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PEOPLE vs. SILONGAN, et. Al. G.R. No. 137182 ; April 24,2003 PER CRIA!

"AC#S$

Ale%&'(er S&l(&)& *Ale%+ e't to -&r&'&/ L&il&/&',Isl&', Slt&' (&r&t it tree op&'io's to eet it &ert&i' !&&p&&l Silo'&' *!&&p&&l+ to t&l5 &6ot6si'ess o'er'i' ol( 'ets prporte(l/ 6ei' sol( 6/te l&tter.

ile te/ ere e&(i' to te i&/, !&&p&&l &s6s/ t&l5i' over is &'(el( r&(io it soeo'e. Ale% (i('ot '(erst&'( te o'vers&tio' i &s i' te!&i'(&'&o&' (i&let. S((e'l/, !&&p&&l or(ere( te(river to stop &'( 9:tee' *1+ &re( e' &ppe&re( or(eri'Ale% &'( is op&'io's to o ot o: te veile. #e/ eretie( p &'( 6li'(:ol(e(.

Ale% &'( is op&'io's ere el( &ptives &'( teir&ptors I'iti&ll/ (e&'(e( telve illio' pesos*P12,000,000+ :ro Ale% :or is rele&se. #e/ &(e Ale%rite & letter to is i:e to p&/ te r&'so i &s &'(&rrie( 6/ & ert&i' or&(e. e' 'o r&'so &s o6t&i'e(,o'e o: te &ptors se't oter perso's &'( o'e o: te vitisto re'eoti&te it Ale%&'(er

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3. No. #e SC el( t&t te illiter&/ o: soe o: te&ppell&'ts is 'ot sie't to loer te pe'&lt/. Artile B3 o:te RPC st&tes t&t Fi' &ll &ses i' i te l& presri6es &si'le i'(ivisi6le pe'&lt/, (e&t pe'&lt/ s&ll 6e &pplie( 6/te orts re&r(less o: &'/ iti&ti' or &r&v&ti'irst&'es t&t &/ &ve &tte'(e( te oissio' o:te (ee(.

Rep6li o: te Pilippi'esSpree Cort-&io Cit/

"IRS# >IISION

PEOPLE O" #=E P=ILIPPINES, Pl&i'tiDAppellee,

verss AI>A !ARHE, Ase(Appell&'t.

G.R. No. 181440

Prol&te($

April 13, 2011% %

> E C I S I O N

LEONAR>O>E CAS#RO, J.$

"or revie is te Ast 2K, 2007 >eisio'1M o: te Cort o: Appe&lsi' CAG.R. CR.=.C. No. 004B7, i &re( it o(i9&tio' teReio'&l #ri&l Corts *R#C+ J&'&r/ 21, 2004 >eisio'2M i' Crii'&l C&seNo. KK10B, erei' &se(&ppell&'t Ai(& !&re *!&re+, &lso5'o' &s Ai(& Pli(o, &s :o'( ilt/ 6e/o'( re&so'&6le (o6t o: te

rie o: i('&ppi' &'( "&ilre to Retr' & !i'or &s (e9'e( &'( pe'&lie('(er Artile 270 o: te Revise( Pe'&l Co(e, &s &e'(e( 6/ Rep6li At

No. 18;3M &s se'te'e( to serve te pe'&lt/ o: relsio' perpet&; &'(&s or(ere( to p&/ te oDe'(e( p&rt/ "i:t/ #os&'( Pesos *P0,000.00+&s or&l (&&es &'( #e't/ #os&'( Pesos *P20,000.00+ &s e%epl&r/(&&es.

O' >ee6er 28, 1KK8, !&re &s &re( it i('&ppi' '(erArtile 270 o: te Revise( Pe'&l Co(e &s &e'(e( 6/ Rep6li At No. 18,6e:ore te R#C, -r&' 140 o: !&5&ti Cit/.4M #e I':or&tio' re&(s i' p&rt&s :ollos$

#&t o' or &6ot te Bt (&/ o: Septe6er, 1KK8, i' te Cit/ o: !&5&ti,Pilippi'es &'( iti' te ris(itio' o: tis =o'or&6le Cort, te &6ove'&e( &se(, 6ei' e'trste( it te sto(/ o: & i'or, JS#INE-ERNA>E##E C. !ERANO, & tree *3+ o't ol( 6&6/ irl, (i( te' &'(tere ill:ll/, 'l&:ll/ &'( :elo'iosl/ (eli6er&tel/ :&il to restore tel&tter to er p&re't, CAROLINA CNANAN / !ERANO *si+.M

!&re ple&(e( 'ot ilt/ to te rie &re( i' er &rr&i'e't o'Oto6er 10, 2002.BM #ri&l o' te erits :olloe( te teri'&tio' o: tepretri&l o':ere'e.

Aor(i' to te opl&i'&'t, C&roli'& C'&'&' !er&'o *!er&'o+,

se et !&re &t te 6e&t/ p&rlor ere se &s or5i' &s &6e&tii&'. !er&'o o':esse( to e&sil/ trsti' !&re 6e&se &si(e:ro er o6serv&tio' t&t !&re &s lose to er eplo/ers, !&re&s &lso 'ie to er &'( er oeplo/ees, &'( &s &l&/s ivi' te:oo( &'( tip.7M

O' Septe6er B, 1KK8, &:ter & trip to & 6e& i' L&'&, !&re &llee(l/6orroe( !er&'os te' treeo't ol( (&ter Jsti'e -er'&(ette C.!er&'o *Jsti'e+ to 6/ er soe lotes, il5 &'( :oo(. !er&'o s&i( se&ree( 6e&se it &s 'ot 's&l :or !&re to 6ri' Jsti'e soeti's e'ever se &e to te p&rlor. e' !&re :&ile( to retr'Jsti'e i' te &:ter'oo' &s proise(, !er&'o e't to er eplo/ers oseto &s5 te :or !&res &((ress. =oever, !er&'o s&i( t&t ereplo/ers st &ssre( er t&t Jsti'e ill 6e retr'e( to er soo'.8M

!er&'o &verre( t&t se se&re( :or er (&ter 6t er eDorts ere'sess:l 'til se reeive( & &ll :ro !&re o' Nove6er 11,1KK8. >ri' t&t &ll, !&re &llee(l/ tol( !er&'o t&t se ill retr'Jsti'e to !er&'o te :olloi' (&/ &'( t&t se &s 'ot &6le to (o so6e&se er o' so' &s si5 &'( &s o'9'e( &t te ospit&l. !&re&lso &llee(l/ &s5e( !er&'o :or "i:t/ #os&'( Pesos *P0,000.00+ :or tee%pe'ses t&t se i'rre( ile Jsti'e &s it er.KM e' tesppose( retr' o: Jsti'e (i( 'ot &ppe', !er&'o l&ie( t&t se e'tto !&res ose, si' te s5et t&t se ot :ro er eplo/ers(river, 6t !&re &s 'ot oe. po' t&l5i' to !&res &i(,!er&'o le&r'e( t&t Jsti'e &s tere :or o'l/ & ople o: (&/s. !er&'o

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le:t & 'ote :or !&re telli' er t&t se ill 9le & &se &&i'st !&rei: Jsti'e is 'ot retr'e( to er.10M

!er&'o &:ter&r(s e't to see te' !&/or Al:re(o Li to &s5 :or is elp.!er&'o s&i( t&t !&/or Li re:erre( er to I'spetor Ele&&r o: S&' Pe(ro,L&'&, o &ssi'e( to polie oers to &op&'/ er to !&resose. e' !er&'o (i( 'ot 9'( Jsti'e i' !&res ose, se e't6&5 to I'spetor Ele&&r o tol( er to oe 6&5 te :olloi' (&/ too':ro't !&re o e ill &ll. !er&'o &e 6&5 te 'e%t (&/ &s

i'strte( 6t !&re (i( 'ot so p.11M

O' Nove6er 17, 1KK8, !er&'o &ve er sor' st&tee't to te polie&'( 9le( & opl&i't &&i'st !&re. O' "e6r&r/ 11, 1KKK, !&re&llee(l/ &lle( !er&'o p &&i' to tell er to pi5 p er (&ter &t!o(esto C&stillos *C&stillo+ ose i' #i&o', Heo'. #e :olloi' (&/,!er&'o, &op&'ie( 6/ Se'ior Polie Oer *SPO+ 2 >ios(&(o "er'&'(e&'( SPO4 R&p&l, e't to te ose o: C&stillo i' Heo'. !er&'o l&ie(t&t C&stillo tol( er t&t !&re sol( Jsti'e to i &'( is i:e &'( t&tte/ &ve !&re Si%t/ #os&'( Pesos *PB0,000.00+ sppose(l/ :or!er&'o o &s &s5i' :or o'e/. C&stillo eve' &ve !er&'o &potoop/ o: te &'(ritte' F&s'(&'Q (&te( !&/ 17, 1KK8, erei'!er&'o prporte(l/ &ve Jsti'e to te C&stillo sposes.12M #e C&stillos

&s5e( !er&'o 'ot to t&5e Jsti'e &s te/ &( ro' to love er 6t !er&'ore:se(. =oever, se &s still 'ot &6le to t&5e Jsti'e oe it er6e&se te polie &(vise( er to o tro te proper proess &s teC&stillos it 9t :or teir rit to ret&i' sto(/ o: Jsti'e.13M !er&'ote' le&r'e( :ro C&stillo t&t i' &' eDort to le&lie te &(optio' o:Jsti'e, te C&stillos tr'e( over sto(/ o: Jsti'e to te Reeptio' &'(St(/ Ce'ter :or Cil(re' o: te >ep&rte't o: Soi&l el:&re &'(>evelope't.14M

#o (e:e'( ersel:, !&re proDere( er o' versio' o: &t &(&ppe'e( (ri' er testio'/.1M !&re s&i( t&t se &( o'l/:or&ll/ et !er&'o o' Septe6er B, 1KK8 &lto se &( 5'o' o: er:or soe tie &lre&(/ 6e&se !er&'o or5e( &s & 6e&tii&' &t te

6e&t/ p&rlor o: !&res 9'&'ier i' er re&l est&te 6si'ess. !&re&llee( t&t o' t&t (&/, !er&'o oDere( Jsti'e to er :or &(optio'.!&re tol( !er&'o t&t se &s 'ot i'tereste( 6t se ol( re:er er toer :rie'( !o(esto C&stillo *C&stillo+. #&t ver/ s&e 'it, ile !&re&s t&5i' &re o: er so' o &s te' o'9'e( &t te !&5&ti !e(i&lCe'ter, !er&'o &llee(l/ proee(e( to !&res ose i' L&'& &'( le:tJsti'e it !&res &i(. #e :olloi' (&/, ile !&re &s &t teospit&l &&i', C&stillo, &op&'ie( 6/ is oter, e't to !&resose to pi5 p Jsti'e. Si'e !&re &s ot, se i'strte( er &i('ot to ive Jsti'e to C&stillo :or :e&r o: possi6le pro6les. =oever, sestill :o'( Jsti'e o'e po' er retr' oe t&t eve'i'. !&re&llee(l/ le&r'e( o: te e'o'ter 6etee' te C&stillos &'( !er&'o e'& S&' Pe(ro polie oer &lle( !&re to tell er t&t !er&'o,

&op&'ie( 6/ to polie oers, e't to C&stillos ose to et Jsti'e.

#is &s o'9re( 6/ C&stillo o &lso &lle( !&re &'( tol( er t&t!er&'o oDere( Jsti'e to i :or &(optio'.1BM

SPO2 "er'&'(e, o'e o: te polie oers o &op&'ie( !er&'o toC&stillos ose i' "e6r&r/ 1KKK, &s prese'te( 6/ te (e:e'se to provet&t e &s & it'ess to te e%etio' o: & (oe't erei' !er&'o&ve p er rit to Jsti'e to te C&stillo sposes. "er'&'(e s&i( t&t o'"e6r&r/ 12, 1KKK, e &'( SPO4 R&p&l &op&'ie( !er&'o to te oseo: C&stillo ere Jsti'e &s &llee(l/ 6ei' 5ept. e' te/ &rrive( &t

C&stillos ose, ere te/ :o'( 6&6/ Jsti'e, !er&'o &'( C&stillo t&l5e(&'( &:ter soetie, te/ &rrive( &t &' &reee't re&r(i' Jsti'es&(optio'. SPO2 "er'&'(e &verre( t&t e, C&stillo, !er&'o &'( SPO4R&p&l le:t C&stillos ose to o to & l&/er 'e&r C&stillos ose. A:ter te&reee't &s pt i'to riti', te/ &ll si'e( te (oe't, e'title(F&s'(&' s& P&t&li5o( s& &r&p&t&' &t P&p&p&&po' s& Is&'A'&5,Q17M it C&stillo &'( !er&'o &s p&rties to te &reee't, &'( SPO2"er'&'(e &'( SPO4 R&p&l &s it'esses. SPO2 "er'&'(e l&ie( t&t e&s srprise( t&t !er&'o &ve p Jsti'e :or &(optio' e' te/sppose(l/ e't tere to et Jsti'e 6&5.18M

O' J&'&r/ 21, 2004, te R#C :o'( !&re ilt/ 6e/o'( re&so'&6le(o6t o: te rie &re( &s :ollos$

=ERE"ORE, preises o'si(ere(, tis Cort 9'(s &se( AI>A

!ARHE &.5.&. AI>A PLI>O, GIL#? -E?ON> REASONA-LE >O-# o:I>NAPPING AN> "AILRE #O RE#RN A !INOR '(er Artile 270 o: teRevise( Pe'&l Co(e &s &e'(e( 6/ Rep6li At. No. 18 &'( is ere6/se'te'e( to sDer te pe'&lt/ o: RECLSION PERPE#A.

"or te Civil &spet, &se( is or(ere( to p&/ priv&te opl&i'&'t

"I"#? #=OSAN> PESOS *P=P0,000.00+ :or or&l (&&e &'( #EN#?#=OSAN> PESOS *P=P20,000.00+ :or e%epl&r/ (&&e.

Costs &&i'st te &se(.1KM

#e R#C reo'te( i' (et&il te :&t&l &'tee(e'ts o: te &se &'(&(e & opree'sive s/'opsis o: te testio'ies o: &ll te it'essesprese'te(. I' 9'(i' :or te prosetio', te R#C el( t&t te testio'/o: te opl&i'&'t oter, !er&'o, &s e'o to o'vit te &se(!&re 6e&se it &s re(i6le &'( &s orro6or&te( 6/ (oe't&r/evi(e'e.20M

O' i'tere(i&te &ppell&te revie, te Cort o: Appe&ls &s :&e(

it te lo'e &ssi'e't o: error &s :ollos$

#=E #RIAL COR# GRAEL? ERRE> IN CONIC#ING #=E ACCSE>

APPELLAN# O" I>NAPPING AN> "AILRE #O RE#RN A !INOR =EN #=ELA##ERS GIL# AS NO# PROEN -E?ON> REASONA-LE >O-#.21M

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O' Ast 2K, 2007, te Cort o: Appe&ls :o'( !&res &ppe&l to 6e'eritorios &'( &re( te R#Cs (eisio' it o(i9&tio's o' te(&&es &&r(e(, to it$

=ERE"ORE, te i'st&'t Appe&l is >IS!ISSE>. #e &ss&ile(

>eisio', (&te( J&'&r/ 21 2004, o: te Reio'&l #ri&l Cort o: !&5&ti Cit/,-r&' 140, is A""IR!E> it te !O>I"ICA#IONS t&t 'oi'&l (&&eso: P20,000.00 is ere6/ &&r(e( i' &((itio' to te P0,000.00 or&l(&&es, ile te &&r( :or e%epl&r/ (&&es is &or(i'l/ (elete(:or l&5 o: 6&sis.22M

#e Cort o: Appe&ls, i' &ri' !&res o'vitio', relie( o' tes&tis:&tio' o: te elee'ts o: te rie &s &re(. It s&i( t&t teo'@iti' versio's o: te p&rties testio'ies (i( 'ot eve' &tter &s te:&t re&i'e( t&t !&re &(, &t te ver/ le&st, o'strtive sto(/over Jsti'e &'( se :&ile( to retr' er e' (e&'(e( to (o so.

#e &se( !&re is 'o 6e:ore s, still pr&/i' :or & revers&l o: er

o'vitio' o' te s&e &re'ts se s6itte( to te Cort o: Appe&ls.23M

A:ter & p&i'st&5i' srti'/ o: te e'tire reor(s o: tis &se, tis Cort9'(s 'o re&so' to reverse te orts 6elo.

!&re &res t&t er ilt &s 'ot prove' 6e/o'( re&so'&6le (o6t6e&se te elee'ts o'stitti' te rie o: serios ille&l (ete'tio' or5i('&ppi' &re 'ot prese't i' tis &se.24M

#e rie o: i('&ppi' &'( Serios Ille&l >ete'tio' :&lls '(er Artile2B7 o: te Revise( Pe'&l Co(e, vi$

Art. 2B7. i('&ppi' &'( serios i lle&l (ete'tio'. A'/ priv&te i'(ivi(&lo s&ll 5i('&p or (et&i' &'oter, or i' &'/ oter &''er (eprive i o:is li6ert/, s&ll sDer te pe'&lt/ o: relsio' perpet& to (e&t$

1. I: te 5i('&ppi' or (ete'tio' s&ll &ve l&ste( ore t&' tree (&/s.

2. I: it s&ll &ve 6ee' oitte( sil&ti' p6li &torit/.

3. I: &'/ serios p/si&l i'ries s&ll &ve 6ee' i'@ite( po' te perso'5i('&ppe( or (et&i'e(, or i: tre&ts to 5ill i s&ll &ve 6ee' &(e.

4. I: te perso' 5i('&ppe( or (et&i'e( s&ll 6e & i'or, e%ept e' te

&se( is &'/ o: te p&re'ts, :e&le or & p6li oer.

!&re :rter o'te'(s t&t it is illoi&l :or er to vol't&ril/ (ivle to!er&'o te ere&6ots o: Jsti'e, eve' reoe'(i' te &ssist&'e o:polie oers, i: se ere i'(ee( ilt/ o: 5i('&ppi'.

Ase( is ist&5e', i: 'ot isle(, i' er '(erst&'(i' &'( &pprei&tio'o: te rie se &s &re( it &'( eve't&ll/ o'vite( o:.

A re&(i' o: te &re i' te i':or&tio' sos t&t te &t ipte( to!&re &s 'ot te ille&l (ete'tio' o: & perso', 6t i'volves er(eli6er&te :&ilre to restore & i'or 6&6/ irl to er p&re't &:ter 6ei'e'trste( it s&i( 6&6/s sto(/.

Co'tr&r/ to !&res &ssertio's, tere:ore, se &s &re( it viol&tio'o: Artile 270, &'( 'ot Artile 2B7, o: te Revise( Pe'&l Co(e.

#e Revise( Pe'&l Co(e o'si(ers it & rie e' & perso' o &s 6ee'e'trste( it te sto(/ o: & i'or l&ter o' (eli6er&tel/ :&ils to retr's&i( i'or to is p&re't or &r(i&'. #is &/ 6e :o'( i' Artile 270,i re&(s$

Art. 270. i('&ppi' &'( :&ilre to retr' & i'or. #e pe'&lt/ o:relsio' perpet& s&ll 6e ipose( po' &'/ perso' o, 6ei' e'trste(it te sto(/ o: & i'or perso', s&ll (eli6er&tel/ :&il to restore tel&tter to is p&re'ts or &r(i&'s.2M

#is rie &s to esse'ti&l elee'ts$

1. #e oDe'(er is e'trste( it te sto(/ o: & i'or perso'; &'(2. #e oDe'(er (eli6er&tel/ :&ils to restore te s&i( i'or to is p&re'tsor &r(i&'s.2BM

#is Cort, i' eli(&ti' o' te elee'ts o: Artile 270, st&te( t&t ileo'e o: te esse'ti&l elee'ts o: tis rie is t&t te oDe'(er &se'trste( it te sto(/ o: te i'or, &t is &t&ll/ 6ei' p'ise( is'ot te 5i('&ppi' 6t te (eli6er&te :&ilre o: t&t perso' to restore tei'or to is p&re'ts or &r(i&'s.27M As te pe'&lt/ :or s &' oDe'se isso severe, te Cort :rter e%pl&i'e( &t F(eli6er&teQ &s se( i' Artile270 e&'s$

I'(ee(, te or( (eli6er&te &s se( i' Artile 270 o: te Revise( Pe'&lCo(e st ipl/ soeti' ore t&' ere 'elie'e it st 6epree(it&te(, e&(stro', :oolisl/ (&ri' or i'te'tio'&ll/ &'( &liiosl/ro'.28M *Ep&sis ors.+

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It is le&r :ro te reor(s o: te &se t&t !&re &s e'trste( it testo(/ o: Jsti'e. eter tis is (e to !er&'os versio' o: !&re6orroi' Jsti'e :or te (&/, or (e to !&res versio' t&t !er&'o le:tJsti'e &t er ose, it is '(e'i&6le t&t i' 6ot versio's, !&re &ree(to te &rr&'ee't, i.e., to tepor&ril/ t&5e sto(/ o: Jsti'e. It (oes 'ot&tter, :or te 9rst elee't to 6e prese't, o lo' s&i( sto(/ l&ste( &sit &''ot 6e (e'ie( t&t !&re &s te o'e e'trste( it te sto(/o: te i'or Jsti'e. #s, te 9rst elee't o: te rie is s&tis9e(.

As to te seo'( elee't, 'eiter p&rt/ (isptes t&t o' Septe6er B,1KK8, te sto(/ o: Jsti'e &s tr&'s:erre( or e'trste( to !&re.eter tis l&ste( :or o'ts or o'l/ :or & ople o: (&/s, te :&tre&i's t&t !&re &(, &t o'e poi't i' tie, p/si&l &'( &t&lsto(/ o: Jsti'e. !&res (eli6er&te :&ilre to retr' Jsti'e, & i'or&t t&t tie, e' (e&'(e( to (o so 6/ te l&tters oter, sos t&tte seo'( elee't is li5eise '(o6te(l/ prese't i' tis &se.

!&res i'siste'e o' !er&'os &llee( (esire &'( i'te'tio' to &veJsti'e &(opte( &''ot e%o'er&te er 6e&se it &s 'o 6e&ri' o' er(eli6er&te :&ilre to retr' Jsti'e to !er&'o. I: it ere tre t&t !&reerel/ :&ilit&te( Jsti'es &(optio', te' tere &s 'o ore 'ee( :or!er&'o to o't&t !&re &'( vievers&, si'e !er&'o, &s !&re

l&ie(, &( (iret &ess to C&stillo. #e evi(e'e sos, oever, t&t!er&'o (esper&tel/ se&re( :or & &/ to o'i&te it !&re. Astesti9e( to 6/ 6ot !er&'o &'( !&re, !&re :ree'te( te 6e&t/p&rlor ere !er&'o or5e( i', &'( /et, riosl/, !&re &s 'oereto 6e :o'( &:ter Septe6er B, 1KK8. It too5 !&re ore t&' too'ts 6e:ore o'i&ti' it !er&'o &&i', &:ter se sppose(l/:&ilit&te( te &(optio' o: Jsti'e. I: !&re ere i'(ee( srprise( tole&r' &6ot te &res &&i'st er, se ol( &ve &(e ever/ eDort tole&r er '&e e' se :o'( ot t&t tere &s & st&'(i' &rr&'t :orer &rrest. Se ol( &ve ie(i&tel/ o't&te( eiter !er&'o orC&stillo to o':ro't te o' / se &s 6ei' ipli&te( i' teir&rr&'ee't. "i'&ll/, eve' i: it ere tre t&t !er&'o s6see'tl/&ree( to &ve C&stillo &(opt Jsti'e, &s evi(e'e( 6/ te F&s'(&' s&

P&t&li5o( s& &r&p&t&' &t P&p&p&&po' s& Is&' A'&5,Q tis ol( still'ot &Det !&res li&6ilit/ &s te rie o: 5i('&ppi' &'( :&ilre toretr' te i'or &( 6ee' :ll/ o's&te( po' er (eli6er&te :&ilreto retr' Jsti'e to !er&'o.

!&re &vers t&t te prosetio's Fevi(e'e &s :&lle' sort o: te&'t o: proo: reire( :or o'vitio'Q &'( t&t it &s F:&ile( toest&6lis erM ilt it or&l ert&i't/.Q2KM !&re &res t&t ertestio'/ &s 'ot o'l/ str&it:or&r( &'( o'siste't 6t &lsoorro6or&te( 6/ & (l/ respete( polie oer. Se i'sists t&t !er&'ostestio'/ sol( 'ot 6e 6elieve( &s te o'l/ re&so' !er&'o 9le( tis&re &s 6e&se se :&ile( to et te o'e/ se (e&'(e( :ro!&re.30M

#is Cort is o'str&i'e( to o'e &&i' reiter&te te tieo'ore( &%it&t te tri&l orts &ssesse't o: te re(i6ilit/ o: it'esses is e'title( tote iest respet.31M I' People v. -o'(o,32M & &se &lso i'volvi' te&se(s :&ilre to retr' & i'or, e e%pl&i'e( te r&tio'&le o: tis&%i$

e 9'( 'o oe't re&so' to (istr6 te 9'(i's o: te tri&l ort. #eisse i'volve( i' tis &ppe&l is o'e o: re(i6ilit/, &'( tis Cort &si'v&ri&6l/ rle( t&t te &tter o: &ssi'i' v&les to te testio'/ o:

it'esses is 6est per:ore( 6/ te tri&l orts 6e&se te/, 'li5e&ppell&te orts, &' ei te testio'/ o: it'esses i' te lit o: te(ee&'or, o'(t &'( &ttit(e o: te it'esses &t te tri&l, e%ept e'irst&'es o: eit or i'@e'e ere i'ore( or (isre&r(e( 6/ tei (oes 'ot o6t&i' i' te prese't &se.

'less tere is & soi' t&t te tri&l ort &( overloo5e(,is'(erstoo( or is&pplie( soe :&t or irst&'e o: eit t&tol( &ve &Dete( te reslt o: te &se, tis Cort ill 'ot (istr6:&t&l 9'(i's o: te loer ort. =&vi' &( te opport'it/ o:o6servi' te (ee&'or &'( 6e&vior o: it'esses ile testi:/i', tetri&l ort ore t&' tis Cort is i' & 6etter positio' to &e teirre(i6ilit/ &'( properl/ &pprei&te te rel&tive eit o: te o:te'

o'@iti' evi(e'e :or 6ot p&rties. e' te isse is o'e o: re(i6ilit/,te tri&l ortis&re Slip &:ter &se( i':ore( er t&t te il( &s it !o(estoC&stillo. I: i'(ee( te opl&i'&'t &( ive' p or &ve sol( er 6&6/, seol( 'ot &ve e%&ste( &ll eDorts possi6le to 9'( er 6&6/. "rter, teil( ol( 'ot &ve 6ee' i' RSCC 6t it ol( &ve 6ee' it !o(estoC&stillo &s per te (oe't &llee(l/ e%ete( 6/ Copl&i'&'t. #etestio'/ o: te opl&i'&'t &s str&it:or&r( &'( (evoi( o: &'/s6st&'ti&l i'o'siste'ies.34M

#e R#C :o'( !&res (e:e'se o: (e'i&l to 6e e&5. It &lso otli'e( tei'o'siste'ies i' !&res testio'ies i :rter (estro/e( erre(i6ilit/.

7/21/2019 Criminal Law 2_cases Under_title9

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#e &''er o: &pprei&ti' te (e:e'se o: (e'i&l &s (issse( 6/ tisCort i' tis ise$

As to te (e:e'se o: (e'i&l, te s&e is i'ere'tl/ e&5. >e'i&l is & sel:servi' 'e&tive evi(e'e, i &''ot 6e ive' re&ter eit t&' t&to: te (el&r&tio' o: & re(i6le it'ess o testi9es o' &r&tive&tters. Li5e &li6i, (e'i&l is &' i'ere'tl/ e&5 (e:e'se, i &''otprev&il over te positive &'( re(i6le testio'ies o: te prosetio'

it'esses. >e'i&l &''ot prev&il over te positive testio'ies o:prosetio' it'esses o ere 'ot so' to &ve &'/ ill otive to testi:/&&i'st petitio'er.3M

!er&'os re(i6ilit/ &s 6ee' est&6lise( 6/ te tri&l ort, to i teCort o: Appe&ls &ree(. #is Cort 9'(s 'o re&so' to (ep&rt :ro tese9'(i's, espei&ll/ si'e it &s te tri&l ort i &( te opport'it/ toev&l&te &'( &ssess te re(i6ilit/ o: te it'esses prese'te( 6e:ore it.-ot orts :o'( !er&'os testio'/ to 6e str&it:or&r( &'(o'siste't. #s, !&res (e'i&l &'( i'o'siste't st&tee'ts &''otprev&il over !er&'os positive &'( re(i6le testio'/.

A'e't !&res l&i t&t SPO2 "er'&'(es testio'/ orro6or&te(ers, & pers&l o: te tr&'sript o: SPO2 "er'&'(es testio'/ ill reve&lt&t its :os &s &i'l/ o' o te &reee't o' Jsti'es &(optio'&e to 6e. #e :&t t&t SPO2 "er'&'(e &/ &ve orro6or&te(!&res (e:e'se o: &(optio' 6/ testi:/i' t&t e it'esse( o !er&'o&ve p er il( :or &(optio' to C&stillo is irrelev&'t. As e &ve(issse( &6ove, te rie o: 5i('&ppi' &'( :&ilre to retr' & i'or &(6ee' :ll/ o's&te( &/ 6e:ore te e%etio' o: te &reee't i'"e6r&r/ 1KKK, te v&li(it/ o: i is 'ot i' isse 6e:ore s 'o.!oreover, eve' i: !er&'o &( i'(ee( ive' p Jsti'e to C&stillo o'"e6r&r/ 12, 1KKK, !er&'os o'se't to &ve Jsti'e &(opte( i' 1KKK &s'o ip&t o' er (e&'( to re&i' sto(/ o: Jsti'e i' 1KK8.

I' People v. -er'&r(o,3BM e el( t&t te rie o: 5i('&ppi' &'( :&ilreto retr' & i'or '(er Artile 270 o: te Revise( Pe'&l Co(e is le&rl/&'&loos to ille&l &'( &r6itr&r/ (ete'tio' or &rrest, tere6/ sti:/i' te&&r( o: or&l (&&es.

#e &&r( o: 'oi'&l (&&es is &lso &lloe( '(er Artile 2221 o: teNe Civil Co(e i st&tes t&t$

Artile 2221. Noi'&l (&&es &re &((i&te( i' or(er t&t & rit o: te

pl&i'tiD, i &s 6ee' viol&te( or i'v&(e( 6/ te (e:e'(&'t, &/ 6evi'(i&te( or reo'ie(, &'( 'ot :or te prpose o: i'(e'i:/i' tepl&i'tiD :or &'/ loss sDere( 6/ i.

It too5 !er&'o &lost & /e&r to le&ll/ reover er 6&6/. Jsti'e &s o'l/tree o'ts ol( e' tis ole (e6&le 6e&'. Se &s &lre&(/ 'i'eo'ts ol( e' !er&'o s& er &&i'. Se spe't er 9rst 6irt(&/ &tte Reeptio' &'( St(/ Ce'ter :or Cil(re' o: te >ep&rte't o: Soi&lel:&re &'( >evelope't.37M Evi(e'tl/, !er&'os rit &s & p&re't i&s viol&te( &'( i'v&(e( st 6e vi'(i&te( &'( reo'ie(, tere6/sti:/i' te &&r( o: 'oi'&l (&&es.

=ERE"ORE, te >eisio' o: te Cort o: Appe&ls (&te( Ast 2K, 2007i' CAG.R. CR. =C No. 004B7 9'(i' Ai(& !&re GIL#? 6e/o'(re&so'&6le (o6t o: te rie o: I>NAPPING AN> "AILRE #O RE#RN A!INOR '(er Artile 270 o: te Revise( Pe'&l Co(e is ere6/ A""IR!E>.No Costs.

SO OR>ERE>.