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CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The Crime Picture
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CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Sources of Data
• Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
• National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
• Offender Self-Reports
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
UniformCrimeReports
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Uniform Crime Reports
• The reports began in 1930.• Data is collected by F.B.I.• Approximately 16,000 police agencies
provide data.• Only crimes known to the police are
included.• Law enforcement agencies submit reports voluntarily.• The UCR contains the Crime Index.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
UCR: Crime Index
The Index is made up of Part I offenses.
• violent crime• property crime
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
UCR: Violent Crimes
• murder• forcible rape• robbery• aggravated assault
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
UCR: Property Crimes
• burglary• larceny-theft• motor vehicle theft• arson
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
UCR: Crime Index
Crime Index = crimes .
100,000 population
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The Rate of Crime in the United States (1960-2000)
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
UCR: Part I Crimes - 2001
Rate per 100,000 Number
murder 5.6 15,980forcible rape 31.8 90,491robbery 148.5 422,921aggravated assault 318.5 907,219
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
UCR: Part I Crimes - 2001
Rate per 100,000 Number
burglary 740.8 2,109,767larceny-theft 2484.6 7,076,171motor vehicle theft 430.6 1,226,457arson 35.5 76,760
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The FBI Crime Clock
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
UCR: Clearance Rate:
… a measure that compares the number of crimes reported or discovered to the number of crimes solved through arrest or other means (i.e. death of suspect, finding out report of crime was falsified, etc.).
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
MajorCrimes
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Murder:
…the unlawful killing of a human being. A generic term which, in common usage, may include first- and second-degree murder, as well as manslaughter, involuntary manslaughter, and other similar kinds of offenses.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Murder:
Excludes:
• deaths caused by negligence• suicide• accident• justifiable homicides
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Murder
• July & August - highest number of reports
• most common in southern states• persons age 20-24 most likely victims• most perpetrators also 20-24 years-old
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Murder
• highest clearance rate of Part I offenses (typically over 60%)
• firearms most frequent weapon of choice (63%)
• knives second most frequent (13%)
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Murder
• only 13% committed by strangers• most murders are committed
by “acquaintances”• 27% are the result of an “argument”
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Serial Murder:
…the killing of two or more people, on more than one occasion, over an extended period of time.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Mass Murder:
…the killing of three or more people, in a single event, by an offender who typically does not seek concealment of the crime.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Forcible Rape:
…the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will.
Includes:• assault or attempt to commit rape by
force or threat of force
Excludes:• assault if victim is male• statutory rape (without force) • other sex offenses
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Rate of Reported Rape
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Forcible Rape
Reasons for NOT reporting rapes:• The lack of belief in ability of police to apprehend the suspect.• The concern that the victim would receive
unsympathetic treatment from police.• The desire to avoid the embarrassment of
publicity.
One of the most underreported violent crimes.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Forcible Rape
Reasons for NOT reporting rapes:• The fear of reprisal by the rapist.• The fear of additional “victimization” by
court proceedings.• The desire to keep family/friends from knowing.
One of the most underreported violent crimes.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Forcible Rape
• Most rapes are committed by acquaintances of victim.• Most rapists appear to be motivated by the need to feel powerful.• July and August are months with highest
number of reported rapes.• December, January, and February are months with lowest number of reported rapes.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Date Rape:
…is unlawful forced sexual intercourse with a female against her will that occurs within the context of a dating relationship.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Marital Rape:
…is forcible sex between people who are legally married to each other.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Same-Sex Rape:
…is often called sexual battery, and is not counted as forcible rape by the UCR program.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Rape Shield Laws
Most states have laws which protect women from being questioned about their sexual history, unless it is judged to have a direct bearing on the case.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Robbery:
…the unlawful taking or attempted taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Robbery:
Excludes:• threat to expose a victim – for instance as a homosexual or embezzler
• force applied after the taking, as it does not constitute robbery
• purse snatching
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Robbery
Most of those arrested are:• male (90%)• under age 25 (62%)• minorities (56%)
Robbery Rates in 2000 (per 100,000):• large cities – 426.7• rural areas – 16.7
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Aggravated Assault:
…unlawful inflicting of serious injury upon the person of another.Includes:• Attempted assaults, especially when a deadly weapon is used• The possible use of a gun, knife, or other weapon that could result in serious injury
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Aggravated Assault
• 56% clearance rate (lower than murder)• summer months highest number reported
• Feb, Nov, and Dec lowest number reported• 36% blunt object• 28% hands and feet• 28% guns• 28% knives
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Aggravated Assault
Clearance is relatively low because of the uncooperativeness of the victim.• The victim knows assailant.• The assailant is either the husband or the boyfriend.• The victim considers offense a “personal” matter.• The victim believes he “got what he deserved.”• The victim fears revenge if charges are pursued.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Burglary:
…unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft.
Types of burglaries:• breaking & entering• unlawful entry without force• attempted forcible entry
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Burglary:
• 30.2% of all burglaries are unlawful entries.• 63.3% are forcible entries.• 6.5% are attempted forcible entries.• 2 million burglaries reported in 2001.• Daytime burglaries are the most
common.• The clearance rate in 2001 was only 12.7%.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Larceny - theft:
…unlawful taking or attempted taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession of another.
Motor vehicles are excluded.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Larceny - theft:
Includes (in declining order of frequency):
• theft from motor vehicles• shoplifting• theft from buildings • theft of motor vehicle parts and accessories• bicycle thefts• theft from coin operated machines• purse snatching • pocket picking
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Larceny - theft
• is the most frequently reported crime.
• total value of property stolen is around $5.2 billion.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Identity Theft:
… a crime in which an imposter obtains key pieces of information, such as Social Security and driver’s license numbers, to obtain credit, merchandise, and services in the name of the victim.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Motor Vehicle Theft:
…the theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle.
A “motor vehicle” is a self-propelled vehicle that runs on land and not on rails.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Motor Vehicle Theft:
Includes:
• automobiles• motorcycles• motor scooters • trucks• buses• snowmobiles
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Motor Vehicle Theft:
Excludes:
• trains• airplanes• bulldozers • most farm equipment• ships• boats• spacecraft
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Motor Vehicle Theft
Types:
• short-term transportation• long-term transportation• commission of another crime• profit
highly organized professionals amateur auto strippers who steal for
parts
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Motor Vehicle Theft
• Legally, carjacking is a type of robbery, not a motor vehicle theft.
• It accounts for just over 1% of all car thefts.• Victims and perpetrators tend to be young
African-American males.• About one-half of carjackings committed by
gangs or groups.• About 24% of victims sustain injuries.
Carjacking ...the taking of a motor vehicle directly from the owner by force
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Motor Vehicle Theft
• Car models that have been in production for a few years, without many design changes, stand the greatest risk of theft.
• These models are the ones most often taken because their parts are most valued in the
secondary market.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Arson:
…the burning or attempted burning of property, with or without the intent to defraud.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Arson:
… can include a dwelling, house, public building, motor vehicle, aircraft, or personal property of another.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Arson
• was added to Part I Index offenses in 1979.
• juveniles are arrested for a greater share of this crime than any other.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Arson
arson for profit – involves a professional arsonist who sets fires for a fee.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Arson
arson fraud – involves an owner burning his or her business property to escape financial problems or for insurance.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Crimes Cleared by Arrest, 2001
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Reporting Crimes
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
NIBRS:
National Incident Based Reporting System
Incident driven, rather than summary based:
• includes place of occurrence• type of weapon (if any) used• type and value of property damaged or stolen• personal characteristics of offender and victim
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
NIBRS:
National Incident Based Reporting System
• includes nature of the disposition of the complaint
• replaces the old Part I and Part II offenses with 22 general offenses
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
NIBRS:
22 offenses include:
• arson• assault• bribery• burglary• counterfeiting• vandalism
• narcotics offenses• embezzlement• extortion• fraud• weapons violations
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
NIBRS:
22 offenses include:• gambling• homicide• kidnapping• larceny• motor vehicle theft• pornography• prostitution
•robbery•forcible sex offenses•non-forcible sex offenses•receiving stolen property
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
NIBRS:
Also collects data on:•bad checks•vagrancy•disorderly conduct•driving under the influence•drunkenness•non-violent family offenses
•liquor law violations•“peeping Tom” activities•runaways•trespassing•general category of all “other” criminal law violations
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
NCVS
National Crime Victimization Survey • began operation in 1972• based on victim self-reports• designed to measure the “dark figure” of
crime• uses data collected by the Bureau of Justice Statistics• more than 50,000 households are surveyed
twice per year
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Dark Figure of Crime
all crime
crimes knownto the police
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
NCVS
Includes data on:
• robbery• assault• burglary• personal and household larceny• motor vehicle theft• rape
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
NCVS
• 25% of all households are touched by crime.• About 1/2 of all violent crime is reported.• City residents are twice as likely as rural
residents to be a victim of crime.• 2/5 of all household crimes are
reported to the police.• 1/4 of all personal theft reported
to police.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
NCVS
• Men are more likely to be victims of crime than women.
• Younger people are more likely to be victims of crime than older people.• African-Americans are more likely than
whites to be victims of crime.• Young males have the highest rates of violent victimization.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
NCVS
Household crime rates are highest for households: • headed by younger people• headed by African-Americans• with six or more members• headed by renters• located in central cities
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
NCVS
Problems:
• There is potential for false or exaggerated reports.
• False reports may be generated by overzealous interviewers.• Respondents may suffer from faulty memories.• Respondents may misinterpret events.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
SpecialCategoriesof Crime
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Special Categories of Crime
• crime against women• crime against the elderly• hate crime• corporate and white-collar crime• organized crime• gun crime• drug crime• high-technology and computer crime• terrorism
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Women and Crime
• 52% of women surveyed say they have been physically assaulted as a child or as an adult.• Approximately 1.9 million women are
physically assaulted in the United States each year.
• 25% of women, compared to 8% of men surveyed, said they had experienced partner violence in their lifetime.
National Violence Against Women Survey (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000)
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Women and Crime
• 18% of women have experienced a completed or attempted rape at sometime in their life.• Women are significantly more likely to be
injured during an assault. • Violence against women is primarily partner violence.
National Violence Against Women Survey (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000)
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Women and Crime
• Women living in central cities are considerably more likely to be victimized than women residing in suburbs.
• Suburban women are more likely to be victimized than women in rural areas.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Women and Crime
Separated or divorced women are likely to be victims of violent
crime:
• 6x more than widows• 4.5x more than married women• 3x more than widowers and
married men
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Women and Crime
• Low-income women experience highest amount of violent crime.• Victimization of women falls as family income rises.• African-American women are victims of
violent crime more frequently than women of other races.• Hispanic women are victimized more frequently than white women.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Women and Crime
• Women 20-24 years-old are most at risk for violent victimization.
• Women 16-19 years-old are second most likely to be victimized.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Elderly Crime Victims
Elderly victims are more likely to:• be victims of property crime.• face offenders who are armed with guns.• be victimized by strangers.• be victimized in or near their homes during
daylight hours.• report their victimization to the police.• be physically injured.• fail to try to protect themselves during victimization.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Hate Crimes:
…criminal offenses in which the defendant’s conduct was motivated by hatred, bias, or prejudice, based on the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation of another individual or group of individuals.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Hate Crimes: 2001
• Police reported 9,726 hate crime incidents.
• The reports included 19 murders.• 19% of all incidents were motivated by religious bias.• 45% caused by racial bias.• 22% because of national origin.• 14% based on sexual orientation.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
White Supremacist Groups in the United States
Source: Klanwatch Project
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Corporate Crime :
…a violation of a criminal statute by a corporate entity or by its executives, employees, or agents acting on behalf of and for the benefit of the corporation, partnership, or other form of business entity.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Corporate Crime
Companies accused of recent wrongdoing:
• energy broker Enron Corporation• telecommunications giant WorldCom, Inc.• cable services provider Adelphia Communications Corporation• French media conglomerate Vivendi Universal• drug maker Johnson & Johnson• national discount retailer Kmart
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Corporate Crime
Companies accused of recent wrongdoing:
• fiber optics giant Global Crossing• multinational conglomerate Tyco Intl, Ltd.• accounting firm Arthur Andersen, LLP• herbal distributor Metabolife• auction house Sotheby’s
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
White-Collar Crime:
…nonviolent crime for financial gain committed by means of deception by people whose occupational status is entrepreneurial, professional, or semiprofessional and which utilizes their special occupational skills and opportunities.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
created tough provisions to deter and punish corporate and accounting fraud and
corruption and to protect the interests of workers and shareholders.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
the law:
• improves the quality and transparency of financial reporting, independent audits, and accounting services for public
companies• creates a federal Public Company Accounting Oversight Board to enforce professional standards, ethics, and competence for the accounting profession
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
the law:
• requires enhanced independence for firms that audit public companies
• increases corporate responsibility and the usefulness of corporate financial
disclosure• increases penalties for corporate wrongdoing
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
the law:
• enhances protections supporting the objectivity and independence of securities analysts•provides additional funding for the investigative activities of the federal Securities and Exchange Commission
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Guns, Crime, and Gun Control
In a typical year, there are 10,000 murders in the United States using guns (handguns).
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Guns, Crime, and Gun Control
2/3 of American people believe that increasing restrictions on guns will prevent crime.
Pew Research Center Poll (1999)
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Guns, Crime, and Gun Control
The Bureau of Justice Statistics reported in 2001 that 18% of state prison inmates were armed at the time of crime commission.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Guns, Crime, and Gun Control
Emerging Trends
• gun control legislation
• domestic violence offender gun ban
• lawsuits against gun manufacturers
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Drug Arrests
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
High-Tech & Computer Crime:
computer crime or cybercrime:
…any crime perpetrated through the use of computer technology.
Also called information technology crime.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
High-Tech & Computer Crime
categories of computer crime:• theft of services• communications in criminal conspiracies• information piracy and forgery• the dissemination of offensive materials• electronic money laundering and tax evasion• electronic vandalism and terrorism• telemarketing fraud• illegal interception of telecommunications• electronic funds-transfer fraud
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
High-Tech & Computer CrimeInternet fraud complaint categories:
Source: National White Collar Crime Center, Internet Fraud Complaint Center.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Terrorism:
…a violent act or an act dangerous to human life committed in violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any state to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation Counterterrorism Section, Terrorism in the United States, 1987 (Washington, D.C.: FBI, December 1987).
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
International Terrorism:
…the unlawful use of force or violence by a group or an individual who has some connection to a foreign power or whose activities transcend national boundaries, committed against people or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI Policy and Guidelines: Counterterrorism. Web posted at http://www.fbi.gov/contact/fo/jackson/cntrterr.htm.
CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 5/Eby Frank Schmalleger
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Cyberterrorism:
…a form of terrorism that makes use of high technology, especially computers and the Internet, in the planning and carrying out of terrorist attacks.