Creating Civic Opportunities in the Classroom: Lessons from Research
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
Creating Civic Opportunities in the Classroom: Lessons from Research
Joseph Kahne Mills CollegeFebruary 9, 2009
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
Goals of PresentationDiscuss what we’ve learned about what schools currently do to promote the
civic mission of schoolswhat schools can do to promote the civic
mission of schoolswhat we need to learn more about
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
The Civic Mission of Schools
The qualifications of self-governance are not innate. They are the result of habit and long training.
-- Thomas Jefferson
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
Youth Voting - UpThe youth vote has risen steadily from
37% in 1996 to 52% in 2008Youth participation up in primaries youth turnout tripled in Iowa, Georgia,
Missouri, and Oklahoma youth turnout quadrupled in
Tennessee
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
The Youth Vote
In most primaries more than 80% of those 18-29 did not vote
In the presidential election 48% of those 18-29 did not vote
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
Youth Participation
55% of youth (18-29) were judged to be disengaged in 2008
9% of youth could list two ways a democratic society benefits from civic participation (From NAEP)
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
Civic KnowledgeMany students lack basic civic knowledge
50% could not identify the correct function of the Supreme Court
33% could not identify either of California’s U.S. Senators from among a list of options
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
Adult Civic Knowledge: Room for Improvement
38% of adults could name the three branches of government
59% could name the three Stooges
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
We Know Youth Care about Others
“I try to help when I see people in need”
86% Agree – 5% Disagree84% reported volunteering in high school!
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
Assessing Educational StrategiesMuch literature in the 1960’s and
70’s questioned the impact of educational strategies (Langton and Jennings, 1968)
Recent studies focused on the qualities of instruction have found larger effects
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
Good News: We Know What Works1. Instruction in Gov’t, History, Econ2. Discussions of Current Events3. Service Learning4. Extracurricular Activities5. Student Voice in Schools and
Classrooms6. Simulations
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
Chicago StudyTwo Studies:4,000 high school students in
Chicago3,000 high school students from
19 districts in California
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
The Basic Question Would varied civic learning opportunities
promote commitments to civic participation and actual participation?
Controlling for Prior commitments Demographics Other school qualities Parental participation
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
Methodology and Sample
Targeted eleventh graders in spring 2005 Included only students who responded to civic
measures in 2003 and 2005 Total of 52 schools - 4,057 students Did a series of 3-level HLM models, adding groups
of variables related to each of the above constructs
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
-0.01 -0.03 -0.01
-0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.04-0.05
0.05
0.15
0.25
0.35
PSAE Reading
Female
Latino Asian White
Social Status
Concentrated Poverty
Demographic Variables
Civi
c Co
mm
itmen
t Effe
ct S
izes
Demographics Are Not Destiny When It Comes to Civic Commitments
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
0.14 *** 0.13 ***
0.05 *
-0.05
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0.35
Parent/Student Talk NeighborhoodSocial Capital
School Sense of Belonging
Civic Community Variables
Civi
c Co
mm
itmen
t Effe
ct
Size
sExperiencing Civic Community Promotes Civic Commitments
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
0.05 ***0.02
-0.01-0.07 ***
0.05 * 0.06 **
-0.1
0
0.1
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Peer SupportAcademicAchievement
QualityEnglish Instruction
Teacher Support Parental Press
Acad. Ach.
School Clubs
Non-school clubs
Other School and After-School Variables
Civi
c Co
mm
itmen
t Effe
ct
Size
sAcademic and After School Opportunities Not Sufficient toDevelop Civic Commitments
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
0.39 ***
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-0.05
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Service Learning
Classroom Civic LearningOpportunities
Civic CommitmentsIn 2003
Civic Learning Variables
Civi
c Co
mm
itmen
ts E
ffect
Si
zes
Classroom-Based Civic Learning Opportunities MATTER
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
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"Average" Classroom Civic Opportunities
"Low" Classroom Civic Opportunities
"High" Classroom Civic Opportunities
Varying levels of Civic Learning Opportunities
Per
cent
ile R
anki
ng, C
ivic
Com
mitm
ents
A Tale of Three Students
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
Implications
Some think schools should handle academics while other goals are handled by families and communities
Families and communities matter, but schools can make a big difference and, in addition, can help offset inequalities that would otherwise exist
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
The California Survey of Civic Education
A Diverse Group of California High Schools Demographic range of student race, ethnicity,
achievement level, socioeconomic status, and geography (rural, urban, suburban)
2005: 2,366 students surveyed in spring of their senior year
2006: 2,151 students surveyed (898 seniors,1,253 juniors)
2007: Post surveys given to 514 students from junior sample -- now seniors
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School Practices & OutcomesCommitment
toParticipation
Intend to
Vote
Informedto
VoteCivicSkills
PoliticalKnowledge
PoliticalInterest
Classroom-Based Instruction Gov, Hist, Law Current Events Open Class ClimateExperiential Learning Opportunities Service Learning Extracurricular Activities Simulations
Statistically significant
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
These Commitments Relate to Future Behavior
Commitments to Participatory Citizenship, Political Interest, and Intention to Vote predict: electoral activity, staying informed about politics
and current events civic activity
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
Access to Desired Opportunities
When asked about access to civic learning opportunities most common response: “A little”
36% reported never participating in a role-play or simulation while in high school
34% reported never doing service learning while in high schoolchool
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
Access to OpportunitiesBright Spots:68% said they learned a lot about the
structure and function of government58% said they often discussed current
events46% said they were often in classes
where a wide range of views were discussed
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
Can Education Promote More Equitable Engagement?
The studies show us that education can help promote engagement.
Can it promote more equitable engagement?
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
Civic & Political Inequality
“Citizens with low or moderate incomes speak with a whisper that is lost on the ears of inattentive government, while the advantaged roar with the clarity and consistency that policymakers readily head” (APSA)
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Unequal Voice High vs. Low Income Citizens 4x as likely to be part of campaign
work 3x as likely to do informal
community work 2x as likely to contact elected
officials 9x as likely to contribute to
campaigns
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
The Youth Voting Gap25% of 18-29 yr olds with at least
some college voted in primaries (1 in 4)
7% of 18-29 yr olds with no college experience voted in primaries (1 in 14)
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Influence Is Unequal
The policy preferences of those in the bottom third of the income distribution had no apparent statistical effect on their senators’ roll call votes.
-- Larry Bartels
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Can Schools Narrow Civic and Political Inequality?
Schools have historic mission of preparing youth for democracy
Schools reach broad cross-section of youth.
Are schools addressing or exacerbating inequality?
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Unequal Opportunities 32% of youth going to 4 yr. colleges said they had “a lot” of opportunities to do service learning in high school
16% of youth going to 2 yr. voc. education said they had “A lot” of opportunities to do service learning in high school
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Unequal Opportunities
Compared with white studentsAfrican-American students report:
Fewer civically oriented government courses
Fewer discussions of social problems and current events
A less open classroom climate
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Unequal Opportunities
Compared with white students, Latino students report:
Fewer opportunities for service learning
A less open classroom climateFewer experiences with role plays and simulations
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
Unequal Opportunities
Compared with students taking AP American Government, students in College Prep Gov’t classes report fewer of all civic learning opportunities
80% of AP sample took part in simulations
51% of CP students took part in simulation
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
Unequal Opportunities
Our analysis of the IEA National Database Compared to 9th graders of average SES,
9th graders of high SES were: 2x more likely to discuss how laws are
made 1.9x more likely to report participating in
service activities 1.6x as likely to take part in a debate or
panel discussion
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Conclusion: Democracy for Some:
Good NewsCivic learning opps
can support development of civic and democratic capacities and commitments
Bad NewsSchools are not
providing equitable access to these opportunities
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
What We Need to Know
How to increase the quantity of these opportunities? Professional Development Increased focus on effective practices Use of indicators to provide direction
and feedback Assessment
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
How to Increase Equality of Access to these Opportunities?
Include civic learning opportunities (content and skills) in standards so that they are part of the curriculum for all students.
Low stakes district and state assessments of opportunity to learn and of youth commitments and skills.
Feedback for schools, district and state on the quantity and equality of opportunities and outcomes.
Equitable funding and distribution of professional development and other supports for schools to deliver civic learning opps.
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CERGCivic Engagement Research Group at Mills College
Implications
Your Thoughts, Questions, …