t u t i o n whi c h g r e a t l yd i s r u p t e d t h e b l a c k f a mi l y . The r e i s a n i d e a t h a t i f y o u t a k e a wa y aman ' s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r h i s c h i l d r e n , whi c h i s wha t h a p p e n e d i ns l a v e r y whe n t he ma n wa s r e p l a c e d b y t he ma s t e r as he a d o f t h ef a mi l y , i t d oe s s o me t hi n g t o t he ps y c he o f t he ma n o f A f r i c a no r i g i n . I t i n d u c e s a n i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . I don ' t k n o w whe t he r t h i s i s


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NTERVEWWTHCARYLPHLLIPS 97y o u r o wn h i s t o r y . But b e y o n d t h a t , I t h i n k a wr i t e r r e a l l y ha sa r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o a t l e a s t a c k n o wl e d g e t h a t he wa s pr o d uc e dby v e r y s p e c i f i c s o c i a l c i r c u ms t a n c e s . W we r e n' t , a n y o f u s ma l e , f e ma l e , b l a c k , w h i t e , wha t e v e r mma c ul a t e c o n c e p t i o n sd r o ppe d o u t o f n o whe r e w i t h o u t a h i s t o r y . On e s h o u l d n ' t f e e l ag u i l t f o r one ' s h i s t o r y a n d o n e s h o u l d n ' t f e e l a s ha me d o f one ' sh i s t o r y , o n e s h o u l d j u s t t a k e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r i t .Do y o u e v e r f e e l , t hough, t h a t y o u have t o compr omi s e c o n v e y i n g y o u r o wnp e r s o n a l " t r u t h s " because t h e y c l a s h w i t h y o u r r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s a s a wr i t e r ,o r i s i t y o u r p r i ma r y r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o t e l l t h e t r u t h , t h e whol e t r u t h , a n dn o t h i n g b u t t h e t r u t h , so h e l p you Go d iThe l a t t e r . I do n ' t t h i n k I c o u l d a c t u a l l y wr i t e p r o p e r l y i f I f e l tt h a t i n a ny w a y , even i n a ny s ma l l wa y, t h a t I wa s s o me ho w i n myl i f e as we l l as i n my wr i t i n g , n o t t a c k l i n g i s s u e s o f i n j u s t i c e a n ds p e a k i n g up whe n t h e y a ppe a r . I j u s t do n ' t t h i n k I c o u l d d o i t ,b e c a u s e I t h i n k t h a t e v e n t u a l l y t h o s e k i n d s o f l i e s a n d t h a t k i n d o fs e l f - d e c e p t i o n d o s e e p i n t o y o u r wor k . I t ha s h o n e s t l y neve ro c c u r r e d t o me t o p u l l a p un c h a l i t t l e b i t o r c h a n g e g e a r s . I don ' tt h i n k y o u c a n d o t h a t . I m e a n I j u s t don ' t s e e ho w y o u c a n . Yo u

j u s t have t o c o n t i n u a l l y r i s k c o mi n g up a g a i n s t i r a t e p e o p l e .As you ar e c e r t a i n l y awar e, t o d a y i s not o n l y V a l e n t i n e ' s Da y . Todaymar ks t h e f i f t h a n n i v e r s a r y o f t h e f a t wa d e c l a r e d a g a i n s t Sa l ma n Rus hd i e . Do y o u have a n y commen t s about Ru s h d i e ' s s i t u a t i o n a n d t h e i s s u e o fc e n s o r s h i p a n d wr i t i n g i n g e n e r a l iI j u s t g o t o f f t h e p h o n e wi t h h i m. He a n d I speak a l o t . To t e l l y o ut h e t r u t h , I don ' t t h i n k t h a t I have g o t a n y t h i n g t o s a y t h a t h a s n ' ta l r e a d y b e e n s a i d a n d ma y b e s a i d b e t t e r b y o t h e r s , b ut I wa st a l k i n g t o s o me b o d y e a r l i e r t o d a y a b o u t h i s s i t u a t i o n . I t s ee ms t ome c l e a r l y t h a t o n e o f t h e mo s t u n f o r t u n a t e t h i n g s i n t h e f a t wa i st h e wa y a l o t o f p e o p l e i n t h e W s t have t a k e n i t a s a c o n v e n i e n tex c u s e t o ha mme r I s l a m, a n d i t ' s n o t I s l a m t h a t n e ed s t o b eha mme r e d . I t ' s a p a r t i c u l a r e x t r e me b r a n c h o f I s l a m. I t r e a l l y i sl i k e j u d g i n g t he who l e o f Ch r i s t i a n i t y o n t he a c t i o n s o f t heS p a n i s h I n q u i s i t i o n . I t do es n ' t r e a l l y ma ke a ny s e n s e . Tha t ha sn o t h i n g t o d o w i t h Sa l ma n p e r s o n a l l y . Tha t i s j u s t my o wn d i s c o m f o r t a t wa t c h i n g wr i t e r s a n d o t h e r p e o p l e , i n c l u d i n g a l o t o f


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98 CAROLMARGARETDAVSONp e o p l e who s h o u l d k n o w b e t t e r , who c l a i m t o be d e f e n d i n gSa l ma n Rus hd i e ma k i n g i n c r e d i b l y s we e pi n g a n d s t u p i d comme n t s a b o u t I s l a m, b ut n o t t a k i n g i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h a t t h i si s n ' t I s l a m. The r e a r e many Mus l i ms a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d who t h i n kt h i s i s a n o u t r a g e .Wha t wer e your f e e l i n g s a bou t b e i n g n o mi n a t e d f o r t he Bo o ke r P ryou s u r p r i s e d ?Tha t ' s a go od q ue s t i o n . W s I s ur pr i s e d? W l l , I s uppo s e I wl i t t l e b i t . To t e l l y o u t h e t r u t h , I was mo r e s u r p r i s e d t h a t Ca mbr i dgewas n' t n o mi n a t e d b e c a us e e v er y o ne k e p t t e l l i n g me i t wo u l d b e .So b y t he t i me t h i s c ame a r o un d , I was p l e a s e d b ut I j u s t d i d n ' tc a r e b e c a u s e I r e a l i z e d ho w muc h o f a l o t t e r y i t w a s . I wo n d e r e da b o u t i t i n t he d a ys l e a d i n g up t o i t whe n i t wa s Cambr i dge. T h i st i me I d i d n ' t even k n o w t h a t i t was t h e da y o f t h e a n n o un c e me n t so r a n y t h i n g . I c ame i n t o my o f f i c e a n d t h e r e was a mes s age f r o mSa l ma n o n t he ma c hi n e . I was p l e a s e d b e c a us e o f t he s a l e s .Wha t wer e your f e e l i n g s whe n Ro dd y Doy l e r e c e i v e d i t ?Oh, t h a t wa s f i n e . I k n o w Ro dd y. I wa s s i t t i n g r i g h t a t t he ne x tt a b l e . I d i d n ' t mi n d y o u s ee b e c a us e i t was n ' t r e a l l y a b o ut wi n n i n g i t . I was j u s t p l e a s e d t o b e o n t h e s h o r t l i s t . A f t e r a w h i l e , y o un e e d t o g e t s a l e s b e c a u s e t h e mo r e s a l e s y o u g e t , t h e mo r e m o n e yy o u g e t . The mo r e m o n e y y o u g e t , t he mo r e t i me y o u have , a n dt h a t ' s t he d e a l . I ' m n o t s u r e t h a t I wo ul d wa n t t o be l i k e Mi s sW r l d f o r a y e a r , whi c h i s wha t yo u wo u l d b e i f y o u wo n. I wasp l e a s e d t h a t Ro d d y won bec a us e he i s a n i c e g u y . At t he Bo o k e rP r i z e d i n n e r e ve r y b od y t a l k e d t o eve r y b o dy . The pe r s o n t h a tI k n e w t he b e s t wa s Da v i d Ma l o u f a n d , i n s o me wa ys , I wo ul dhave l i k e d Da v i d Ma l o uf t o ha ve wo n s i mp l y b e c a us e he' s 2 5y e a r s o l d e r t h a n Ro dd y a n d I who a r e b o t h 3 5 . I ' l l ge t a n o t he rc h a n c e a s w i l l Ro dd y , e ve n t ho u g h he d o e s n ' t r e a l l y n e e d a n o t h e r c ha n c e , b ut I wo ul d have l i k e d Da v i d Ma l o u f , whos e wo r k Ir e a l l y a d mi r e , t o have won i t a n d g a i n e d t h i s r e c o g n i t i o n a t t h i ss t a g e o f h i s c a r e e r . As Ka z uo I s h i g u r o , who c a l l e d me up t hemo r n i n g o f i t , s a i d : ' J u s t r e me mb e r , i t ' s a n e x e r c i s e i n p u b l i ch u mi l i a t i o n . "


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Crisscrossing the River

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