Creativity Gagan Deep Kaur Dept. of HSS IIT Bombay.
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Transcript of Creativity Gagan Deep Kaur Dept. of HSS IIT Bombay.
CreativityGagan Deep Kaur
Dept. of HSSIIT Bombay
Creativity
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Creative Process
Creativity
Creative Being
Creative Process – Wallace (1926)
Preparation
Incubation
Illumination
Revision/Verification
Divergent Thinking
Out-
of-th
e-box
creativity
Lateral thinking
Bra
insto
rmin
g
What Wikipedia says….
Divergent thinking is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions. … [it] typically occurs in a spontaneous, free-flowing manner….. [J. P. Guilford, 1950]
Lateral thinking is solving problems through an indirect and creative approach….[Edward De Bono,
1970]
Thinking outside the box … is to think differently, unconventionally or from a new perspective…. {John Adair, 1969}
Brainstorming is a group creativity technique by which a group tries to find a solution for a specific problem by gathering a list of ideas spontaneously contributed by its members…. [A. F. Osborne, 1953]
Creativity refers to the phenomenon whereby a person creates something new …. that has some kind of value. [….. ]
Tests of Creativity
Psychometric Approaches
◦Guilford Tests
◦Torrance Tests
Guilford Tests (1950s)
Unusual Uses Task
Suggesting Plot titles
Suggesting Consequences
Word Fluency
Making objects …
Ability to generate multiple solutions to a problem…
Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (1960s…)
Imaginative Stories Task
Situations Task
Creative Design Task
Improvements Task
Picture Construction Task...
ideas, ideas, ideas…..
Creativity Quotient
Fluency – Number of ideas
Flexibility – Kinds of ideas
Originality – How novel is the idea
Elaboration – How detailed is the idea
Merits of Psychometric Approaches
De-mystification of Creativity [Theology, Plato – Romanticists like Keats, Wordsworth etc.]
Development of Techniques to Nurture Creativity
[Guilford, Torrance]
Novel-combinations as chief ingredient of creative process
Computers as tools…
Replication of creative process
Generation of multiple solutions
Idea should be Novel & Useful, Original, resulting from intense motivation and be towards clarifying some vague problem
Newell, Shaw And Simon [1963]
Artificial Creativity
AM (Automated Mathematician) Douglas Lenat, 1977
Bacon Pat Langley, 1977
Cybernetic Artists…
Cybernetic Poet AARON
I think I'll crash.Just for myself with Godpeace on a curious soundfor myself in my heart?And life is weepingFrom a bleeding heartof boughs bendingsuch paths of them,of boughs bendingsuch paths of breezeknows we've been there
You broke my soulthe juice of eternity,the spirit of my lips.
Harold Cohen, 1973-Ray Kurzweil, 1985-
Mechanism of AARON
Generates drawings by using 2 kinds of knowledge - declarative (external world) & procedural (representation-building process)
Starts from foreground to background
Can revise its drawings
Are we there then?
Is Creativity all about novel-combination of existing elements?
Specialized-domains vs Everyday creativity
Is creativity skill only ?
Creativity is …?
Skill ?
Inherent ability ?
A cognitive process ?
Inborn or Socially Originated/Encouraged?
What does it mean to be creative?
Creative Process
Creativity
Creative Being
What Wikipedia says….
Divergent thinking is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions. … [it] typically occurs in a spontaneous, free-flowing manner…..
Lateral thinking is solving problems through an indirect and creative approach….
Thinking outside the box … is to think differently, unconventionally or from a new perspective….
Brainstorming is a group creativity technique by which a group tries to find a solution for a specific problem by gathering a list of ideas spontaneously contributed by its members….
Creativity refers to the phenomenon whereby a person creates something new …. that has some kind of value.
None of These
Talent SpontaneityIntelligenceOriginality Novelty
Creativity as defined by….
Necessary & Sufficient Conditions ??
Talent -> Creativity ?
Talent as Inborn
Creativity as learned, socially promoted
Talent necessary but not sufficient for creativity
Spontaneity -> Creativity ?
Fluency, Flexibility – quantifiable measurement of creativity
Is on-the-spot bizarre behavior creativity?
Intelligence –> Creativity ?
IQ = CQ ??
No correlation between intelligence and creativity
Originality -> Creativity (?)
Margaret Boden P-Creative H-Creative
Simultaneous Creation by more than one persons
Originality -> Creativity (?)
Simultaneous Creativity
Discovery of Planet Neptune (1846) by J. C. Adams & U. L. Verrier
Law of Conservation of Energy (1842-43) by J.R.V Mayer & J.P. Joule
Oxygen (1773-74) by C. W. Scheele and Joseph Priestley
Evolution by Natural Selection (1858) by C. Darwin & Alfred Wallace
Anesthesia (1842) by C. W. Long and Thomas Morton
Telephone (1876) by G. Bell and E. Gray (still disputed)
Novelty -> Creativity (?)
Radical vs Simple novelty
Usefulness in novelty
Creative Process
Creativity
Creative Being
Creativity & Society
Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890)
Creativity & Society
Bach (1685-1750)
Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847)
Creativity & Society
“Abjure, Curse And Detest” - Galileo facing Inquisition in Papal Court, 1615
E pur si muove
Vindication at last!
“The error of the theologians of the time… was to think that our understanding of the physical world's structure … by the literal sense of Sacred Scripture… “ Pope John Paul II, 4 November, 1992 [Wikipedia]
Creative Process
Creative Being
Creativity
Creativity is (?)…
To make something happen Product, idea, solution….
In newer ways P/H-creative
Ways - that are useful
Consensus on ‘Creativity’ ?
Stages of Creative Process
Creativity as a skill (also) that can be Nurtured !
Tests of Creativity – Debatable! ◦Unfounded Assumptions◦Unfounded Inferences !
Can an Autistic child be Creative ? Further studies required !
Creativity
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References
In the order of discipline:-
Psychology
Wallace G. [1926]. The Art of Thought, Hardcourt Brace, NY, USA Guilford J. P. [1967]. The Nature of Human Intelligence, McGraw Hill, USA Torrance E. P [1974]. Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Scholastic Testing
Service Inc. USA. Retrieved from http://creativeprocess.iwarp.com/rich_text_4.html
Management Sciences
Allan G. [2006]. Intelligence Tests And Immigration to United States 1900-1940
Amabile T. [1998]. How to Kill Creativity. Harvard Business Review. 76[5]. 18-24
References
Artificial Intelligence
Ritchie G.D & Hanna F. K. [1984]. AM: A Case Study in AI Methodology. Artificial Intelligence. 23. 249-268
Langley P. W. [1977]. BACON: A Production System That Discovers Empirical Laws. Proceedings of IJCAI. P. 344
Newell A, Shaw J G, Simon H [1963]. The Process of Creative Thinking. In Gruber et al (Eds.) Contemporary Approaches to Creative Thinking. Atherton. NY, USA. Pp. 63-119.
Veale T., Gervas P, Pease A. [2006]. Understanding Creativity: A Computational Perspective. Retrieved from http://afflatus.ucd.ie/Papers/UnderstandingCreativity_2006.pdf
References
Philosophy
Boden M. [2004]. The Creative Mind: Myths And Mechanisms. Routledge. UK
Novitz D. [1999]. Creativity And Constraint. Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 77[1]. 67-82
Misc
Vernon P. E [1970]. Creativity: Selected Readings. Penguin Books. USA
Image Sources Given in Footnotes