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Creation of the United States: The Road to Revolution(GA SSUSH 3a-e)TIME / GEOGRAPHY

North America (1750)

North America (1763)

POLITICAL

The French and Indian War(1756- 1763)Britain and France had a long-standing rivalryBetween 1700-1750 small skirmishes had broken out in British and French colonies around the worldThe French and Indian War (7 Years War) began in North America, but eventually spread throughout the world.Noit wasnt France vs. Indians

The French and Indian War(1756- 1763)1754- War Breaks Out Over Ohio Valley TerritoryDisputed Territory (British, French, and Indians)1747- Virginians form Ohio Company to claim territoryFrench respond by establishing fortsGeorge Washington sent with Soldiers and Natives to tell French to scram

The French and Indian War(1756- 1763)Washington surprises a group of French soldiers Someone starts shooting.Natives, against Washingtons orders, kill wounded FrenchLikely to force a war between French and BritishWar between French and British would weaken bothWashington was forced to hunker down and create Fort NecessityThe French and Indian War(1756- 1763)1754: The Albany PlanFort Necessity was easily overcome by French/ British AllianceBritish knew they had to put a quick end to conflictPursued an alliance with neutral Indian Tribes of NY

The French and Indian War(1756- 1763)1754: The Albany PlanBen Franklin + Thomas Hutchinson drafted the Albany PlanAlbany, NYUnified the colonies under a single government solely for war and defense policies (sound familiar?)Attempted to restore relations with NativesColonies, Parliament, and Natives rejected plan

The French and Indian War(1756- 1763)The Iroquois decide to join the French to dissuade the British from westward expansion

The French and Indian War(1756- 1763)1755: British Decide to Eliminate French Presence in North AmericaGen. Edward Braddock Charged with evicting the French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley, & AcadiaKilled 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne by 1500 French and Indian forcesOnly British Success? Expelled France from Louisiana.

The French and Indian War(1756- 1763)1756: Britain Formally Declares War

The French and Indian War(1756- 1763)Colonials Indian-style guerilla tactics Colonial militias served under own captains

No military deference or protocols observed

Resistance to rising taxes Casual, non-professionals

British March in formation or bayonet charge British officers wanted to take charge of colonials Drills & tough discipline Colonists should pay for their own defensePrima donna British officers with servants & tea settings

Methods ofFighting :Military Organization:MilitaryDiscipline :Finances :Demeanor :The French and Indian War(1756- 1763)1757: William Pitt becomes Foreign Minister

The French and Indian War(1756- 1763)1757: William Pitt becomes Foreign MinisterTurns the tide of the warCommits large amounts of resources to fighting French throughout the worldIf the Colonial assemblies would re-affirm loyalty and military cooperation, Britain would reimburse them for their military costs

The French and Indian War(1756- 1763)

1758- 1761, the tide turns for Britain. Spanish join war.The French and Indian War(1756- 1763)Treaty of Paris, 1663

The Treaty of Paris (1763)England: got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.Spain: got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England.France: lost Canadian territory, most of territory in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River.

The Treaty of Paris, 1763

The Wars Consequences for BritainIt increased Britain's colonial empire in the Americas.

It greatly enlarged Englands debtBritains contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. England responded by reorganizing the ColoniesThe Victory of Montcalm's Troops at Carillon. Early 20th century painting by Henry Alexander Ogden. Depicts a French VictoryThe Wars Consequences for British ColoniesIt united them against a common enemy for the first time

It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participatedIt created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensifyThe Victory of Montcalm's Troops at Carillon. Early 20th century painting by Henry Alexander Ogden. Depicts a French VictoryThe Wars Consequences for Native AmericansNatives were left very weary (especially the tribes allied with the French) that their land was now claimed solely by the BritishPontiac (Ottawa Chief) led natives against Fort Detroit as a preemptive strike"The Indians giving a talk to Colonel Bouquet in a conference at a council fire, near his camp on the banks of Muskingum in North America in Oct. 1764. Engraving by Grignion after a painting byBenjamin West.

Pontiacs Rebellion, 1763

Proclamation Line of 1763ECONOMIC

Following the War, Britain was in great debtGeorge Grenville began looking for money in customs serviceSalaries of Customs Officers was 4x collected revenue

Grenville Instituted a series (program) of Acts to collect all possible revenuesGrenvilles Program (1763- 1765)Grenvilles Program (1763- 1765)Sugar Act - 1764Currency Act - 1764Stamp Act - 1765Quartering Act - 1765

RepresentationActual Representation: Colonists send reps. to ParliamentVirtual Representation: As English citizens, the Colonists are already represented in Parliament

Grenville argues for Virtual Representation, the Colonists disagreeStamp Act CrisisFeeling they had no recourse, grass-roots resistance to the Stamp Act arose

Sons of LibertyAmericas first terrorist organization?Resignation of Andrew OliverDestruction of Thomas Hutchinsons houseBurying a CT stamp agent alive

Stamp Act CrisisStamp Act CongressOctober, 176527 men, representing 9 coloniesMet for 2 weeks to draft a petition to the King and Parliament Affirmed their status as English citizens under Royal AuthorityDemanded their English rights to representation in Parliament

Stamp Act Crisis

British ResponseBritain repeals Stamp ActSolely because of boycottNot because of CongressDeclaratory Act, 1766Parliament reaffirms its rightto tax Colonies in any way it deems fit.Stamp Act Crisis

1767: William Pitt appoints Charles Townshend Secretary of the Exchequer

Townshend assumed taxes on imports would be more acceptable to colonistsIncreases customs officersHes trying to avoid another Stamp Act crisisTaxes were not very burdensome

Townshend Duties (1760- 1770)We are taxed without our consentWe are thereforeSLAVES! John Dickinson, 1768Colonists start to talk of outright refusing the authority of ParliamentTownshend Duties (1760- 1770)

Daughters of LibertyRebellion movement like Sons of LibertyTownshend Acts taxed imports traditionally used by womenPatriotism = boycottingSpinning beesUnlike Sons of Liberty, used Non-violent, non-intimidating methods of protestTownshend Duties (1760- 1770)

Sarah Franklin BachebyJohn Hoppner, 1793

Abigail Adams, later in life, by Gilbert Stuart. The Gaspe Incident

SOCIAL

February, 1770 Sons of Liberty threaten a customs officer. He gets scared and shoots a musket at them, killing an innocent boyMarch 5, 1770Soldiers are stationed at customs officeSoldiers had a history of antagonism with colonistsA mob formed around soldiersTaunting soldiers, throwing snowballs and rocksA soldier firedsoon, all fired on the crowd 11 wounded5 Killed

Boston Massacre

AESTHETIC

How factually accurate is this engraving?

How does art fuel therevolutionary fire?Boston Massacre

The Bloody Massacre, Engraved Printed & Sold by Paul ReverePOLITICAL

Clandestine groups within colonial townsPoliticized citizens with revolutionary rhetoricProvided means of communication apart from Royal channelsBroadened the resistance movementCommittees of Correspondence

Tea ActSmuggled tea outsold British Tea to bypass this Lord North gave favored status to East India Companys teaCut out middle-men, making tea cheaper

Despite the good intentions, colonists interpreted the Act as a trick to make colonists buy British teaTea Act (1773)

Boston Tea Party, 1773

The Intolerable Acts, 1774Port BillGovernment ActAdministration of Justice ActQuartering Act (1774)

This print shows colonial protest against the Intolerable Acts. In August 1774, Virginians were urged to sign a pledge of loyalty to the resolves of the Continental Congress and to stop the export of tobacco, the colonies' major and most profitable crop, until all taxes on imported goods were repealed. The pledge was known as the Williamsburg Resolutions. Cited from http://www.history.org/history/teaching/tchcrpc2.cfmINTELLECTUAL

55 Delegates from 12 ColoniesAgenda: How to respond to the Intolerable Acts1 Vote Per Colony Represented

First Continental Congress (1775)

Second Continental Congress (1775)

April 18-19, 1775Paul Reveres Midnight Ride

Paul Revere & William Dawes make their midnight ride to warn the Minutemen of approaching British soldiers.The Shot Heard Around the World

Thomas Paine: Common Sense

Declaration of Independence

RELIGIOUS

Religion?We havent discussed religion directly

How might religion overlap with other spheres during this time period?REVIEW