Crime.matter.sj(2)

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Crime in India


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Definition of Crime:

A normativedefinition views crime as deviant

behaviorthat violates prevailing norms cultural standards prescribing how humansought to behave normally. This approachconsiders the complex realities surrounding theconcept of crime and seeks to understand howchanging social,political,psychological, and

economic conditions may affect changingdefinitions of crime and the form of the legal,law-enforcement, and penal responses made bysociety.

Why do people become criminals?

In simple words an act or behavior that violatesor breaches the rule of political, moral orcriminal laws and is liable for punishment and

public prosecution.

Increasing rate of Unemployment is the majorproblem of increasing crime rateWhat are the basic reasons which make a peoplecriminal?
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The answer lies in following points like:

Increasing rate of Unemployment is the major

problem of increasing crime rate. Consider asituation when the qualified young graduateremains unemployed for longer period after hecompleted his education. His family has lot ofexpectations from him and to satisfy theirexpectations, he can go up to any extent and

cross any limit just in desire of small payment.At this stage, he is not in a position to make acorrect decision between what is just and what isunjust, but he don't want to miss any of theopportunity that life is giving him and in thisfeeling only he accepts those offers which can

change his life and can break their social andmoral ethics and they are ready to commitcrimes, they are ready to kill a person, they areready to accept any offer that can prove to be aearning money source for them.

Domestic violence is another consequence of

unemployment. It may even result in aggressionand or murder. And this major unemployedsegment of society is the main source for crime.

No criminal is by birth a criminal but it is the


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circumstances which make him do it. But thisproblem is mainly associated with thedeveloping countries. So what about developedcountries? Do they not commit crimes? No theyalso commit crimes. Even the crime rate ishigher in developed country like USA than otherdeveloped countries of the world.

High ambitions are also the one source for

crime. A person who has high ambitions like ifhe wants to enjoy all the comforts of life orwants to achieve the high status in his life, hewanted to complete them at any cost and anyunfair means to fulfill his wish. To make hiswishes come true or to enjoy the luxuries of life

he can come in the way of crime as this seems tobe an easy mean to earn money for them andwhen they do crime for the first time then the'advantages' of crime compel them to commitsuch acts again and again and now if they wantto come back they can't be their way back to

path of justice and honesty.Technology Advancements are also one of thereasons for increasing of crime rate. This is

because technology advancements have


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broadened the mind of people and they now canthink better ways of committing crimes. Likemost of the young person want to own and makeuse of highly sophisticated arms. And if they arenot made available to them, they think fordifferent ways and professional criminal's takesadvantage of this. Technology advancementshave now made the way of criminals mucheasier than before.

CRIME IN INDIA

In India, organized crime is at its worstin the commercial capital of India, the city

of Mumbai. The first well-known organizedgang to emerge was that of VaradharajMudaliar in the early sixties. His illegalactivities included illicit liquor, goldsmuggling, gambling, extortion andcontract murders. Three other gangs

emerged shortly thereafter namely, HajiMastan, Yusuf Patel and Karim Lala. HajiMastan and Yusuf Patel resorted to goldsmuggling whereas Karim Lala operatedin drugs. During Emergency in 1975 when


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there was crackdown on the Mafia, newgangs emerged. Dawood Ibrahim, the mostsuccessful, came in conflict with the Pathangangs of Alamzeb and Amirzada which ledto bitter internecine gang warfare. ThePathan gangs were liquidated to leave thefield free for Dawood Ibrahim. In 1985,there was increased police pressure whichmade Dawood Ibrahim to flee. In March

1993, Dawood Ibrahim was behind theserial bomb blasts in Mumbai in which 257

persons died and 713 were maimed. Publicand private property worth several millionsof rupees was destroyed. Investigationrevealed transnational character of the

conspiracy the objective of which was tocripple the economy, create communaldivide and spread terror in the commercialcapital of India. Dawood Ibrahim, TigerMemon and Mohammed Dosa areoperating from Dubai. Their field of

activity is to extort money from buildersand film producers, mediate in monetarydisputes, and undertake contract (Supari)killings. There have been instances of


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investment of the dirty money in businesswith the result that unsuspecting

businessmen have fallen prey to the Mafiawarfare. The killings of ThaquiuddinWahid of East West Airlines in 1996, SunilKhatau of Khatau Mills in 1994, OmPrakash Kukreja of Kukreja Builders in1995 and Ramnath Payyade, a prominenthotelier in 1995 are grim reminders of

Mafia in Mumbai.The other gangs of Mumbai indulgingin organized crime are those of ChhotaRajan (Drug Trafficking and ContractKillings), Arun Gawli (Contract Killingsand Protection Money), Late Amar Naik

(Protection Money) and Chhota Shakeel.State of Maharashtra has enactedMaharashtra Control of Organized CrimeAct, 1999.Other forms of organized crimein India are kidnappings for ransom,gunrunning,

illicit trafficking in women andchildren, money laundering etc.Organized crime exists in other citiestoo, though not to the same extent as in


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Mumbai. Ahmedabad city has been thehotbed of liquor mafia because ofProhibition policy (Banning of liquor). TheMafia became synonymous with the nameof Latif who started in mid seventies as asmall time bootlegger and grew up to setup a 200 strong gang after eliminatingrivals with intimidation, extortion,kidnappings and murders. He won

municipal elections from five differentconstituencies with strong political

patronage. He was killed by police in anencounter in 1997.There are several gangs operating inDelhi from neighbouring State of Uttar

Pradesh indulging in kidnapping forransom. The going rate was around Rupees10-50 millions. Land Mafia has politicalconnections and indulges in land grabbing,intimidation, forcible vacation etc. Of late,the ganglords of Mumbai have started

using Delhi as a place for hiding andtransit. Chhota Rajan group isstrengthening its base in Delhi.Boom in construction activities in


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Bangalore city has provided fertilebreeding for the underworld. Builders areused for laundering black money. Forciblevacation of old disputed buildings is a

popular side business for the underworld.The local gangsters in the State ofKarnataka have connections with theunderworld of Mumbai. One of theMumbai gang operating here is the Chhota

Rajan gang.

1.ILLICIT DRUG TRAFFICKING

India is geographically situated betweenthe countries of Golden Triangle and

Golden Crescent and is a transit point fornarcotic drugs produced in these regionsto the West. In India opium is grown underofficial control of Narcotics Commissionerin three states namely Uttar Pradesh,Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. It is

exported to foreign countries for medicinalpurposes. Indian opium is considered bestin world. Turkey & Australia are the otherlicit opium growing countries in the world.


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A part of the licit opium enters the illicitmarket in different forms. Besides, thereis illicit cultivation of opium in the hilltracks of some states. There is amoderately sized chemical industry

producing precursor materials for lawfulpurposes. The illicit cultivation of opiumas well as the precursor chemicals can beused for manufacture of heroin. However,

there is a great price differential betweenIndia and the West. A Kilogram of Herointhat goes for a hundred thousand Rupeesin India may fetch Rupees ten million inthe international market. Illicit drug tradein India has centered around five major

substances, namely heroin, hashish,opium, herbal cannabis and methaqualone.The Indo-Pak border has traditionally beenmost vulnerable to drug trafficking. Drugstrafficking through India consists ofHashish and Heroin from Pakistan,

Hashish from Nepal, White Heroin fromMyanmar and Heroin from Bangladesh. Inthe early eighties, the Border State of


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Punjab became affected with narcoterrorismwith the smuggling of narcotic drugs and armsfrom across the border. This was also the timewhen drug Mafia emerged in Golden Crescentcountries. There were a number of seizuresof a mixed consignment of narcotic drugsand arms in Punjab. In 1996, 64 % of theheroin seized was from the GoldenCrescent. Although opium production is

strictly under Goverment control in India,illicit poppy plantations have been reportedin some places.Drug addiction in India has not assumedsuch a serious magnitude as in some of thewestern countries, but there are no grounds

for complacency. There have been reportsof drug use among the students ofuniversities in Delhi, Mumbai, Calcuttaand Chandigarh. The society does notagitate too much with consumption ofBhang, crushed leaves of the cannabis

plant. It is customary in some places toconsume Bhang on the popular festival ofHoli. There is no such tolerance for charasor ganja which are derived from the same


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cannabis plant.The Narcotic Drugs and PsychotropicSubstances Act, 1985 deals with theoffences of Drug trafficking. Section 21 isthe penal provision which stipulates thatwhoever manufactures, possesses, sells,

purchases, transports, imports inter-state,exports inter-state or uses anymanufactured drug shall be punishable

with Rigorous Imprisonment for a termwhich shall not be less than ten years butwhich may extend to twenty years andshall also be liable to fine. In repeatoffences, there is provision for death

penalty too.

The Prevention of Illicit Traffic inNarcotic Drugs and PsychotropicSubstances Act, 1988 provides for detentionof persons connected with illicit drugtrafficking upto two years. An officer ofthe rank of Joint Secretary to the

Government, specially empowered underthe Act, can issue orders for detention ofthe any person (including a foreigner) witha view to preventing him from engaging in


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illicit traffic of narcotic drugs andpsychotropic substances. On an averageabout 50 persons are detained under theAct every year.There were 18273 cases registered underthe NDPS Act in 1998 which was anincrease of 31.8 % over 1988, but a decreaseof 4.2 % over the quinquennial average of1993-1997. 21386 persons were arrested

under the NDPS Act of which major workwas done by Narcotics Control Bureau, acentral agency for dealing with cases ofdrug trafficking. It has registered 11330cases in 1998 of which 5809 cases were forGanja, 2713 were for Heroin and 1771 cases

were for Hashish. 62591 kgs of Ganja, 8478kgs of Hashish and 597 kgs of Heroin wereseized. During 1998, 12601 persons werearrested by Narcotics Control Bureau,which included 95 foreigners. 11612

persons were prosecuted in a court of law,

2782 persons were convicted and 5712persons were acquitted. 16.9 % of drugcases pending in trial were disposed by thecourts during 1998. Property worth Rupees


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23.85 million was forfeited and worthRupees 30.64 million was frozen. In arecent case, the Government of Orissa(State Government) confiscated propertyworth over Rupees thirty million of druglord Mohammed Azad Parvez of Balasore,Orissa which included an ice factory, a sawmill, a market complex, a cloth store, threeresidential buildings and three acres of

land. The accused was apprehended byNarcotics Control Bureau in 1998 oncharge of heroin trafficking alongwith hiswife and associates. Financialinvestigation was conducted by the agencyinto the movable and immovable properties

under Chapter V-A of the NDPS Act, whichled to confiscation.India is signatory to three UNConventions on Narcotics Drugs andPsychotropic Substances held in 1961, 1971and 1988. India is a party to the United

Nations Convention against Illicit Trafficin Narcotic Drugs and PsychotropicSubstances Act, 1988. Government of Indiahas entered into bilateral agreement and


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Memorandum of Understanding with anumber of countries. The countries withwhich India has signed bilateral agreementfor drug control are USA, UK, Afghanistan,Mauritius, Russian Federation, Myanmar,Zambia, UAE, Iran, Egypt, Bulgaria,Romania, Mauritius.

2.ILLEGAL FIREARMS TRAFFICKING

Small arms used in guerilla warfare insome parts of the world are now availableat cheap cost in other parts of the world.According to an estimate, there could be

750 million small weapons for such armstrafficking. India has a long coastline ofabout 7500 kms. and a long border withPakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmarand Bangladesh. Border Security Forceguards the borders, but it is not possible to

have presence across each and every inchof the border. Customs Department hasalso seized illicit arms in significantquantities.


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In India, states of Punjab and Jammu& Kashmir have been particularlyvulnerable to arms trafficking across the

border. More than 7500 pistols andrevolvers, 2500 magazines and 28000rounds of ammunition have been seizedfrom the state of Jammu and Kashmir.During 1997, the Border Security Forceseized several AK series rifles, 7 heavy

machine guns, 204 pistols/revolvers, 18rocket launchers, 54 other type of rifles andammunition from Punjab and Jammu &Kashmir.

3.HUMAN (WOMEN AND CHILDRENTRAFFICKING)

Police records show high incidence of crimesagainst women in India. The National CrimeRecords Bureau reported in 1998 that the growthrate of crimes against women would be higher

than the population growth rate by 2010. Earlier,many cases were not registered with the policedue to the social stigma attached to rape andmolestation cases. Official statistics show that


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there has been a dramatic increase in the numberof reported crimes against women.

Crimes against women

Sexual Harassment

Half of the total number of crimes againstwomen reported in 1990 related to molestationand harassment at the workplace. Eve teasing is

a euphemism used for sexual harassment ormolestation of women by men. Many activists

blame the rising incidents of sexual harassmentagainst women on the influence of "Westernculture". In 1987, The Indecent Representationof Women (Prohibition) Act was passed to

prohibit indecent representation of womenthrough advertisements or in publications,writings, paintings, figures or in any othermanner.

In 1997, in a landmark judgement, the SupremeCourt of India took a strong stand against sexualharassment of women in the workplace. TheCourt also laid down detailed guidelines for

prevention and redressal of grievances. TheNational Commission for Women subsequently
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elaborated these guidelines into a Code ofConduct for employers.

While public urination is not practised by menof all ages in India, it is socially unacceptablefor girls and women to publicly urinate whenrestrooms are unavailable. In other countriessuch as Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam publicurination is practised by women when there are

no toilets. This leads to harassment and UTI inwomen.

Dowry

In 1961, the Government of India passed theDowry Prohibition Act, making the dowry

demands in wedding arrangements illegal.However, many cases of dowry-related domesticviolence, suicides and murders have beenreported. In the 1980s, numerous such caseswere reported. However, recent reports showthat the number of these crimes have reduced

drastically.

In 1985, the Dowry Prohibition (maintenance oflists of presents to the bride and bridegroom)rules were framed. According to these rules, a
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signed list of presents given at the time of themarriage to the bride and the bridegroom should

be maintained. The list should contain a briefdescription of each present, its approximatevalue, the name of whoever has given the

present and his/her relationship to the person.

A 1997 report claimed that at least 5,000 womendie each year because of dowry deaths, and at

least a dozen die each day in 'kitchen fires'thought to be intentional. The term for this is"bride burning" and is criticized within Indiaitself. Amongst the urban educated, such dowryabuse has reduced dramatically.

Child Marriage

Child marriage has been traditionally prevalentin India and continues to this day. Young girlslive with their parents until they reach puberty.In the past, the child widows were condemned toa life of great agony, shaving heads, living in

isolation, and shunned by the society.Althoughchild marriage was outlawed in 1860, it is still acommon practice.
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According to UNICEFs State of the WorldsChildren-2009 report, 47% of India's womenaged 2024 were married before the legal age of18, with 56% in rural areas. The report alsoshowed that 40% of the world's child marriagesoccur in India.

Female infanticides and sex selective

abortions

India has a highly masculine sex ratio, the chiefreason being that many women die beforereaching adulthood. Tribal societies in Indiahave a less masculine sex ratio than all othercaste groups. This, in spite of the fact that tribalcommunities have far lower levels of income,literacy and health facilities. It is thereforesuggested by many experts, that the highlymasculine sex ratio in India can be attributed tofemale infanticides and sex-selective abortions.

All medical tests that can be used to determine

the sex of the child have been banned in India,due to incidents of these tests being used to getrid of unwanted female children before birth.Female infanticide (killing of girl infants) is still
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prevalent in some rural areas. The abuse of thedowry tradition has been one of the mainreasons for sex-selective abortions and femaleinfanticides in India.

Domestic violence

The incidents of domestive violence are higheramong the lower Socio-Economic Classes(SECs). There are various instances of aninebriated husband beating up the wife oftenleading to severe injuries. Domestic violence isalso seen in the form of physical abuse. TheProtection of Women from Domestic ViolenceAct, 2005 came into force on October 26, 2006.

4.CARD FRAUD

There are 8000 million Rupees worth ofMaster Cards, 7000 million Rupees worthof VISA cards in circulation. Merchant/service establishments are about 95000. InIndia, credit card fraud losses haveoccurred as per the following categories:(i) Counterfeit 32%(ii) Lost cards 30%


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(iii) Stolen cards 20%(iv) Multiple imprint 5%(v) Mail/Tele orders 4%(vi) Others 9%

5.Poaching and wildlife trafficking

Illegal wildlife trade in India has increased.According to a report published by theEnvironmental Investigation Agency (EIA) in2004, India is the chief target for the traders ofwildlife skin. Between 1994 and 2003, therehave been 784 cases where the skins of tiger,leopard orotterhave been seized. Leopards,rhinoceros, reptiles,birds, insects, rare speciesof plants are being smuggled into the countriesin Southeast Asia and the People's Republic ofChina. Between 1994 and 2003, poaching andseizure of 698 otters have been documented inIndia. Kathmandu is a key staging point for

illegal skins smuggled from India bound forTibet and PRC. The report by EIA noted therehas been a lack of cross-border cooperation

between India,Nepal and the People's Republic
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of China to coordinate enforcement operationsand lack of political will to treat wildlife crimeeffectively. The poaching of the elephants is asignificant problem in Southern India and in the

North-Eastern states ofNagaland and Mizoram.The majority oftigerpoaching happen inMadhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, WestBengal, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.

Project Tiger, a wildlife conservation project,was initiated in 1972 and was launched by IndiraGandhi on April 1, 1973. With 23 tiger reserves,Project Tiger claimed to have succeeded. Butaccording to critics like conservationist BillyArjan Singh, temporary increases in tiger

population were caused by immigration due todestruction of habitat in Nepal, not because ofthe widely acclaimed success of wildlife policyin India.

6.Cyber crime

Cases ofspam, computer hacking, cyber stalkingand email fraud are rampant in India. TheInformation Technology Act 2000 was passed
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by the Parliament of India in May 2000, aiming

to curb cyber crimes and provide a legalframework fore-commerce transactions.However Pavan Duggal, lawyer ofSupremeCourt of India and cyber law expert, viewed"The IT Act, 2000, is primarily meant to be alegislation to promote e-commerce. It is not very

effective in dealing with several emerging cybercrimes like cyber harassment, defamation,stalking and so on". Although cyber crime cellshave been set up in major cities, Duggal notedthe problem is that most cases remain unreporteddue to a lack of awareness. In 2001, India and

United States had set up an India-US cybersecurity forum as part of a counter-terrorismdialogue. In 2006, India and the US agreed toenhance cooperation between law enforcementagencies of the two countries in tackling cybercrimes as part of counter-terrorism efforts.
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7.Corruption and police misconduct

Corruption is widespread in India. It is prevalent

within every section and every level of thesociety. Corruption has taken the role of a

pervasive aspect of Indian politics. In India,corruption takes the form ofbribes, evasion oftax and exchange controls, embezzlement, etc.

Despite state prohibitions against torture andcustodial misconduct by the police, torture iswidespread in police custody, which is a majorreason behind deaths in custody. The policeoften torture innocent people until a 'confession'is obtained to save influential and wealthy

offenders. G.P. Joshi, the programmecoordinator of the Indian branch of theCommonwealth Human Rights Initiative inNewDelhi comments that the main issue at handconcerning police violence is a lack ofaccountability of the police..

In 2006, seven policemen were charge sheetedand eleven were convicted for custodialmisconduct.
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8.Crimes against foreigners in India

There are several instances ofviolent crimeagainst foreigners in India. Many of the crimesoccur against foreigners only. Scams involvingexport of jewels occur in India, which targetforeign citizens.

Political demonstrations are common in India.These demonstrations often turn violent androutinely cause disruption of transportationservices, causing great inconvenience to foreigntourists in India. Traveling alone in remote areasafter dark is of particular risk to foreigners.

Because U.S. citizens' purchasing power isrelatively large compared to the general Indian

population, they the preferred target for robberyand other serious crime.

In April 1999, Swaraj Damree, a tourist from

Mauritius was befriended by a group of Indianswho later held him in 25 days of captivity. Theyrobbed him of cash amounting to US $1,500,took his travellers' cheques, wrist watch, gold
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chain, bracelet, two bags and suitcase. In 2000,two German trekkers were shot in HimachalPradesh. A few weeks later, two Spanish touristswere killed in Himachal Pradesh by robbers.Many foreign tourists are victims of violentcrime in Kolkata. In September 2006, criminalsrobbed the wallet of a British woman in Kolkata.The same month, a Japanese tourist was robbedon his way to Sudder Street. In October 2006, a

foreigner was robbed in daylight on Park Street.

9.Passport theft

In India, stealingpassports of foreigners from

their luggage on trains and buses is widespread.Theft ofU.S. passports is very common,especially in major tourist areas.

10.Scam incidentsMany scams are perpetrated against foreigntravelers, especially in Jaipur, the capital ofRajasthan. Scams usually target younger foreign
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tourists and suggest them that money can bemade by privately transporting gems or gold or

by taking delivery abroad of expensive carpetsavoiding customs duties.

Such incidents pull the traveler over the courseof several days and begin with a new scam artistwho offers to show the foreign traveler thesights. They also offer cheap lodgings and meals

to foreign travellers so that they can place thetraveler in the physical custody of the scam artistand can leave the foreigner with threats and

physical coercion. In the due process, theforeigner lose his passport.

In 2006, an American became victim of a scamat Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport inMumbai, by which she lost US $77.

Effects of Crime

Crime is a major part of every society. Its costs

and effects touch just about everyone to somedegree. The types of costs and effects are widelyvaried. In addition, some costs are short-termwhile others last a lifetime. Of course theultimate cost is loss of life. Other costs to
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victims can include medical costs, propertylosses, and loss of income.

Losses to both victims and nonvictims can alsocome in the form of increased security expensesincluding stronger locks, extra lighting, parkingin more expensive secure lots, security alarmsfor homes and cars, and maintaining guard dogs.Considerable money is spent to avoid being

victimized. Other types of expenses can includea victim or person fearful of crime moving to anew neighborhood, funeral expenses, legal fees,and loss of school days.

Some costs of crime are less tangible (not easilyor precisely identified). These kinds of costs caninclude pain and suffering, and a lower qualityof life. There are also the traumatic impacts onfriends and the disruption of family. Behaviorcan be forever changed and shaped by crime,whether it be weighing the risks of going tocertain places or even the fear of making new

friends.

Overall Crime and Safety Situation


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Mumbais crime level is moderate for a city withmore than 18 million inhabitants. Crime has notaffected expatriates to an unusual degree. Whilestreet crime such as pick-pocketing androbbery/assault is not uncommon, areasfrequented by foreigners are less vulnerable dueto a generally adequate police presence. Murdersand other violent crimes occur in Mumbai butfor the most part have been isolated to high

density areas such as slums and crowdedapartment blocks. Most expatriates reportnuisance-level crimes such as pick pocketingand minor scams.There have been a few reports of western

companies being the recipient of extortionthreats by organized crime elements. As India'sIT sector expands, so does the complexity andcapability of organizations conducting organizedwhite collar financial scams and crimes. WestAfrican/Nigerian fraud rings are also active in

Mumbai. While these groups target lowerincome Indian citizens, it is not uncommon forthe groups to use the names of actual American


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diplomats or businessmen in their fraudulentmaterials.Safety Concerns

Roads in Mumbai are in moderate condition, butthe city's infrastructure is not keeping pace withits rapid growth. There is extreme trafficcongestion in Mumbai that limits the number of

high speed traffic accidents/fatalities.

Areas to be Avoided and Best Security

Practices

Know where you are going. Have groundtransportation prearranged at destination. Havethe phone numbers of local friends or contactsreadily available and or saved to your mobile

phone. If you schedule a meeting with apotential client, research the company and the

individual with whom you are meeting. Meet ina public place, such as a restaurant. Do notattempt to drive in rural areas after the hours ofdarkness.


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1.Hotels

Keep your hotel door locked at all times. Meetvisitors in the lobby. Do not leave money andother valuables in your hotel room while you areout. Use the hotel safe. Let someone know whenyou expect to return if you are out late at night.

Read the fire safety instructions in your hotelroom. Know how to report a fire. Be sure youknow where the nearest fire exits and alternateexits are located. Count the doors between yourroom and the nearest exit; This could be alifesaver if you have to crawl through a smoke-

filled corridor.

2.Taxis

Only take taxis clearly identified with officialmarkings. Beware of unmarked cabs. Prefer pre-

paid taxi booths for hired transportation. Preplanyour destination regarding your stay andtourism. Never take unsolicited advice of taxidrivers regarding your stay/tourism in Delhi.


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3.Trains

Theft aboard trains along popular tourist routescan occur. Do not accept food or drink fromstrangers. Criminals can drug food or drinkoffered to passengers. Where possible, lock yourcompartment. If you must sleep, position yourluggage in manner so that you are awakened if

someone attempts to tamper with the luggage.Do not be afraid to alert authorities if you feelthreatened in any way. Extra police are oftenassigned to ride trains on routes where crime is aserious problem.

4.Buses

Travel on public buses should be avoidedwhenever possible. They are overcrowded andunreliable.

5.Safety When You Drive

When you rent a car, do not go for the exotic;choose a type commonly available. Make certain


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it is in good repair. If available, choose a carwith universal door locks and power windows--features that give the driver better control ofaccess to tar doors locked at all times. Wear seat

belts if installed. As much as possible, avoiddriving outside major cities at night, especiallyon highways. Do not leave valuables in the car.If you must carry things with you, keep them outof sight and locked in the trunk.

6.Money

Do not flash large amounts of money whenpaying a bill. Make sure your credit card is

returned to you after each transaction. Deal onlywith authorized agents when you exchangemoney, buy airline tickets or purchase souvenirs.Do not change money on the black market. Ifyour possessions are lost or stolen, report theloss immediately to the local police. The

embassy can assist you with understanding localpolice procedures. Keep a copy of the policereport for insurance claims.


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7.Travel Precautions

Travelers should take standard security

precautions when visiting Mumbai. In addition,travelers should keep the following in mind:

Caution should be taken when in highpoverty areas of the city.

Travelers should avoid the Red Light districtof Kamathipura. Local press reports indicate

an extraordinarily high HIV rate amonglocal sex workers.

Travelers should exercise caution aroundlarge public celebrations like New Year'scelebrations in Mumbai. In the last twoyears, female American citizens have been

attacked by local youths at thesecelebrations.

Indian law prescribes severe penalties fordrug related crimes, which apply to bothcitizens and foreigners alike.

Refrain from taking pictures of Indian

Government facilities, train stations,airports, power plants, or other key sitesreceiving protection from the Governmentof India.


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35 Ways to Prevent CrimeThere are many ways you can take control andhelp prevent crime in your home, in yourneighborhood, and at your local schools. It's amatter of communication, commitment, and

time.1. Workwith public agencies and other

organizations -- neighborhood-based orcommunity-wide -- on solving common

problems.2. Make sure that all the youth in the

neighborhood have positive ways to spendtheir spare time, through organizedrecreation, tutoring programs, part-timework, and volunteer opportunities.

3. Set up aNeighborhood Watch or acommunity patrol, working with police.

Make sure your streets and homes are welllighted.

4. Build a partnership with police, focused onsolving problems instead of reacting to
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crises. Make it possible for neighbors toreport suspicious activity or crimes withoutfear of retaliation.

5. Clean up the neighborhood! Involveeveryone - teens, children, senior citizens.Litter, abandoned cars, and run-down

buildings tell criminals that you don't careabout where you live or each other. Call thecity public works department and ask for

help in cleaning up.6. Asklocal officials to use new ways to get

criminals out of your building orneighborhood. These include enforcing anti-noise laws, housing codes, health and firecodes, anti-nuisance laws, and drug-free

clauses in rental leases.7. Workwith schools to establish drug-free,

gun-free zones; work with recreationofficials to do the same for parks.

8. Develop and share a phone list of localorganizations that can provide counseling,

job training, guidance, and other servicesthat neighbors might need.


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9. Report a crime if you witness it orsomething you suspect might be a crime.Agree to testify if needed.

10. Learn about hotlines, crisis centers, andother help available to victims of crime.Find out how you can help those who aretouched by violence to recover as quicklyand completely as possible.

11. Recognize that it's already your problem if

violence is about to erupt in yourneighborhood.

12. Consider an event that lets children turn inweapons, especially those that might bemistaken for real firearms, in exchange for

public thank-yous, donated non-violent toys,

books, or coupons from local merchants.13. Start a discussion of neighborhood views on

weapons in the home, use of toy weapons bychildren in play, children and violententertainment, and how arguments should besettled.

14. Learn your state and local laws on firearms.Insist that these laws be enforced vigorously

but fairly. Support police, prosecutors,


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judges, and other local officials who enforcelaws designed to prevent gun violence.

15. Emphasize prevention as the preferred wayto deal with violence. Ask what schools, lawenforcement agencies, public healthagencies, libraries, workplaces, religiousinstitutions, child protective agencies, andothers are doing to prevent, not just react to,violence. What policies do they have to

prevent weapons-related violence? How canthey help the community?

16. Volunteer to mentor young people whoneed positive support from adults. Programsranging from Big Brothers and Big Sisters toAdopt-a-School include mentoring as a

central ingredient.17. Talkwith children in the neighborhood

about what worries or scares them and aboutwhere and how they have felt threatened byviolence. Interview teachers, school staff,crossing guards, and bus aides.

18. Promote public service advertising thatoffers anti-violence programs and services.Get several groups to cooperate in this


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effort. Include programs to help kids headedfor trouble.

19. Protect domestic violence victims (and theirchildren) through policies as well as lawsthat offer them prompt and meaningfulresponse to calls for help and appropriatelegal recourse.

20. Organize to help clean and repair the parksand to report suspicious and illegal activity

to the police. Well-kept play equipment andorganized activities can attract people backto the parks in large enough numbers todiscourage illegal activities. Residentsshould insist that local government maintain

parks, immediately repairing vandalism or

other damage.21. Adopt a school. Help students, faculty, and

staff to promote a sense of community in theschool and with the larger communitythrough involvement in a wide range of

programs and activities.22. Urge adoption of anti-violence courses that

help children learn ways to manage angerwithout using fists or weapons. Second Step,from The Committee for Children,
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27. Speak up in support of funding andeffective implementation of programs andother resources that help schools develop aneffective set of violence preventionstrategies.

28. Offer your professional skills in educatingstudents on costs and effects of violence inthe community (including their school).Public health personnel, trauma specialists,

defense and prosecuting attorneys, andjudges are among those with importantmessages to deliver.

29. Help employees who are parents to meetwith teachers by providing flexible hours ortime off; encourage employee involvement

in sponsoring or coaching students in schooland after-school activities.

30. Develop an anti-violence competition,including speech, dance, painting, drawing,singing, instrumental music, acting, play-writing, and other creative arts. Get youth to

help suggest prizes. Make it a communitycelebration.


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31. Report crimes or suspicious activities topolice immediately. Encourage employeesand families to do the same.

32. Establish business policies that explicitlyreject violent behavior by employees orothers on the premises.

33. Report any crime immediately to schoolauthorities or police.

34. Help to strengthen links between school

services and the network of communityservices that can help students and familiesfacing problems.

35. Enlist children from elementary grades tosenior high in solving the violence problemsin the school and community. Encourage

them to teach violence prevention toyounger children, reach out to educate peers,work with adults on community-wide

problems, and identify and tacklecommunity conditions that they areconcerned about.


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