Criminology TodayCriminology Today

Chapters 7 and part of 8Chapters 7 and part of 8

Chpt. 7 – Social Structure Theories Chpt. 7 – Social Structure Theories

Old saying – you can take the Old saying – you can take the criminal out of a bad environment, criminal out of a bad environment, but you can’t take the bad but you can’t take the bad environment out of the criminal.environment out of the criminal.

Suggestion is – negative influences of Suggestion is – negative influences of social environment predispose some social environment predispose some people to lives of crime, and that people to lives of crime, and that such negative influences may remain such negative influences may remain active even when people’s active even when people’s circumstances change. circumstances change.

Major Principles of Sociological Major Principles of Sociological TheoriesTheories

Sociological theory – a perspective that Sociological theory – a perspective that focuses on the nature of the power focuses on the nature of the power relationships that exist between social relationships that exist between social groups and on the influences that various groups and on the influences that various social phenomena bring to bear on the social phenomena bring to bear on the types of behaviors that tend to characterize types of behaviors that tend to characterize groups of people.groups of people.

Social structure – the pattern of social Social structure – the pattern of social organization and the interrelationships organization and the interrelationships among institutions characteristic of a among institutions characteristic of a society. society.

DefinitionsDefinitions

Social process – the interaction Social process – the interaction between and among social between and among social institutions, individuals and groupsinstitutions, individuals and groups

Social life – the ongoing (typically) Social life – the ongoing (typically) structured interaction that occurs structured interaction that occurs between person in a society, between person in a society, including socialization and social including socialization and social behavior in general.behavior in general.

3 Key Sociological Explanations for 3 Key Sociological Explanations for CrimeCrime

Crime is the result of an individual’s Crime is the result of an individual’s location within the structure of societylocation within the structure of society

Crime is the end product of various Crime is the end product of various social processes, especially social processes, especially inappropriate socialization and social inappropriate socialization and social learninglearning

Crime is the product of class struggle. Crime is the product of class struggle. The perspective emphasizes the The perspective emphasizes the nature of existing power relationships nature of existing power relationships between social groups between social groups

Social Structure Theories DefinedSocial Structure Theories Defined Social structure theories – they explain crime Social structure theories – they explain crime

by reference to the economic and social by reference to the economic and social arrangements (or structure) of society.arrangements (or structure) of society.

They see the various formal and informal They see the various formal and informal arrangements between social groups as the arrangements between social groups as the root causes of crime and deviance.root causes of crime and deviance.

They highlight those arrangements within They highlight those arrangements within society that contribute to low socioeconomic society that contribute to low socioeconomic status of identifiable groups as significant status of identifiable groups as significant causes of crime.causes of crime.

Social structure theorists view members of Social structure theorists view members of socially and economically disadvantaged socially and economically disadvantaged groups as being more likely to commit groups as being more likely to commit crime, and they see economic and social crime, and they see economic and social disenfranchisement as fundamental causes disenfranchisement as fundamental causes of crime. of crime.

Types of Social Structure TheoriesTypes of Social Structure Theories

Social Disorganization (ecological Social Disorganization (ecological approach)approach)

Strain TheoryStrain Theory Culture Conflict TheoryCulture Conflict Theory

Social Disorganization TheorySocial Disorganization Theory

A perspective on crime and deviance A perspective on crime and deviance that sees society as a kind of that sees society as a kind of organism and crime and deviance as organism and crime and deviance as a kind of disease or social pathology. a kind of disease or social pathology.

Theories of social disorganization are Theories of social disorganization are often associated with the perspective often associated with the perspective of social ecology and with the of social ecology and with the Chicago School of criminology, which Chicago School of criminology, which developed during the 1920s and developed during the 1920s and 1930s. 1930s.

Social DisorganizationSocial Disorganization

A condition said to exist when a A condition said to exist when a group is faced with social change, group is faced with social change, uneven development of culture, uneven development of culture, maladaptiveness, disharmony, maladaptiveness, disharmony, conflict, and lack of consensus.conflict, and lack of consensus.

Social Ecology – the attempt to link Social Ecology – the attempt to link the structure and organization of any the structure and organization of any human community to interactions human community to interactions with its localized environment with its localized environment

Social PathologySocial Pathology

Those human actions which run contrary Those human actions which run contrary to the ideals of residential stability, to the ideals of residential stability, property ownership, sobriety, thrift, property ownership, sobriety, thrift, habituation to work, small business habituation to work, small business enterprise, sexual discretion, family enterprise, sexual discretion, family solidarity, neighborliness, and discipline of solidarity, neighborliness, and discipline of will.will.

The tem referred simply to behavior not in The tem referred simply to behavior not in keeping with the prevalent norms and keeping with the prevalent norms and values of the social group.values of the social group.

DefinitionsDefinitions Cultural transmission – the transmission of Cultural transmission – the transmission of

delinquency through successive generations delinquency through successive generations of people living in the same area through a of people living in the same area through a process of social communicationprocess of social communication

Ecological theory – a type of sociological Ecological theory – a type of sociological approach that emphasizes demographics approach that emphasizes demographics (the characteristics of population groups) (the characteristics of population groups) and geographics (the mapped location of and geographics (the mapped location of such groups relative to one another) and such groups relative to one another) and that sees the social disorganization that that sees the social disorganization that characterizes delinquency areas as a major characterizes delinquency areas as a major cause of criminality and victimization.cause of criminality and victimization.

Chicago SchoolChicago School Chicago School of criminology – an ecological Chicago School of criminology – an ecological

approach to explaining crime that examined how approach to explaining crime that examined how social disorganization contributes to social social disorganization contributes to social pathology.pathology.

Chicago School – demonstrated the tendency for Chicago School – demonstrated the tendency for criminal activity to be associated with urban criminal activity to be associated with urban transition zones, which, because of the turmoil or transition zones, which, because of the turmoil or social disorganization that characterized them, were social disorganization that characterized them, were typified by lower property values, impoverished typified by lower property values, impoverished lifestyles, and a general lack of privacy.lifestyles, and a general lack of privacy.

The greatest contribution the ecological school The greatest contribution the ecological school made to criminological literature can be found in the made to criminological literature can be found in the claim that society, in the form of the community, claim that society, in the form of the community, wields a major influence on human behavior. wields a major influence on human behavior.

The Criminology of PlaceThe Criminology of Place

(Also called Environmental Criminology) is (Also called Environmental Criminology) is an emerging perspective within the an emerging perspective within the contemporary body of criminological theory contemporary body of criminological theory that builds upon the contributions of routine that builds upon the contributions of routine activities theory and situational crime activities theory and situational crime prevention, as well as the ecological prevention, as well as the ecological approaches.approaches.

It emphasizes the importance of geographic It emphasizes the importance of geographic location and architectural features as they location and architectural features as they are associated with the prevalence of are associated with the prevalence of victimization.victimization.

Broken Windows ThesisBroken Windows Thesis

Broken windows thesis – physical Broken windows thesis – physical deterioration and an increase in unrepaired deterioration and an increase in unrepaired buildings lead to increased concerns for buildings lead to increased concerns for personal safety among area residents.personal safety among area residents.

Offenders from other neighborhoods are Offenders from other neighborhoods are then increasingly attracted by the area’s then increasingly attracted by the area’s perceived vulnerability.perceived vulnerability.

Physical evidence of disorder, left Physical evidence of disorder, left unchecked, leads to crime by driving unchecked, leads to crime by driving residents indoors and sending a message to residents indoors and sending a message to would-be offenders that a neighborhood is would-be offenders that a neighborhood is out of control.out of control.

Defensible SpaceDefensible Space

A surrogate term for the range of A surrogate term for the range of mechanisms – real and symbolic barriers, mechanisms – real and symbolic barriers, strongly defined areas of influence, and strongly defined areas of influence, and improved opportunities for surveillance – improved opportunities for surveillance – that combine to bring an environment under that combine to bring an environment under the control of its residents.the control of its residents.

Since the routine activities of places may be Since the routine activities of places may be regulated far more easily than the routine regulated far more easily than the routine activities of persons, a criminology of place activities of persons, a criminology of place would seem to offer substantial promise for would seem to offer substantial promise for public policy as well as theory.public policy as well as theory.

Strain TheoryStrain Theory Anomie – a social condition in which norms Anomie – a social condition in which norms

are uncertain or lackingare uncertain or lacking Norms – wealth, status, happinessNorms – wealth, status, happiness Means – education, hard work, $ savingsMeans – education, hard work, $ savings Crime and deviance tend to arise as Crime and deviance tend to arise as

alternative means to success when alternative means to success when individuals feel the strain of being pressed individuals feel the strain of being pressed to succeed in socially approved ways but to succeed in socially approved ways but find that the tools necessary for such find that the tools necessary for such success are not available to them.success are not available to them.

Strain theory – a sociological approach Strain theory – a sociological approach that posits a disjuncture between socially that posits a disjuncture between socially and subculturally sanctioned means and and subculturally sanctioned means and goals as the cause of criminal behavior. goals as the cause of criminal behavior.

Page 272 – Relative DeprivationPage 272 – Relative Deprivation Relative deprivation refers to the economic and Relative deprivation refers to the economic and

social gap that exists between rich and poor social gap that exists between rich and poor who live in close proximity to one another.who live in close proximity to one another.

People assess their position in life by way of People assess their position in life by way of comparison with things and people they comparison with things and people they already know.already know.

Relative deprivation creates feelings of anger, Relative deprivation creates feelings of anger, frustration, hostility, and social injustice on the frustration, hostility, and social injustice on the part of those who experience it.part of those who experience it.

Distributive justice – an individual’s perception Distributive justice – an individual’s perception of his or her rightful place in the reward of his or her rightful place in the reward structure of society – could even apply to structure of society – could even apply to wealthy wealthy

General Strain Theory (GST)General Strain Theory (GST) GST – a perspective that suggests that GST – a perspective that suggests that

lawbreaking behavior is a coping mechanism lawbreaking behavior is a coping mechanism that enables those who engage in it to deal that enables those who engage in it to deal with the socioemotional problems generated with the socioemotional problems generated by negative social relations. by negative social relations.

Strains most likely to cause crime include Strains most likely to cause crime include child abuse and neglect; negative child abuse and neglect; negative secondary-school experiences; abusive peer secondary-school experiences; abusive peer relations; chronic unemployment; marital relations; chronic unemployment; marital problems; parental rejection; erratic, problems; parental rejection; erratic, excessive, and or/harsh supervision or excessive, and or/harsh supervision or discipline; criminal victimization; discipline; criminal victimization; homelessness, racial, ethnic, or gender homelessness, racial, ethnic, or gender discrimination; and a failure to achieve discrimination; and a failure to achieve selected goals. selected goals.

Culture Conflict TheoryCulture Conflict Theory a/k/a Cultural Deviance Theory – suggests a/k/a Cultural Deviance Theory – suggests

that the root cause of criminality can be that the root cause of criminality can be found in a clash of values between found in a clash of values between differently socialized groups over what is differently socialized groups over what is acceptable or proper behavior.acceptable or proper behavior.

Conduct norms – shared expectations of a Conduct norms – shared expectations of a social group relative to personal conductsocial group relative to personal conduct

Because crime is a violation of laws Because crime is a violation of laws established by legislative decree, the established by legislative decree, the criminal event itself, from this point of criminal event itself, from this point of view, is nothing more than a disagreement view, is nothing more than a disagreement over what should be acceptable behavior. over what should be acceptable behavior.

2 types of culture conflict2 types of culture conflict Primary conflict – arises when a Primary conflict – arises when a

fundamental clash of cultures occurs – i.e. fundamental clash of cultures occurs – i.e. an immigrant father who kills his an immigrant father who kills his daughter’s lover following an old-world daughter’s lover following an old-world tradition that demands that a family’s tradition that demands that a family’s honor be kept intact.honor be kept intact.

Secondary conflict – when smaller cultures Secondary conflict – when smaller cultures within the primary one clash – i.e. within the primary one clash – i.e. prostitution and gambling provided prostitution and gambling provided plentiful examples of secondary conflictplentiful examples of secondary conflict

Today – drug use and abuse provide more Today – drug use and abuse provide more readily understandable examples – some readily understandable examples – some parts of America – drug dealing is an parts of America – drug dealing is an acceptable for of business acceptable for of business

Subcultural TheorySubcultural Theory A subculture is a collection A subculture is a collection

of values and preferences, of values and preferences, which is communicated to which is communicated to subcultural participants subcultural participants through a process of through a process of socialization.socialization.

Subcultures differ from the Subcultures differ from the larger culture in that they larger culture in that they claim the allegiance of claim the allegiance of smaller groups of people.smaller groups of people.

Ex. – wider Am. Culture Ex. – wider Am. Culture proclaim that hard work proclaim that hard work and individuality are and individuality are valuable, but subculture valuable, but subculture may espouse the virtues of may espouse the virtues of deer hunting, male deer hunting, male bonding, and recreational bonding, and recreational alcohol consumption. (Did alcohol consumption. (Did they just slam the South?) they just slam the South?) Redneck Deer Stand

Delinquency and DriftDelinquency and Drift

Techniques of neutralization – culturally Techniques of neutralization – culturally available justifications that can provide available justifications that can provide criminal offenders with the means to criminal offenders with the means to disavow responsibility for their behaviordisavow responsibility for their behavior

5 types of justification – p. 2785 types of justification – p. 278 Denying responsibilityDenying responsibility Denying injuryDenying injury Denying the victimDenying the victim Condemning the condemnersCondemning the condemners Appealing to higher loyaltiesAppealing to higher loyalties

Violent SubculturesViolent Subcultures Geographic distinctions among Geographic distinctions among

violent subcultures in different violent subcultures in different parts of the U.S.parts of the U.S.

A body of criminological A body of criminological literature exists, for example, literature exists, for example, that claims that certain forms of that claims that certain forms of criminal violence are more criminal violence are more acceptable in the southern U.S. acceptable in the southern U.S. than in northern portions of the than in northern portions of the countrycountry

Some writers have also referred Some writers have also referred to variability in the degree to to variability in the degree to which interpersonal violence has which interpersonal violence has been accepted in the South over been accepted in the South over time, whereas others have time, whereas others have suggested that violence in the suggested that violence in the South might be a traditional tool South might be a traditional tool in the service of social order.in the service of social order.

The notion of a “southern The notion of a “southern violence construct” holds that an violence construct” holds that an “infernal trinity of Southerner, “infernal trinity of Southerner, violence and weaponry” may violence and weaponry” may make crimes like homicide and make crimes like homicide and assault more culturally assault more culturally acceptable in the South than in acceptable in the South than in other parts of the country.other parts of the country.

TROY KING ASKS SUPREME COURT FOR EXCUTION DATES

King also filed a motion for an execution date for a second Wiregrass killer, Phillip Hallford. Hallford, 61, was convicted of shooting a 16-year-old boy to death in the Daleville area. Hallford has been on death row for 21 years for the April 13, 1986, shooting death of Charles Eddie Shannon, his daughter’s boyfriend.

Differential Opportunity TheoryDifferential Opportunity Theory

Illegitimate opportunity structure – Illegitimate opportunity structure – subcultural pathways to success that subcultural pathways to success that the wider society disapproves ofthe wider society disapproves of

Reaction formation – the process by Reaction formation – the process by which a person openly rejects that which a person openly rejects that which he or she wants or aspires to which he or she wants or aspires to but cannot obtain or achievebut cannot obtain or achieve

The Code of the Street The Code of the Street

Contemporary street code that Contemporary street code that stresses a hyperinflated notion of stresses a hyperinflated notion of manhood that rests squarely on the manhood that rests squarely on the idea of respect.idea of respect.

At the heart of the code is the issue At the heart of the code is the issue of respect – loosely defined as being of respect – loosely defined as being treated ‘right’ or being granted one’s treated ‘right’ or being granted one’s ‘props’ (or proper due) or the ‘props’ (or proper due) or the deference one deserves. deference one deserves.

GangsGangs

80% of agencies serving a population 80% of agencies serving a population of 50,000 or more reported gang-of 50,000 or more reported gang-related problems – only 12% of rural related problems – only 12% of rural agencies reported such problemsagencies reported such problems

Estimates – 760,000 gang members Estimates – 760,000 gang members and 24,000 gangs were active in and 24,000 gangs were active in U.S. in 2004 U.S. in 2004

Critique of Social Structure Critique of Social Structure Theories p. 290Theories p. 290

The fundamental assumption of The fundamental assumption of social structure approaches is that social structure approaches is that social injustice, racism, and poverty social injustice, racism, and poverty are the root cause of crime. – If true, are the root cause of crime. – If true, negates social responsibility negates social responsibility perspective.perspective.

Others argue the inverse is true – Others argue the inverse is true – poverty and what appear to be social poverty and what appear to be social injustices are produced by crime. injustices are produced by crime.

Chapter 8: Theories of Social Chapter 8: Theories of Social Process and Social DevelopmentProcess and Social Development

1999 Columbine shootings (15 1999 Columbine shootings (15 people died) – criminologist continue people died) – criminologist continue to debate the influences in the lives to debate the influences in the lives of Harris and Klebold that led up to of Harris and Klebold that led up to the Columbine shootingsthe Columbine shootings

2007 Virginia Tech shooting spree – 2007 Virginia Tech shooting spree – death of 33 people by student death of 33 people by student suffering from mental problemssuffering from mental problems

The Social Process PerspectiveThe Social Process Perspective

a/k/a interactionist perspectives - A a/k/a interactionist perspectives - A theory that asserts that criminal theory that asserts that criminal behavior is learned in interaction behavior is learned in interaction with others and that socialization with others and that socialization processes that occur as the result of processes that occur as the result of group membership are the primary group membership are the primary route through which learning occurs.route through which learning occurs.

Groups include – family, peers, work Groups include – family, peers, work groups – which one identifies groups – which one identifies

Types of Social Process TheoriesTypes of Social Process Theories

Learning Theory – a perspective that places Learning Theory – a perspective that places emphasis upon the role of communication and emphasis upon the role of communication and socialization in the acquisition of learned socialization in the acquisition of learned patterns of criminal behavior and the values patterns of criminal behavior and the values that support that behaviorthat support that behavior

According to learning theory, criminal behavior According to learning theory, criminal behavior is a product of the social environment and not is a product of the social environment and not an innate characteristic of particular peoplean innate characteristic of particular people

Differential association – the sociological thesis Differential association – the sociological thesis that criminality, like any other form of that criminality, like any other form of behavior, is learned through a process of behavior, is learned through a process of association with others who communicate association with others who communicate criminal values criminal values

Differential Identification TheoryDifferential Identification Theory

An explanation for crime and An explanation for crime and deviance that holds that people deviance that holds that people pursue criminal or deviant behavior pursue criminal or deviant behavior to the extent that they identify to the extent that they identify themselves with real or imaginary themselves with real or imaginary people from whose perspective their people from whose perspective their criminal or deviant behavior seems criminal or deviant behavior seems acceptable acceptable

Social Control TheorySocial Control Theory

A perspective that predicts that when A perspective that predicts that when social constraints on antisocial social constraints on antisocial behavior are weakened or absent, behavior are weakened or absent, delinquent behavior emerges. delinquent behavior emerges. Rather than stressing causative Rather than stressing causative factors in criminal behavior, control factors in criminal behavior, control theory asks why people actually obey theory asks why people actually obey rules instead of breaking them.rules instead of breaking them.

Containment TheoryContainment Theory

A form of control theory that suggests that A form of control theory that suggests that a series of both internal and external a series of both internal and external factors contributes to law-abiding factors contributes to law-abiding behavior.behavior.

Containment – aspects of the social bond Containment – aspects of the social bond that act to prevent individuals from that act to prevent individuals from committing crimes and that keep them committing crimes and that keep them from engaging in deviance.from engaging in deviance.

Social bond – the link, created through Social bond – the link, created through socialization, between individuals and the socialization, between individuals and the society of which they are a part. society of which they are a part.

General Theory of CrimeGeneral Theory of Crime

Asserts that the operation of a single Asserts that the operation of a single mechanism, low self-control, mechanism, low self-control, accounts for ‘all crime, at all times’; accounts for ‘all crime, at all times’; including acts ranging from including acts ranging from vandalism to homicide, from rape to vandalism to homicide, from rape to white-collar-crime. white-collar-crime.

Control-Balance TheoryControl-Balance Theory

Control ratio – the amount of control Control ratio – the amount of control to which a person is subject versus to which a person is subject versus the amount of control that person the amount of control that person exerts over others.exerts over others.

Labeling TheoryLabeling Theory Tagging – the process whereby an individual is Tagging – the process whereby an individual is

negatively defined by agencies of justicenegatively defined by agencies of justice Primary deviance – initial deviance often Primary deviance – initial deviance often

undertaken to deal with transient problems in undertaken to deal with transient problems in livingliving

Secondary deviance – deviant behavior that Secondary deviance – deviant behavior that results from official labeling and from association results from official labeling and from association with others who have been so labeled.with others who have been so labeled.

Labeling – an interactionist perspective that sees Labeling – an interactionist perspective that sees continued crime as a consequence of limited continued crime as a consequence of limited opportunities for acceptable behavior that follow opportunities for acceptable behavior that follow from the negative responses of society to those from the negative responses of society to those defined as offenders.defined as offenders.

Moral enterprise – the efforts made by an interest Moral enterprise – the efforts made by an interest group to have its sense of moral or ethical group to have its sense of moral or ethical propriety enacted into law. propriety enacted into law.

Reintegrative ShamingReintegrative Shaming

Stigmatic shaming – a form of shaming, Stigmatic shaming – a form of shaming, imposed as a sanction by the criminal imposed as a sanction by the criminal justice system, that is thought to destroy justice system, that is thought to destroy the moral bond between the offender and the moral bond between the offender and the communitythe community

Reintegrative shaming – a form of Reintegrative shaming – a form of shaming, imposed as a sanction by the shaming, imposed as a sanction by the criminal justice system, that is thought to criminal justice system, that is thought to strengthen the moral bond between the strengthen the moral bond between the offender and the community.offender and the community.

DramaturgyDramaturgy Dramaturgical perspective – a theoretical point of Dramaturgical perspective – a theoretical point of

view that depicts human behavior as centered view that depicts human behavior as centered around the purposeful management of around the purposeful management of interpersonal impressions.interpersonal impressions.

Impression management – the intentional Impression management – the intentional enactment of practiced behavior that is intended enactment of practiced behavior that is intended to convey to others one’s desirable personal to convey to others one’s desirable personal characteristics and social qualitiescharacteristics and social qualities

Discrediting information – information that is Discrediting information – information that is inconsistent with the managed impressions being inconsistent with the managed impressions being communicated in a given situationcommunicated in a given situation

Total institution – a facility from which individuals Total institution – a facility from which individuals can rarely come and go and in which communal can rarely come and go and in which communal life is intense and circumscribed. life is intense and circumscribed.

Prosocial BondsProsocial Bonds

Bonds between the individual and Bonds between the individual and the social group that strengthen the the social group that strengthen the likelihood of conformity. likelihood of conformity.

Prosocial bonds are characterized by Prosocial bonds are characterized by attachment to conventional social attachment to conventional social institutions, values, and beliefs.institutions, values, and beliefs.

Next WeekNext Week

Start at page 317 in Chapter 8 and Start at page 317 in Chapter 8 and finish Chapter 8finish Chapter 8

Chapter 9: Sociological Theories IIIChapter 9: Sociological Theories III

Criminology TodayCriminology Today

Last part of Chapter 8Last part of Chapter 8

and Chapter 9and Chapter 9

The Social Development The Social Development PerspectivePerspective

Human development – The relationship Human development – The relationship between the maturing individual and his or between the maturing individual and his or her changing environment, as well as the her changing environment, as well as the social processes that the relationship social processes that the relationship entails.entails.

Social development perspective – An Social development perspective – An integrated view of human development that integrated view of human development that examines multiple levels of maturation examines multiple levels of maturation simultaneously, including the psychological, simultaneously, including the psychological, biological, familial, interpersonal, cultural, biological, familial, interpersonal, cultural, societal, and econlogical levels. societal, and econlogical levels.

Concepts in Social Development Concepts in Social Development TheoriesTheories

Social development theories focus more on Social development theories focus more on individual rates of offending and seek to individual rates of offending and seek to understand both increases and decreases understand both increases and decreases in rates of offending over the individual’s in rates of offending over the individual’s lifetime.lifetime.

Life Course Theories – highlight the Life Course Theories – highlight the development of criminal careers, which are development of criminal careers, which are seen as the result of various criminogenic seen as the result of various criminogenic influences that affect individuals influences that affect individuals throughout the course of their lives.throughout the course of their lives.

Important Life Course PrinciplesImportant Life Course Principles Historical time and place – children born Historical time and place – children born

during depression - life shaped by during depression - life shaped by experienceexperience

Timing in lives – life transitions and when Timing in lives – life transitions and when they occur - early marriage or child bearing they occur - early marriage or child bearing – influence course of persons life– influence course of persons life

Linked lives – interdependent lives – family Linked lives – interdependent lives – family members has serious illnessmembers has serious illness

Human agency – choices made and actions Human agency – choices made and actions taken, moving into city to find work – taken, moving into city to find work – definition – the active role that people take definition – the active role that people take in their lives; the fact that people are not in their lives; the fact that people are not merely subject to social and structural merely subject to social and structural constraints but actively make choices and constraints but actively make choices and decisions based on the alternatives that decisions based on the alternatives that they see before themthey see before them

Virginia Tech MassacreVirginia Tech Massacre Seung-Hui ChoSeung-Hui Cho[3][3] (January 18, 1984 – April 16, 2007) was a South (January 18, 1984 – April 16, 2007) was a South

Korean student at Korean student at Virginia TechVirginia Tech who committed who committed mass murdermass murder of of 32 people32 people and wounded 25 others in the shooting and wounded 25 others in the shooting rampagerampage which which has come to be known as the has come to be known as the Virginia Tech massacreVirginia Tech massacre..[4][4][5][5] Cho Cho committed committed suicidesuicide after law enforcement officers breached the after law enforcement officers breached the doors of the building where he had killed and injured the majority of doors of the building where he had killed and injured the majority of his victims.his victims.

Cho was a South Korean national who had Cho was a South Korean national who had permanent resident statuspermanent resident status in the United States, where he arrived at in the United States, where he arrived at a young age with his family. He was diagnosed with a severe form a young age with his family. He was diagnosed with a severe form of an of an anxiety disorderanxiety disorder known as known as selective selective mutismmutism in middle school, in middle school, as well as as well as depressiondepression..[6][6] After this diagnosis he began to receive After this diagnosis he began to receive treatment and he continued receiving treatment and he continued receiving therapytherapy and special and special education support until his junior year of high school. During Cho's education support until his junior year of high school. During Cho's last two years at Virginia Tech, several instances of his aberrant last two years at Virginia Tech, several instances of his aberrant behavior, as well as plays and other writings he submitted behavior, as well as plays and other writings he submitted containing references to violence, caused concern among teachers containing references to violence, caused concern among teachers and classmates.and classmates.

In the aftermath of the Virginia Tech shootings, In the aftermath of the Virginia Tech shootings, Virginia GovernorVirginia Governor Tim Tim KaineKaine convened a panel consisting of various officials and convened a panel consisting of various officials and experts to investigate and examine the response and handling of experts to investigate and examine the response and handling of issues related to the shootings. The panel released its final report in issues related to the shootings. The panel released its final report in August 2007, devoting more than 30 pages to detailing Cho's August 2007, devoting more than 30 pages to detailing Cho's troubled history. In the report, the panel criticized numerous failurestroubled history. In the report, the panel criticized numerous failures—by school administrators, educators and mental health —by school administrators, educators and mental health professionals who came into contact with Cho during his college professionals who came into contact with Cho during his college years, who failed to notice his deteriorating condition and failed to years, who failed to notice his deteriorating condition and failed to help him. The panel also criticized misinterpretations of privacy laws help him. The panel also criticized misinterpretations of privacy laws and gaps in Virginia's mental health system and gun laws. In and gaps in Virginia's mental health system and gun laws. In addition, the panel faulted Virginia Tech administrators in particular addition, the panel faulted Virginia Tech administrators in particular for failing to take immediate action after the first shootings.for failing to take immediate action after the first shootings.[[

Laub and Sampson’s Age-Graded Laub and Sampson’s Age-Graded TheoryTheory

Laub and Sampson found that children who Laub and Sampson found that children who turned to delinquency were frequently those who turned to delinquency were frequently those who had trouble at school and at home and who had had trouble at school and at home and who had friends who were already involved in delinquency.friends who were already involved in delinquency.

They also found that two events in the life course They also found that two events in the life course – marriage and job stability – seemed to be – marriage and job stability – seemed to be especially important in reducing the frequency of especially important in reducing the frequency of offending in later life.offending in later life.

The delinquency is more likely to occur when an The delinquency is more likely to occur when an individual’s bond to society is weak or broken.individual’s bond to society is weak or broken.

Social capital – the degree of positive Social capital – the degree of positive relationships with others and with social relationships with others and with social institutions that individuals build up over the institutions that individuals build up over the course of their lives.course of their lives.

The greater a persons social capital, the less the The greater a persons social capital, the less the chance of criminal activity. chance of criminal activity.

Moffitt’s Dual Taxonomic TheoryMoffitt’s Dual Taxonomic Theory Criminologist have long noted that although adult Criminologist have long noted that although adult

criminality is almost always preceded by antisocial criminality is almost always preceded by antisocial behavior during adolescence, most antisocial behavior during adolescence, most antisocial children do not become adult criminals.children do not become adult criminals.

Life course persisters tend to fail in school and Life course persisters tend to fail in school and become involved in delinquency at an early age.become involved in delinquency at an early age.

Research findings indicate that positive development Research findings indicate that positive development pathways are fostered when adolescents are able to pathways are fostered when adolescents are able to develop (1) a sense of industry and competency (2) develop (1) a sense of industry and competency (2) a feeling of connectedness to others and to society a feeling of connectedness to others and to society (3) a belief in their ability to control their future, and (3) a belief in their ability to control their future, and (4) a stable identity. (4) a stable identity.

Adolescents who develop these characteristics Adolescents who develop these characteristics appear more likely than others to engage in appear more likely than others to engage in prosocial behaviors, exhibit positive school prosocial behaviors, exhibit positive school performances, and be members of nondeviant peer performances, and be members of nondeviant peer groups. groups.

Farrington’s Delinquent Farrington’s Delinquent Development TheoryDevelopment Theory

Persistence – continuity in crime, or Persistence – continuity in crime, or continual involvement in offendingcontinual involvement in offending

Desistance – the cessation of criminal Desistance – the cessation of criminal activity or the termination of a period of activity or the termination of a period of involvement in offending behavior.involvement in offending behavior.

Farrington found that the study’s persistent Farrington found that the study’s persistent offenders suffered from “hyperactivity, poor offenders suffered from “hyperactivity, poor concentration, low achievement, an concentration, low achievement, an antisocial father, large family size, low antisocial father, large family size, low family income, a broken family, poor family income, a broken family, poor parental supervision, and parental parental supervision, and parental disharmony.disharmony.

Evolutionary EcologyEvolutionary Ecology

Cohort Analysis – a social scientific Cohort Analysis – a social scientific technique that studies over time a technique that studies over time a population with common characteristics. population with common characteristics. Cohort analysis usually begins at birth and Cohort analysis usually begins at birth and traces the development of cohort traces the development of cohort members until they reach a certain age.members until they reach a certain age.

Evolutionary ecology – an approach to Evolutionary ecology – an approach to understanding crime that draws attention understanding crime that draws attention to the ways people develop over the to the ways people develop over the course of their lives.course of their lives.

Interactional TheoryInteractional Theory A theoretical approach to exploring crime and A theoretical approach to exploring crime and

delinquency that blends social control and social delinquency that blends social control and social learning perspectives.learning perspectives.

The fundamental cause of delinquency according The fundamental cause of delinquency according to interactional theory is a weakening of a to interactional theory is a weakening of a person’s bond to conventional society. person’s bond to conventional society.

Adolescents who are strongly attached to their Adolescents who are strongly attached to their parents and family and who strive to achieve parents and family and who strive to achieve within the context of approved social within the context of approved social arrangements, such as education, rarely turn to arrangements, such as education, rarely turn to serious delinquency. serious delinquency.

On childhood maltreatment -- it was found that On childhood maltreatment -- it was found that the degree of maltreatment experienced in the degree of maltreatment experienced in childhood bore at least some relationship to the childhood bore at least some relationship to the extent of delinquent involvement later in life.extent of delinquent involvement later in life.

Development PathwaysDevelopment Pathways Manifestations of disruptive behaviors in childhood Manifestations of disruptive behaviors in childhood

and adolescence are often age dependent, reflecting a and adolescence are often age dependent, reflecting a developing capability to display different behaviors developing capability to display different behaviors with age.with age.

Interviews with high risk youths show thatInterviews with high risk youths show that Delinquency is related to individual risk factors like impulsivityDelinquency is related to individual risk factors like impulsivity The more seriously involved in drugs a youth is, the more The more seriously involved in drugs a youth is, the more

seriously that juvenile will be involved in delinquencyseriously that juvenile will be involved in delinquency Children who are more attached to and involved with their Children who are more attached to and involved with their

parents are less involved in delinquency parents are less involved in delinquency Greater risks exist for violent offending when a child is Greater risks exist for violent offending when a child is

physically abused or neglected early in lifephysically abused or neglected early in life Students who are not highly committed to school have higher Students who are not highly committed to school have higher

rates of delinquency and vice versarates of delinquency and vice versa Affiliations with street gangs and illegal gun ownership are Affiliations with street gangs and illegal gun ownership are

both predictive of delinquency both predictive of delinquency Living in a “bad” neighborhood doubles the risk for Living in a “bad” neighborhood doubles the risk for

delinquencydelinquency Family receipt of public assistance (welfare) is associated with Family receipt of public assistance (welfare) is associated with

the highest risk of delinquency (followed by low the highest risk of delinquency (followed by low socioeconomic status) socioeconomic status)

PHDCNPHDCN

Project on Human Development in Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) – an Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) – an intensive study of Chicago intensive study of Chicago neighborhoods employing longitudinal neighborhoods employing longitudinal evaluations to examine the changing evaluations to examine the changing circumstances of people’s lives in an circumstances of people’s lives in an effort to identify personal effort to identify personal characteristics that may lead toward characteristics that may lead toward or away from antisocial behavior. or away from antisocial behavior.

Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories

Consensus model – an analytical Consensus model – an analytical perspective on social organization perspective on social organization that holds that most members of that holds that most members of society agree about what is right and society agree about what is right and what is wrong and that they various what is wrong and that they various elements of society work together in elements of society work together in unison toward a common vision of unison toward a common vision of the greater good. the greater good.

UnabomberUnabomber Theodore John KaczynskiTheodore John Kaczynski [kaˈtʂɨɲskʲi] (born May 22, 1942), also [kaˈtʂɨɲskʲi] (born May 22, 1942), also

known as the known as the UnabomberUnabomber, is an American mathematician and social , is an American mathematician and social critic who carried out a campaign of bombings. He was born in critic who carried out a campaign of bombings. He was born in Chicago, Illinois, and excelled in academics at a young age. Kaczynski Chicago, Illinois, and excelled in academics at a young age. Kaczynski received an undergraduate degree from Harvard University and earned received an undergraduate degree from Harvard University and earned a PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan. He became an a PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan. He became an assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley at age 25 assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley at age 25 but resigned two years later. In 1971, he moved to a remote cabin in but resigned two years later. In 1971, he moved to a remote cabin in Lincoln, Montana. From 1978 to 1995, Kaczynski sent 16 bombs to Lincoln, Montana. From 1978 to 1995, Kaczynski sent 16 bombs to targets including universities and airlines, killing three people and targets including universities and airlines, killing three people and injuring 23.injuring 23.

Kaczynski sent a letter to Kaczynski sent a letter to The New York TimesThe New York Times on April 24, 1995 and on April 24, 1995 and promised "to desist from terrorism" if promised "to desist from terrorism" if The New York TimesThe New York Times or or The The Washington PostWashington Post published his manifesto. In his published his manifesto. In his Industrial Society and Industrial Society and Its FutureIts Future (also called the "Unabomber Manifesto"), he argued that his (also called the "Unabomber Manifesto"), he argued that his bombings were extreme but necessary to attract attention to the bombings were extreme but necessary to attract attention to the erosion of human freedom necessitated by modern technologies erosion of human freedom necessitated by modern technologies requiring large-scale organization.requiring large-scale organization.

The Unabomber was the target of one of the most expensive The Unabomber was the target of one of the most expensive investigations in the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) history. investigations in the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) history. Before Kaczynski's identity was known, the FBI used the handle Before Kaczynski's identity was known, the FBI used the handle "UNABOM" ("UNiversity and Airline BOMber") to refer to his case, which "UNABOM" ("UNiversity and Airline BOMber") to refer to his case, which resulted in the media calling him the Unabomber. Despite the FBI's resulted in the media calling him the Unabomber. Despite the FBI's efforts, he was not caught as a result of this investigation. Instead, his efforts, he was not caught as a result of this investigation. Instead, his brother recognized Ted's style of writing and beliefs from the brother recognized Ted's style of writing and beliefs from the manifesto, and tipped off the FBI. To avoid the death penalty, manifesto, and tipped off the FBI. To avoid the death penalty, Kaczynski entered into a plea agreement, under which he pled guilty Kaczynski entered into a plea agreement, under which he pled guilty and was sentenced to life in prison with no possibility of paroleand was sentenced to life in prison with no possibility of parole

Pluralist PerspectivePluralist Perspective

An analytical approach to social An analytical approach to social organization that holds that a organization that holds that a multiplicity of values and beliefs multiplicity of values and beliefs exists in any complex society but exists in any complex society but that most social actors agree on the that most social actors agree on the usefulness of law as a formal means usefulness of law as a formal means of dispute resolution.of dispute resolution.

Conflict PerspectiveConflict Perspective

An analytical perspective on social An analytical perspective on social organization that holds that conflict is a organization that holds that conflict is a fundamental aspect of social life itself and fundamental aspect of social life itself and can never be fully resolved.can never be fully resolved.

Proletariat – in Marxist theory, the working Proletariat – in Marxist theory, the working class.class.

Bourgeoisie – In Marxist theory, the class of Bourgeoisie – In Marxist theory, the class of people who own the means of production.people who own the means of production.

Social class – distinctions made between Social class – distinctions made between individuals on the basis of important individuals on the basis of important defining social characteristicsdefining social characteristics

Page 354 – Radical CriminologyPage 354 – Radical Criminology

Radical criminology – a perspective Radical criminology – a perspective that holds that the causes of crime that holds that the causes of crime are rooted in social conditions that are rooted in social conditions that empower the wealthy and the empower the wealthy and the politically well organized but politically well organized but disenfranchise the less fortunate.disenfranchise the less fortunate.

Marxist criminology – a perspective Marxist criminology – a perspective on crime and crime causation based on crime and crime causation based on the writings of Karl Marx. on the writings of Karl Marx.

Structural & Instrumental MarxismStructural & Instrumental Marxism Structural Marxism - A perspective that Structural Marxism - A perspective that

holds that the structural institutions of holds that the structural institutions of society influence the behavior of society influence the behavior of individuals and groups by virtue of the individuals and groups by virtue of the type of relationships created.type of relationships created.

Instrumental Marxism – a perspective Instrumental Marxism – a perspective that holds that those in power that holds that those in power intentionally create laws and social intentionally create laws and social institutions that serve their own institutions that serve their own interests and that keep others from interests and that keep others from becoming powerful. becoming powerful.

Critical CriminologyCritical Criminology A perspective that holds that crime is the natural A perspective that holds that crime is the natural

product of a capitalist system.product of a capitalist system. Market societies are societies in which the striving Market societies are societies in which the striving

after personal economic gain runs rampant and after personal economic gain runs rampant and becomes the hallmark of social life.becomes the hallmark of social life.

The conditions endemic to market societies lead to The conditions endemic to market societies lead to high crimes rates because they undercut and high crimes rates because they undercut and overwhelm more traditional principles that “have overwhelm more traditional principles that “have historically sustained individuals, families, and historically sustained individuals, families, and communities.”communities.”

7 mechanisms operate in a market society to 7 mechanisms operate in a market society to produce crime – page 358produce crime – page 358

Marxist criminology has suffered a considerable loss Marxist criminology has suffered a considerable loss of prestige among many would-be followers in the of prestige among many would-be followers in the wake of the collapse of the former Soviet Union and wake of the collapse of the former Soviet Union and its client states in Eastern Europe and other parts of its client states in Eastern Europe and other parts of the world. the world.

Emerging Conflict TheoriesEmerging Conflict Theories Left-realist criminology – an approach to the Left-realist criminology – an approach to the

subject matter of criminology based on ideas subject matter of criminology based on ideas inherent in the perspective of left realism.inherent in the perspective of left realism.

Left realism – a conflict perspective that insists on Left realism – a conflict perspective that insists on a pragmatic assessment of crime and its a pragmatic assessment of crime and its associated problemsassociated problems

Left realists argue that victims of crime are often Left realists argue that victims of crime are often the poor and disenfranchised who fall prey to the poor and disenfranchised who fall prey to criminals with similar backgrounds.criminals with similar backgrounds.

A central tenet of left realism is that radical ideas A central tenet of left realism is that radical ideas must be translated into realistic social policies if must be translated into realistic social policies if contemporary criminology is to have any practical contemporary criminology is to have any practical relevance.relevance.

The major goal of left realism is therefore to The major goal of left realism is therefore to achieve “ a fair and orderly society” through a achieve “ a fair and orderly society” through a practical emphasis on social justice.practical emphasis on social justice.

Hence, left realists are concerned with the reality Hence, left realists are concerned with the reality of crime and the damage it does to the most of crime and the damage it does to the most vulnerable segments of the population.vulnerable segments of the population.

Feminist CriminologyFeminist Criminology Feminist Criminology – a self-conscious Feminist Criminology – a self-conscious

corrective model intended to redirect corrective model intended to redirect the thinking of mainstream the thinking of mainstream criminologists to include gender criminologists to include gender awareness.awareness.

Patriarchy – the tradition of male Patriarchy – the tradition of male dominance.dominance.

Androcentricity – a single-sex Androcentricity – a single-sex perspective, as in the case of perspective, as in the case of criminologist who study only the criminologist who study only the criminality of males. criminality of males.

DefinitionsDefinitions Radical feminism – a perspective that holds that Radical feminism – a perspective that holds that

any significant change in the social status of any significant change in the social status of women can be accomplished only through women can be accomplished only through substantial changes in social institutions such as substantial changes in social institutions such as the family, law, and medicine. the family, law, and medicine.

Liberal feminism – a perspective that holds that the Liberal feminism – a perspective that holds that the concerns of women can be incorporated within concerns of women can be incorporated within existing social institutions through conventional existing social institutions through conventional means and without the need to drastically means and without the need to drastically restructure society.restructure society.

Socialist feminism – a perspective that examines Socialist feminism – a perspective that examines social roles and the gender-based division of labor social roles and the gender-based division of labor as a significant source of women’s subordination as a significant source of women’s subordination within society. within society.

Power- control TheoryPower- control Theory

A perspective that holds that the A perspective that holds that the distribution of crime and delinquency distribution of crime and delinquency within society is to some degree within society is to some degree founded upon the consequences that founded upon the consequences that power relationships within the wider power relationships within the wider society hold for domestic settings society hold for domestic settings and for the everyday relationships and for the everyday relationships among mean, women, and children among mean, women, and children within the context of family life. within the context of family life.

Postmodern CriminologyPostmodern Criminology

A brand of criminology that developed A brand of criminology that developed following WWII and that builds on the following WWII and that builds on the tenets inherent in postmodern social tenets inherent in postmodern social thought.thought.

Deconstructionist Theory – a postmodern Deconstructionist Theory – a postmodern perspective that challenges existing perspective that challenges existing criminological theories in order to debunk criminological theories in order to debunk them and that works toward replacing them and that works toward replacing traditional ideas with concepts seen as traditional ideas with concepts seen as more appropriate to the postmodern era. more appropriate to the postmodern era.

Peacemaking Criminology Peacemaking Criminology A perspective that holds that crime control A perspective that holds that crime control

agencies and the citizens they serve should work agencies and the citizens they serve should work together to alleviate social problems and human together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime.suffering and thus reduce crime.

Peace model – an approach to crime control that Peace model – an approach to crime control that focuses on effective ways for developing a shared focuses on effective ways for developing a shared consensus on critical issues that could seriously consensus on critical issues that could seriously affect the quality of life.affect the quality of life.

Participatory justice – a relatively informal type of Participatory justice – a relatively informal type of criminal justice case processing that makes use criminal justice case processing that makes use of local community resources rather than of local community resources rather than requiring traditional forms of official intervention.requiring traditional forms of official intervention.

Restorative justice – a postmodern perspective Restorative justice – a postmodern perspective that stresses “remedies and restoration rather that stresses “remedies and restoration rather than prison, punishment and victim neglect. See than prison, punishment and victim neglect. See Drug Court p. 371Drug Court p. 371

Convict CriminologyConvict Criminology

A new radical paradigm consisting of A new radical paradigm consisting of writings on the subject matter of writings on the subject matter of criminology by convicted felons and criminology by convicted felons and ex-inmates who have acquired ex-inmates who have acquired academic credentials, or who are academic credentials, or who are associated with credentialed others. associated with credentialed others.

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Chapters 10, 11 and 12Chapters 10, 11 and 12